OfStudies赏析.ppt

Francis Bacon,Of Studies,Francis Bacon,(1561-1626),Content,Bacons Main Experience Bacons Famous Works Analysis of Of Studies,Bacons Main Experiences,Bacons chief contribution to posterity lies in his role as the founder of materialism in philosophy and science in England.,Essays (1597) The Proficiency and Advancement of Learning (1605) Novum Organum (1620) The New Atlantis (1626),Bacons Works,Of Truth (1625) Of Death (1612, enlarged 1625) Of Unity in Religion/Of Religion (1612, rewritten 1625) Of Revenge (1625) Of Adversity (1625) Of Simulation and Dissimulation (1625) Of Parents and Children (1612, enlarged 1625) Of Marriage and Single Life (1612, slightly enlarged 1625) Of Envy (1625) Of Love (1612, rewritten 1625) Of Great Place (1612, slightly enlarged 1625) Of Boldness (1625) Of Goodness and Goodness of Nature (1612, enlarged 1625) Of Nobility (1612, rewritten 1625) Of Seditions and Troubles (1625) Of Atheism (1612, slightly enlarged 1625) Of Superstition (1612, slightly enlarged 1625) Of Travel (1625) Of Empire (1612, much enlarged 1625) Of Counsels (1612, enlarged 1625) Of Delays (1625) Of Cunning (1612, rewritten 1625) Of Wisdom for a Mans Self (1612, enlarged 1625) Of Innovations (1625) Of Dispatch (1612) Of Seeming Wise (1612) Of Friendship (1612, rewritten 1625) Of Expense (1597, enlarged 1612, again 1625),Of the True Greatness of Kingdoms and Estates (1612, enlarged 1625) Of Regimen of Health (1597, enlarged 1612, again 1625) Of Suspicion (1625) Of Discourse (1597, slightly enlarged 1612, again 1625) Of Plantations (1625) Of Riches (1612, much enlarged 1625) Of Prophecies (1625) Of Ambition (1612, enlarged 1625) Of Masques and Triumphs (1625) Of Nature in Men (1612, enlarged 1625) Of Custom and Education (1612, enlarged 1625) Of Fortune (1612, slightly enlarged 1625) Of Usury (1625) Of Youth and Age (1612, slightly enlarged 1625) Of Beauty (1612, slightly enlarged 1625) Of Deformity (1612, somewhat altered 1625) Of Building (1625) Of Gardens (1625) Of Negotiating (1597, enlarged 1612, very slightly altered 1625) Of Followers and Friends (1597, slightly enlarged 1625) Of Suitors (1597, enlarged 1625) Of Studies (1597, enlarged 1625) Of Faction (1597, much enlarged 1625) Of Ceremonies and Respects (1597, enlarged 1625) Of Praise (1612, enlarged 1625) Of Vain Glory (1612) Of Honour and Reputation (1597, omitted 1612, republished 1625) Of Judicature (1612) Of Anger (1625) Of Vicissitude of Things (1625) A Fragment of an Essay of Fame Of the Colours of Good and Evil,Characteristics of Bacons Essays,Bacons essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness. Yet there is an obvious stylistic change in the Essays. The sentences in the first edition are charged and crowded with symmetries. They are composed in a rather affected way. However, the final edition not only enlarges the range of theme , but also brings forth the looser and more persuasive style. The essays are well-arranged and enriched by Biblical allusions, metaphors and cadence.,Analysis of Of Studies,Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.,Reading has three functions.It delights you;it beautifies you; and it strengthens your ability.,Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.,The delight of reading lies in your private life and retirement. The beautifying of reading lies in how you talk to others.The way reading strengthens your ablity lies in your act of judging, how you assess a person or situation or event and how you deal with it.,privateness: private life,discourse: carrying on a conversation,For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned.,for: although, despite,expert men: men of experience(the English adjective being used in its Latin sense,experti),Although men with great experience could judge the affairs from each situation and accomplish them well,men who are learned always are the best one to have command of the general direction,the plan and the arrangement.,execute: carry through, accomplish,counsel: direction,plot: plan,marshal: arrange in logical order,To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar.,sloth: laziness, inactivity,affectation: a deliberate pretense or exaggerated display,humor of a scholar: mannerism,implying absurd error,Spending too much time in reading makes you exhausted and lazy.Using reading as a tool to beautify yourself is pretending. Making decisions to your hearts content is too subjective and silly.,They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience; for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.,perfect: make perfect or complete,(studies),Reading makes up for your natural disadvantages,and experience is needed to compensate for the disadvantages of reading.We read and know how to weed out the unwanted parts of plants. So does knowledge. We read and we delete what we dont need.It is reading that gives us detailed directions, except for some directions that are only guided by experience.,prune: weed out unwanted or unnecessary things,at large: in general,Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.,crafty men: craftsman=a person skilled in a job,contemn: look down on with disdain,Men skilled in a job look down on reading.Men who lack intelligence look up to reading.Men with wisdom apply reading to their life.However, books do not convince others by their usage.The wisdom of reading doesnt lie inside a book,but outside the book.You could just get it by observation.,2. The second part is from “Read not to contradict and confute, he had need have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not”.,How shall we read books?,In part 2, you can know more about how to read books. so come with me to find the method and benefit of reading.,Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Dont disagree hostilely when you are reading, dont believe it wholly. We should not only focus on the words and sentences, but also think about it back and forth.,superstition,Method One,“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.“,Method Two,Three methods of reading,1. Taste -,To read in the way that you test the taste of food, to read bits here and there,To read the whole book or story, but with little attention or without through understanding,2. Swallow -,To read carefully and slowly and then think about and understand the meaning or importance of ,3. Chew and digest -,Different books, different attitudes. Some books are just for appreciation, some for entertainment, howover, some should be digested.,That is to say:,-that is some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be ready wholly, and with diligence and attetion.,extremly, carefully. its archaic meaning. In modern usage is “eagerness to learn more“,Literature style:,simple precise compact aphoristic（格言式的) -the most imprtant English rhetoric: parallism and elliptical sentence,Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. Reading fulfills a man, discussion makes a man witty, note makes a man clear,Benefit of reading,conversations,elliptical sentence,And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.,parallelism,Therefore, men who dont take notes often should strengthen the memory, men who dont discuss often should be smarter, and men who dont often read should be more sophisticated.,Author tells how to study. Some books are: a. to be tasted b. to be swallowed c. to be chewed and digested d. Some should be read only in parts e. Some should be read only for entertainment f. Some should be read by deputy,In conclusion:,Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep, moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.,witty: imaginative, inventive,subtle: able to make fine distinctions,moral: concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior,grave: serious,Learning histories makes men clear-minded; learning poems makes men clever; learning mathematics makes men careful and cautious; learning natural philosophy, your mind will be broadened, your principles will be regulated, and your way of thinking will be serious; learning logic and rhetoric, you will be able to argue with others clearly and effectively.,rhetoric: using language effectively to please or persuade,contend: have an argument about something,Abeunt studia in mores. Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body, may have appropriate exercises.,Abeunt studia in mores: This sentence is adapted from the verse Horoides by the Roman poet Ovid. You may cultivate your own temperament while reading.,nay: not this merely but also; not only so but;,stond: difficulty;,impediment: any structure that makes progress difficult;,wit: the ability to say or write things that are both clever and amusing,wrought: the past tense of WORK,You may cultivate your own temperament while reading. However, there may be obvious difficulty or disadvantages in your mind. You may solve this problem by proper reading. Just like doing physical exercises could get rid of the diseases. They are the same.,Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head, and the like.,Playing bowling strengthens your stone and kidney. Shooting strengthens your lung and breast. Gentle walking strengthens your stomach. Riding strengthens your head and brain. They are in the same rule.,reins: gall bladder and kidneys,So if a mans wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again.,wander: move about aimlessly or without any destination,demonstration: the act of presenting something to sight or view,Therefore, if a man cant concentrate his mind, let him study the mathematics. He should pay great attention during the process. Once his attention runs miles away, hell have to restart.,If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen, for they are Cymini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.,apt: proper,schoolmen: The schoolmen were philosophers and divines of the Middle Ages, who spent much time on points of nice and abstract speculation.,cymini sectores: splitters of hairs,beat over: investigate,defect: a failing or deficiency,If he is not proper to find out the differences, let him learn from the philosophers and divines of the Middle Ages, because they are splitt