梁正溜医学英语unit1TextA.pptx

,A Disease-based Approach to Medical English,Foreign Language College of Guangxi Medical University,Stress &Its Related Disease,Ken Dychtwald,Unit 1,Lead-in,Lead-in,Stress is your bodys way of responding to any kind of demand. When people feel stressed by something good or bad going on around them, their bodies react by releasing chemicals into the blood. These chemicals give people more energy and strength, which can be a good thing if their stress is caused by physical danger. But this can also be a bad thing, if their stress is in response to something emotional and there is no outlet for this extra energy and strength.,Lead-in,You would have to fight and defend yourself or run as fast as you can to escape and have a possibility of fighting another day.,Its a survival operation of the human body.,It is designed to help us survive danger of any kind.,The body reacts automatically，and takes certain steps to make sure that were safe.,Lead-in,They can shut down temporarily so that we can use all our energy for the danger.,Our breathing and heart rate increase to supply blood for muscles. Our muscles get tense so that we can fight the best we can. Our pupils dilate so we can see better. Our senses will help us fight this tiger, increase and function very effectively to help us survive this movement.,To make sure that we are set to fight or flee the danger.,Lead-in,Lead-in,What causes stress?,Survival stress,“fight or flight“,Internal stress,worried or concerned,Environmental stress,noise, crowding, and pressure from work or family.,Fatigue & overwork,working too much or too hard at your job(s) , school, or home.,Lead-in,What are the common causes of stress?,Bereavement Family problems Financial matters Illness Job issues Lack of time Moving home Relationships (including divorce) Abortion Becoming a mother or a father,Conflicts in the workplace Driving in bad traffic Fear of crime Losing your job Miscarriage Noisy neighbors Overcrowding Pollution Pregnancy Retirement Too much noise,Lead-in,How does stress affect you?,Stress can affect both your body and your mind. People under large amounts of stress can become tired, sick, and unable to concentrate or think clearly. Sometimes, they even suffer mental breakdowns. Few of us would deny that we are suffering from stress related heart disease, immune deficiency, memory loss, or even obesity. On the other hand, stress is part of life; it is not necessarily something to be avoided in our life.,Lead-in,Some of the effects of stress on your body, your thoughts and feelings, and on your behavior:,Effect on your body A tendency to sweat Back pain Chest pain Cramps or muscle spasms Erectile dysfunction Fainting spells Headache Heart disease,Hypertension (high blood pressure) Loss of libido Lower immunity against diseases Muscular aches Nail biting Nervous twitches Pins and needles Sleeping difficulties Stomach upset,Lead-in,Anger Anxiety Burnout Depression Feeling of insecurity Forgetfulness Irritability Problem concentrating Restlessness Sadness Fatigue,Effect on your thoughts and feelings,Effect on your behavior,Eating too much Eating too little Food cravings Sudden angry outbursts Drug abuse Alcohol abuse Higher tobacco consumption Social withdrawal Frequent crying Relationship problems,Lead-in,What will happen when we are stressed ?,Blood pressure rises Breathing becomes more rapid Digestive system slows down Heart rate (pulse) rises Immune system goes down Muscles become tense We do not sleep (heightened state of alertness),Lead-in,Diagnosis of stress,A good primary care physician (GP - General Practitioner) should be able to diagnose stress based on the patients symptoms alone. Some doctors may wish to run some tests, such as a blood or urine, or a health assessment. The diagnosis of stress depends on many factors and is complex, say experts. A wide range of approaches to stress diagnosis have been used by health care professionals, such as the use of questionnaires, biochemical measures, and physiological techniques. Experts add that the majority of these methods are subject to experimental error and should be viewed with caution. The most practicable way to diagnose stress and its effects on a person is through a comprehensive, stress-oriented, face-to-face interview.,How to deal with stress?,There are three broad methods you can follow to treat stress, they include self-help, self management, and medication.,Exercise Division of labor Assertiveness Alcohol and drugs Caffeine Nutrition,Time Breathing Talk Seek professional help Relaxation techniques,Self help for treating stress,Lead-in,Stress management techniques,Stress management can help you to either remove or change the source of stress, alter the way you view a stressful event, lower the impact that stress might have on your body, and teach you alternative ways of coping. Stress management therapy will have the objective of pursuing one or more of these approaches.,Medicines Doctors will not usually prescribe medications for coping with stress, unless the patient has an underlying illness, such as depression or some type of anxiety. If that is the case, the doctor is actually treating a mental illness. In such cases, an antidepressant may be prescribed. Bear in mind that there is a risk that all the medication will do is mask the stress, rather than help you deal and cope with it.,Lead-in,Multiple Stressors & Stress Build-up,Ken Dychtwald,Unit 1,Text A,The difference between “stress“ and “a stressor“,Examples of stressors are noises, unpleasant people, a speeding car, or even going out on a first date. Generally (but not always), the more stressors we experience, the more stressed we feel.,Text A,Stressor is an agent or stimulus that causes stress.,Stress is the feeling we have when under pressure, while stressors are the things we respond to in our environment.,Examples,Reading,Read the passage and find the following key words Dr. Hans Selye The Problem Imaginary Stressors Impersonal Stressors Long-term Stressors Stress Build-up,Text A,Productive Reading,Dr. Hans Selye,An _ Made a major contribution to our _,endocrinologist,understanding of stress,Text A,Productive Reading,The Problem,Often exposed to _ stressors in our modern world Having inappropriate choices of _ Often having such modern stressors characterized by their virtual impossibility of relieving the stress _,prolonged and multiple,fight-or-flight,they trigger,Text A,Productive Reading,Imaginary Stressors,Not external and physical at all but arise from _ Our own fears, guilt, and anxieties, our fantasies about _ _ _ to fight with or run away from,our imagination,what might be going,wrong,No enemy out there,Text A,Productive Reading,Impersonal Stressors,Experiencing frustrations and stress in our deadlines with _ _ _ for our fight-or-flight response when we come up against “corporate policies”,faceless bureaucracies,institutions, and corporations,Having no appropriate outlet,Text A,Productive Reading,Long-term Stressors,Tending to persist _ Often not effectively relieved through _ _ Capable of producing _ damaging results _ resulting in the greater risk,over the long term,socially,acceptable channels,mentally and physically,Their greater frequency,Text A,Productive Reading,Stress Build-up,Waking up late and rushing to _ Sitting in _, worrying about whether youll have time to prepare for an important meeting Arriving at work late to _ from your boss Rushing to get your work done, _ by the phone or by people dropping in _ through a meeting and worrying about your performance later _ to get some work done and just drinking several cups of coffee Blowing up at a subordinate and then _ your outburst Arriving home late for dinner to _ with your spouse,get to work,bumper-to-bumper commuter traffic,get a reproving glance,constantly interrupted,Fumbling,Skipping lunch,stewing about,have an argument,Text A,Productive Reading,The Useful Language,Q: What is the ability of the human body when it comes to the fight-or-flight response? be capable of,Text A,Human body is capable of returning to a normal state after stressful episodes, provided it has time to rest and recuperate.,Once secreted onto the bronchial surface, mucus is capable of dehydration but cannot be rehydrated.,Q: What are the characteristics of modern stressors? be such that ,Text A,The Useful Language,The very characteristics of modern stressors are often such that it is virtually impossible to relieve the stress they trigger.,He kept thinking the pain was such that he would faint.,Q: What is the nature of many modern stressors? by ones very nature,Text A,The Useful Language,Many stressors, such as excessive noise, are prolonged by their very nature; all our body can do is to attempt to adapt to these long term stressors.,One could argue that smoking, by its very nature, is addictive.,Q: How come many modern stressors are not external and physical at all? just as if ,Text A,The Useful Language,Our own fears, guilt, and anxieties, our fantasies about what might be going wrong, can trigger the fight-or-flight response just as if the feared even itself were occurring.,Reading a book is just as if we are communicating with a good friend.,Q: What else can we learn about many of the stressors in modern life? in origin,Text A,The Useful Language,Finally, many of the stressors in modern life are impersonal in origin.,Their medical problems are basically physical in origin.,Q: What kind of stressors do we all experience? over the long term,Text A,The Useful Language,Thus the stressors that we all experience tend to persist over the long term, and the stress they arouse is often not effectively relieved through socially acceptable channels.,Over the long term, secondhand smoke also raises the risk of disease in nonsmokers.,Q: What will you have to do when you are out of the door? bumper-to-bumper commuter traffic,The Useful Language,Text A,You must sit in bumper-to-bumper commuter traffic, worrying about whether youll have time to prepare for an important meeting.,Police cordoned off the road and diverted commuter traffic.,Q: What do you tend to do in the afternoon? blow up at sb.,Text A,The Useful Language,In the afternoon you blow up at a subordinate, then stew about your outburst.,Mother will blow up at you when she finds her best dishes broken,Q: When is the only chance you have to recuperate? collapse in bed,Text A,The Useful Language,Your stress level has remained elevated all day, and the only chance you have to recuperate is when you collapse in bed at night,A few days after his collapse he was sitting up in bed,The Harmful Effects of Stress,Video learning,The Harmful Effects of Stress,Video learning,1 Stress can your body. 2. Everyday stress from your job to your personal life can trigger tension headaches and migraines. 3. People who are overly anxious tend to at night, which can cause jaw pain, and in serious cases, damage to teeth. 4. Many people in the neck, back and shoulders. 5. Stress raises your blood pressure, and also leaves your body unhealthy hormones like adrenaline and cortisone. 6. During stressful times, your central nervous system cuts off blood flow to your digestive muscles, which can cause indigestion, nausea, . 7. Stress can also trigger like asthma, psoriasis and restless leg syndrome.,do a number on,grind their teeth,hold their tension,vulnerable to,irritable bowel syndrome and ulcers,preexisting problems,Defining Coping Mechanism,Video learning,Defining Coping Mechanism,Video learning,Coping mechanisms Basically what we do to manage any insecure feeling, such as . The way that we . Acting out What you do ，either emotionally or behaviorally. Attacking Where people who are feeling stress or agitation act out on you, beating you down or . Fantasy Where people escape into . Regression Avoiding problems and getting back to a lesser . Undoing Undoing wrong things, wrongful things of the doer, something that people do when they dont want to .,anger,sadness，guilt，shame,handle stress,when you feel pressure,threatening you,a different kind of reality,state of mind,confront an issue,Defining Coping Mechanism,Video learning,Stress can do a number on your body. Everyday stress from your job to your personal life can trigger tension headaches and migraines. People who are overly anxious tend to grind their teeth at night, which can cause jaw pain, and in serious cases, damage to teeth. Many people hold their tension in the neck, back and shoulders. Stress raises your blood pressure, and also leaves your body vulnerable to unhealthy hormones like adrenaline and cortisone. During stressful times, your central nervous system cuts off blood flow to your digestive muscles, which can cause indigestion, nausea, irritable bowel syndrome and ulcers. Stress can also trigger preexisting problems like asthma, psoriasis and restless leg syndrome.,How Reducing Stress Can Improve Your Health,Video learning,How Reducing Stress Can Improve Your Health,Video learning,What happens during the stress response according to the speaker? 2. What can the stress hormones do? 3. What is likely to occur when adrenalin causes the muscle to be tense and tighten? 4. What may happen when adrenalin causes the blood vessels to constrict?,Stress hormones like adrenalin and cortisol are released into the body.,They can potentially cause long-term pain, discomfort even illness and disease if not flushed out of the body through massage，exercise or moveme