英文医学论文摘要的撰写杂志社编辑培训0909（照日格图）课件

,如何撰写 医学论文英文摘要 照日,提纲： 文题 作者姓名和工作单位 摘要正文：目的、 方法、结果、结论 某些语法问题 如何向CMJ投稿？,一、文题 定义：用短语或句子形式集中反映一篇论文主要内容的一段文字 作用：供审稿、引起读者阅读兴趣、供编制索引等 构成：用一定逻辑关系连接起来的名词短语或句子,对文题的要求： 简(字数18，2行) 明(清楚，不模糊) 准(不夸大、具体),Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity (N Engl J Med 2002, 346:802-810) 显著肥胖的儿童和青少年中 葡萄糖耐量异常的患病率 十分符合简、明、准的要求。,Effect of nonoxynol-9 gel on urogenital gonorrhea and chlamydial infection： A randomized controlled trial (JAMA. 2002;287:1117-1122) 壬苯醇醚 9 凝胶对泌尿生殖系淋病和 衣原体感染的作用，一项随机对照的试验 比上一个文题长一些，但也只有10个主要词，原文题目分两行，仍不失简捷。明确告诉读者是一项随机对照的试验。有药名、疾病、研究涉及的人体部位。,文题的某些特别注意事项： 数字：若以数字开始，用英文拼写的数词，不可用阿拉伯数字。 标点符号：引号用单引号 药名：用通用名 种属名称: 微生物、植物(草药)等的正式名用用斜体字,如Streptococcus pneumoneae 缩略语：尽可能避免 字体：Times New Roman, 加黑,关于大小写：国内期刊多要求仅第一个字的首字母大写；国外期刊一般要求每个主要词的首字母大写（冠词、前置词，由三个或三个以下字母组成者不大写）。,更多例子： Improving quality of care for acute myocardial infarction (JAMA. 2002;287:1269-1276) 十分简捷，主要词只有6个；明确，“改进急性心肌梗死医疗护理的质量”。当然如何改进或用什么方法或措施改进，文题中未反映出，对本文而言，也不那么容易反映出实际的方法。准确，没有什么引起误解等的词语。,Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet (N Engl J Med 2001;344:3-10.) 减低的饮食钠及“饮食措施降血压(DASH)”饮食 对血压的影响 稍长一些，但字数并不太多。为突出“血压”，词序与一般写法不同，而且如果按一般词序排列，of后面的词太多，on 短语显得不突出。,Induction of anaphylatoxin C5a receptors in rat hepatocytes by lipopolysaccharide in vivo: Mediation by interleukin-6 from Kupffer cells (Gastroenterology 2002 122: 689-696) 在大鼠肝细胞内以脂多糖在体内诱导 过敏毒素C5a：来自库普弗(枯否)细胞的白介素6的调节 由13个主要词组成。特别体现准确。这是基础研究论文的特点之一。说明研究的具体内容，同时说明研究对象：是动物实验，是大鼠，是体内实验，说明涉及的细胞种类等。,以上几个文题均由名词性短语组成。但也有用完整的句子作为文题者。例如： Genetic deficiency in the chemokine receptor CCR1 protects against acute Clostridium difficile toxin A enteritis in mice (Gastroenterology 2002 122: 725-733) 趋化因子受体CCR1的遗传缺陷保护小鼠不患 急性难辨梭状芽胞杆菌毒素A肠炎 由13个主要词组成，主语是Deficiency，而谓语是protects, 注意，这种情况下，谓语动词用一般现在时。后面有补语和状语。还请注意细菌种属名称用斜体字。,Cost-effectiveness of coronary stenting and abciximab for patients with acute myocardial infarction: results from the CADILLAC (Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications) trial Circulation 2003 108: 2857 - 2863 急性心肌梗死病人冠状动脉支架置入和阿昔单抗治疗的费用效益：降低血管成形术晚期并发症的阿昔单抗和器械对照(CADILLAC)研究 这一题目比较长，主要因为其中包括一项研究的很长的名称。虽然长，但内容清楚，容易理解。,以下是几个可以进一步修改、完善的例子 Transfusion-transmitted virus infection 优点是十分简捷。但不够明确，看不出是文献综述还是研究论文，是在什么样的人群中的感染等等。实际上这是一篇临床研究论文, 而且是在各型病毒性肝炎和健康人中进行的研究。 如改为：Transfusion-transmitted virus infection in patients with viral hepatitides and healthy controls 则比较明确。,The determining HO-1 activity and its signification in patients with asthma 字数并不多，但有若干个问题。 1) 定冠词，在文题中,特别在开头，一般省略; 2) determining, 不如用determination of; 3) signification, 这个词在学术论文中很少用，用significance就可以了。 可改为： Determination of HO-1 activity and its significance in patients with asthma,The relationship of insertion/deletion polymorphism of angiotensin-coverting enzyme gene to asthma in the elderly 文题中出现relationship或relation或association这类词的情况相当常见。 但本题目中同样应当把The删除。另外relationship后面用between较合适，一般不用to。如用relation, 其后常可用to, 但其基本格式往往是and its relation to 。,Pulmonary function examination of normal infants between 112 months in Guangzhou District 稍欠简捷，逻辑关系不清。可把examination删除，将normal改为healthy, 将district改为area。 此外，此文题中的infants between 112 months, 也有问题。如一定要用between, 则其后应是and , 而不能用112; 如用112 months, 就不能用between，但后面应接of age。也可将年龄放在前面：112 months old healthy infants。最后，这里的符号“”是英文中没有或至少不常用的符号，就用“-”即可。修改后的题目可以是： Pulmonary function of healthy infants 1-12 months of age in Guangzhou area,Test results and clinical significance of the four serum markers in health persons and others suffering with chronic hepatitis 不够简练、也不够清楚。four serum markers, 未说明是哪一方面的markers。health应当是healthy. suffering后面应当用from而不是with. 另外这里的others没有必要，因为重点显然是chronic hepatitis。因此，可改为： Clinical significance of four serum markers of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis,Psychiatric disorders: A rural-urban comparison 十分简捷，但不够清楚， comparison是比较，比较哪方面？比较的结果如何？至少可以回答有差别还是无差别这一问题, 甚至可以点出哪一方面有差异。因此如改为：Rural-urban differences in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders 好一些, 因为正文主要比较患病率。,Clinical study of purulent meningitis complicated with subdural effusion 简捷，但欠明确，临床研究主要是在哪个方面？诊断？治疗？都有？文章内容主要是临床特点。因此不如改为： Clinical characteristics of purulent meningitis complicated with subdural effusion,总之，文题要简、明、准，字数不宜多；逻辑关系要清楚，开头不用定冠词The、不用阿拉伯数字。不用A study on , A survey of, An investigation of 等。,二、作者姓名、工作单位 作者姓名： 要列出全部作者的姓名； 姓的每个字母都要大写； 名的第一个字母大写，其余字母 一律小写，中间要带连字符；,举例： BAO Xin-hua, PEI Zhu-ying, QIN Jiong, WU Xiru. YANG Ming, YANG Yong-hong, Alexander DMITRIEV, SHEN A-dong, TONG Yue-juan, SHEN Xu-zhuang, FAN Xun-mei.,如有两个或两个以上作者，作者姓名之间要用逗号分开，最后一位作者姓名后加句号。 香港、澳门作者姓名的拼写法与汉语拼音的拼写法不同，要尊重当地拼写法。 外国作者姓名写法，尚无统一规定，应是名在前，姓在后，但姓的全部字母要大写。有中间首字母的仍放在中间，但其后一定要有黑点(句号)，如： Melvin H. FREEDMANN Melvin H. Freedmann,工作单位： 请不要按自己的想像或印象去写单位名称。要按照单位正式对外名称写。可参考单位的正式出版物如期刊，如学报等上的写法。单位名称中所有主要词的第一个字母都要大写。 具体的写法：按科室、医院、大学的顺序写，中间以逗号隔开。后面写城市名和邮政编码，最后写China。例如： Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital, Beijing University， Beijing 100034, China 请不要写成“P. R. China”。,又如： Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai 200025, China 如作者是一个以上单位的，目前只写第一作者的工作单位名称。 Department of Stomatology, Beijing Childrens Hospital Affiliated to Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100045, China (勿写“P. R. China”),个别地名的英文拼写法与一般想象的不同，暂以中国地图出版社出版的中国地图册和学苑出版社出版的最新世界地名录（均有中、英文地名，而且两者中的基本相同）为准。如： 西安：Xian; 陕西：Shaanxi; 乌鲁木奇：rmqi; 呼和浩特：Hohhot，等。,三、摘要(abstract, summary) 作用:简明但稍微具体地反映一篇论文的主要内容，供阅读、编入数据库等。 构成：目的、方法、结果和结论。国外不同期刊要求不同。如N Engl J Med要求：Background, Method, Result, Conclusion。,格式问题 目前国内大多数医学期刊 用“结构式”摘要： Objective (Background) Method Result Conclusion,国际上： JAMA则要求写出以下小标题： Context (上下文，即Background) Objective Design and Setting Patients Intervention Main Outcome Measures, Results, Conclusions. 要求更详细而具体，实际上也可以 合并成4个部分。,Context (上下文，即Background), 包括Objective的实际内容 Design and Setting, Patients, Intervention, Main Outcome Measures, Results, Conclusions.,Method,Ann Intern Med: Background Objective Design Setting Patients Intervention Measurements Results Limitations Conclusion Primary funding source,Residual Thrombosis on Ultrasonography to Guide the Duration of Anticoagulation in Patients With Deep Venous Thrombosis A Randomized Trial Background: The optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremities remains uncertain. Objective: To assess whether tailoring the duration of anticoagulation on the basis of the persistence of residual thrombi on ultrasonography reduces the rate of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared with the administration of conventional fixed-duration treatment in adults with proximal DVT. Design: Parallel, randomized trial from 1999 to 2006. Trained physicians who assessed outcomes were blinded to patient assignment status, but patients and providers were not. Setting: 9 university or hospital centers in Italy.,Patients: 538 consecutive outpatients with a first episode of acute proximal DVT at completion of an uneventful 3-month period of anticoagulation. Intervention: Patients were randomly assigned (stratified by center and secondary vs. unprovoked DVT by using a computer-generated list that was accessible only to a trial nurse) to fixed-duration anticoagulation (no further anticoagulation for secondary thrombosis and an extra 3 months for unprovoked thrombosis) or flexible-duration, ultrasonography-guided anticoagulation (no further anticoagulation in patients with recanalized veins and continued anticoagulation in all other patients for up to 9 months for secondary DVT and up to 21 months for unprovoked thrombosis). For the primary outcome assessment, 530 patients completed the trial. Measurements: The rate of confirmed recurrent VTE during 33 months of follow-up. Results: Overall, 46 (17.2%) of 268 patients allocated to fixed-duration anticoagulation and 32 (11.9%) of 270 patients allocated to flexible-,duration anticoagulation developed recurrent VTE (adjusted hazard ratio HR, 0.64 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.99). For patients with unprovoked DVT, the adjusted HR was 0.61 (CI, 0.36 to 1.02) and 0.81 (CI, 0.32 to 2.06) for those with secondary DVT. Major bleeding occurred in 2 (0.7%) patients in the fixed-duration group and 4 (1.5%) patients in the flexible-duration group (P = 0.67). Limitations: The trial lacked a double-blind design. The sample size was not powered to detect differences in bleeding between groups and to detect effectiveness of the intervention in the subgroups of patients with unprovoked and secondary DVT. Patients with previous thromboembolism, permanent risk factors for thrombosis, and thrombophilic abnormalities other than factor V Leiden and prothrombin mutation were excluded. Conclusion: Tailoring the duration of anticoagulation on the basis of ultrasonography findings reduces the rate of recurrent VTE in adults with proximal DVT. Primary Funding Source: None.,Lancet的要求与N Engl J Med 的基本相同： Background, Methods, Findings, Interpretation (解释, 相当于结论，但更委婉一些)。,Arch Intern Med: Background Methods Results Conclusions,目的 Objective 按照中华医学系列杂志的要求，摘要的第一段应说明目的。目前的作法，多用动词不定式短语表示。如： Abstract Objective To evaluate the reliability of 13C-urea breath test (13C-UBT) in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection by using gastroscopy and serum HP antibody testing.,又如： Abstract Objective To explore the flow cytometric 3-color analysis of circulating activated platelets (CAP) and its clinical significance in ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.,JAMA表示目的的文字也多用To 短语，例如： Objective To compare the effect of CABG surgery with (on-pump) and without (off-pump) cardiopulmonary bypass on cognitive outcome.,但一些中华医学系列杂志，在目的这一部分允许加一些背景资料，同时指出研究目的。例如： Abstract Objective Recently, there are more and more reports on rotavirus infection in extraintestinal organs in infants with diarrhea that may cause severe consequences. Here we report 2 cases with rotavirus infection which involved multiple organ systems for clinical reference. (Here we report 2 cases died of multiple organ rotavirus infection for clinical reference.),表示目的的这一段文字应尽可能避免与文题完全重复。 常用于表示目的的动词不定式短语有： To evaluate To explore (国外期刊少用) To understand To clarify To determine To compare To test the hypothesis To test whether ,并列数个目的： OBJECTVES To study the expressions of 06-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and Ki-67 in glioma tissues and (to) evaluate the relationship between the expression of MGMT and Ki-67 and prognosis.,Objective: To study the overexpression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene in different types of ovarian tissues, which include normal ovarian tissues surrounding tumors, ovarian binigns and ovarian carcinomas, and to determine the role of ODC overexpression in ovarian cancer development and progression.,The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that a change in serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) concentration is related to joint load during a 30-min walking exercise in patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA) and in age-matched control subjects.,表示目的的句子，常用的有以下几种： The present study aimed at (后面多用动名词) This study was designed to (动词不定式短语) The present study was conducted to (同上) The purpose of this study was to (同上) The aim of this study was to (同上),新英格兰医学杂志的摘要无Objective这一项，但其Background一项中既包括了背景，也在某种程度上反映出研究的目的。例如： ABSTRACT Background Childhood obesity, epidemic in the United States, has been accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents. We determined the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance in a multiethnic cohort of 167 obese children and adolescents. (N Engl J Med, 2002, 346:802-810),又如Lancet, 也大致如此： Background Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors prevent decline in physical function in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). We aimed to see whether ACE inhibitors also prevent reduction in physical performance and in muscle strength in older women who do not have CHF. 但这里要特别提一下，国内期刊论著稿所附的英文摘要中的人称，一般不主张用第一人称，即不用We ，our 等。可用被动语态，或用The authors 。,(背景) Since the live-attenuated JE vaccine was licensed in 1990, it has already passed for 17 years. (自从JE减毒活疫苗于1990年获得批准以来，17年的时间已经过去了。) Since the live-attenuated JE vaccine was licensed in 1990, 17 years has already passed.,(目的) In this study, the aim was to . (本研究的目的为。) The aim of this study was to . This study aimed to ,应特别指出的是：上述这类句子的谓语动词时态都应用一般过去时。 此外，这种表示研究目的的句子，不是直接接在Objective这一小标题后面的。 不宜用动名词短语表示目的。,方法 Method 从内容上说，这一部分应当包括以下几个方面： （叙述时，不一定按以下顺序） 1、研究对象 是病人？健康人？还是动物？哪一种动物？研究对象的一般情况，如年龄、性别、诊断或特别群体、特别种属，以及研究的地点等。对研究组和对照组均应说明以上情况。,2、研究所用的方法 研究的设计，哪一类，如随机分组、双盲、对照、多中心等； 所用的主要治疗、干预或处理方法或技术名称；,主要疗法名称或所用药物名称、剂量、给药途径以及疗程；检测主要项目的方法，如PCR、RT-PCR、HPLC、流式细胞仪等等，但不主张用缩略语） 主要终点指标(primary endpoint or main outcome measure, 如死亡率、病死率、生存率、生存时间等等),Methods In four treatment centers for visceral leishmaniasis, 667 patients between 5 and 55 years of age who were negative for the human immunodeficiency virus and had parasitologically confirmed visceral leishman-iasis were randomly assigned in a 3:1 ratio to receive paromomycin (502 patients) at a dose of 11 mg per kilo-gram of body weight intramuscularly daily for 21 days or amphotericin B (165 patients) at a dose of 1 mg per kilogram intravenously every other day for 30 days. Final cure was assessed 6 months after the end of treatment; safety assessments included daily clinical evaluations and weekly laboratory and audiometric evaluations. Noninferiority testing was used to compare 6-month cure rates, with a chosen margin of noninferiority of 10 percentage points.,这里经常出现问题的是年龄的表示法。如果用单独一句话表示年龄，一般不会错。如: The mean age of the patients was 58 years (48-67 years). The patients age ranged from 58 to 67 years (mean 58 years). The patients were in average 58 years old.,但如果不是用单独一句话表示年龄，而说明年龄的词语，只是一句话里的一部分时，常常出现问题。如： The patients aged 5.514 years old were divided into 2 groups. aged和old有一个即可，不能同时出现。,可改为： The patients aged 5.5-14 years were divided into 2 groups. 或 The patients，5.5-14 years old，were divided into 2 groups. 或 The patients 5.5-14 years of age were divided into 2 groups.,The patients of mean age 58 years old in the treatment group received interferon alpha injection. 可改为： The patients in the treatment group, mean age 58 years, received interferon-alpha injection. Seven-day postnatal male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=51) were used for study. 可改为：Seven-day old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=51) were used for the study.,(方法) Use the proper dilution (10-3-10-5) to be inoculated into well grown monolayer of MDCK cells. (用疫苗株的适当稀释液(10-3-10-5)接种到生长良好的MDCK细胞单层上。) The proper dilutions of the vaccine strain were inoculated onto well grown monolayer of MDCK cells.,(方法) Using viral RNA extracted from different vaccine lots and seed lots as templates, apmlified by RT-PCR, and detected by agar gel electrophoresis. (以从不同批次疫苗和种子批中提取的病毒RNA为模板，用RT-PCR进行扩增，并以琼脂凝胶电泳测定。) Using viral RNA extracted from different vaccine lots and seed lots as templates, E-protein gene was apmlified by using RT-PCR, and the PCR product was detected by using agar gel electrophoresis.,(方法) The follow-up was performed on 26 patients, ranging from 6 months to 46 months, mean 10.68 months. (对26例病人进行了为期6至46个月，平均10.68个月的随访。) Twenty-six patients were followed up for 6-46 (mean 10.68) months.,方法部分的时态也要用 一般过去时。,结 果 Results 一般论文摘要中占篇幅较大的是这一部分。这一段介绍最主要的研究结果。 时态用一般过去时。 摘要中一般不主张用图表(会议摘要可有少量图表)。 可以介绍一些关键的数字。国内不少杂志包括统计学处理结果（具有可信区间的有关数据或P值等）。JAMA和Lancet都主张包括P值。,在摘要的结果部分描述结果时，应当避免的一些情况： The results of our study showed that It was shown that The present study showed that 等等。 因为前面有个小标题Results，可以直接开始描述结果。,下面是N Engl J Med一篇摘要的结果部分： Results The mortality rate was 30.8 percent in the placebo group and 24.7 percent in the drotrecogin alfa activated group. On the basis of the prospectively defined primary analysis, treatment with drotrecogin alfa activated was associated with a reduction in the relative risk of death of 19.4 percent (95 percent confidence interval,6.6 to 30.5) and an absolute reduction in the risk of death of 6.1 percent (P=0.005). The incidence of serious bleeding was higher in the drotrecogin alfa activated group than in the placebo group (3.5 percent vs. 2.0 percent, P=0.06).,有问题的例子： (Results) The positive rates of B19-DNA and IgM in patients with Schonlein-Henoch purpura, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and Kawasaki disease are 25% and 20%、37.2% and 20%、40% and 20%、42.9% and 28.6%、37.5% and 25.0%, respectively. There is no difference of the positive rates of B19-DNA and IgM among the above five types of childrens common rheumatism (P0.05).,(初步修改) The positive rates of B19-DNA and IgM in patients with Schonlein-Henoch purpura, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and Kawasaki disease were 25% and 20%, 37.2% and 20%, 40% and 20%, 42.9% and 28.6%, 37.5% and 25.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the positive rates of B19-DNA and IgM among the above five types of childrens common rheumatism disorders of children (P0.05).,(再次修改) B19-DNA and IgM antibody were positive in 25% and 20%, 37.2% and 20%, 40% and 20%, 42.9% and 28.6%, 37.5% and 25.0%, in patients with Schonlein-Henoch purpura, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and Kawasaki disease, respectively. The differences among the five groups were not significant (P0.05).,(进一步修改) No significant differences in positivity rates of B19-DNA and IgM antibody among the patients with Schonlein-Henoch purpura, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and Kawasaki disease (P0.05).,描述结果时最常遇到的问题是比较的句子。在组织句子时，应力求简练，避免重复、罗列太多的数字或罗嗦。,下面是最常用的比较句型之一： The mean ALT of group 1 patients was significantly higher than that of Group 2 and 3 patients (p0.01). 如改为下句更简练。 The mean ALT level was higher in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3 (p0.01). 应当注意的是，than 后面要有与比较项目相应的代词，that或those。单数用that, 复数用those。,但比较的句子也可以不用带有than的句子，只