英语基础BasicEnglishLecture8PartsofSpeech2Gwy.ppt

Lecture 8,Parts of Speech II Articles,Parts of Speech Part 2,5. Adverb Functions : to modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause,Types of Adverb,Manner (gently, softly), Time (later, finally, at once, soon), Degree (rather, very, extremely) Frequency (answers questions such as “how,“ “when,“ “where,“ “how much“) E.g. Nicol David trains hard and plays extremely well. Finally, her sacrifice pays off with internationally acclaimed success. Now, we are all so proud of her.,Examples (in sentences),Adverbs of Frequency -That student rarely comes to school. Adverbs of Time -You may begin answering your questions now. Adverbs of Place -We shall stop here and take a five minutes break Adverbs of Degree -I am rather fond of mint-chocolate ice-cream. Adverbs of Manner -The students answered their exam questions quietly.,6. Preposition,Functions : to link nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence . A preposition usually indicates the temporal (e.g. We go to school on Mondays), spatial (e.g. The book is in the cupboard) or logical (e.g. They played on despite the rain) relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence. E.g. Submit your project before Friday. Put it on my desk. Do it without any excuses!,Example of sentences,The book is on the table. The book is beneath the table. The book is leaning against the table. The book is beside the table. She held the book over the table. She read the book during class.,7. Conjunction,Functions : to link words, phrases, and clauses. There are 3 types of conjunctions 1 Coordinating conjunctions - joins individual words, phrases & independent clauses Example : for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so,2. Subordinating conjunctions,indicates the nature of the relationship among the independent clause and the dependent clause Example: after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since,links equivalent sentence elements Example: both.and, either.or, neither.nor, not only.but also, so.as, whether.or E.g. Either we pass or fail this exam. Although time is not on our side, we must give it a try. If not, well let our parents and teachers down,8. Interjection,Functions : to convey emotion. It is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence. An interjection is usually followed with an exclamation mark (!). Interjections are uncommon in formal academic prose, except in direct quotations. Example: Ouch, that hurt! My goodness, what are you doing? You think thats funny, huh?,ARTICLES,There are two types of articles: definite indefinite A and An are indefinite articles. They are used with singular countable nouns. The is a definite article. It is used with both singular and plural countable and also uncountable nouns.,Indefinite articles : a and an,A is placed before a singular countable noun that begins with a consonant sound. The consonants are b c d f g h j k z Examples: a cabinet a soldier a horse a stadium,A is also used if there is an adjective which begins with a consonant sound before a singular countable noun. Examples: a filing cabinet a brave soldier a rocking horse a hockey stadium,An is placed before a singular countable noun that begins with a vowel sound. The vowels are a e i o u Examples: an ant an egg an igloo an ostrich an umbrella,An is also used if there is an adjective which begins with a vowel sound before the singular countable noun. Examples: an industrial area an active participant an old building an excellent speaker,the adjective or noun after the article begins with a silent h. Examples: an hour - sounds like our an heir - sounds like air an honest guide - sounds like onest an honourable man - sounds like onourable,Not all words that begin with a e i o u are spoken with the vowel sound. Examples: a European - sounds like yu-ropean a unicorn - sounds like yu-nicorn a university - sounds like yu-niversity a one-sided match - sounds like wan-,Try this exercise. _ ordinary day _ unique experience _ useful reference book _ exciting movie _ successful architect _ beautiful arrangement _ interesting conclusion _ unexpected visitor _ adventurous outing _ united effort,Definite article : the,The definite article the is used before singular countable nouns plural countable nouns uncountable nouns,The Definite article the is used,To refer to a particular person or thing - The policeman who caught the robber was given a special award. To refer to the person or thing that has been mentioned earlier - The KL tower has a revolving restaurant. Susan has been to the restaurant many times.,Before nouns of which there is only one - The sun rises in the east. - The moon revolves around the earth every thirty to thirty one days. - The Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan for his wife, Mumtaz. Before a title, a post or a position - the Prime Minister - the President of America - the Chairman of UTAR,Before the names of river seas oceans groups of islands mountain ranges deserts important buildings organisations special events countries which have the form of government as part of their name,- the Klang River, the River Nile - the Dead Sea, the Caspian Sea - the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean - the Maldives, the Bahamas - the Andes, the Alps - the Gobi Desert, the Sahara Desert - the Putra World Trade Centre the Kuala Lumpur International Airport - the Red Crescent Society - the Star Marathon - the United States of America, the Republic of China,Before a superlative - the best, the smartest, the most beautiful Before ordinals (first, second, etc.) and the word last - the first man to step on the moon, the tenth caller to the radio show, the last visitor to the museum Before specific public places - the bus station, the public toilet,Before certain expressions of time - in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening Before the name of a musical instrument when we refer to a specific instrument that a person plays - Jack sings beautifully and plays the guitar very well. - Mays hobby is playing the piano.,Indefinite Articles -VS- Definite Articles,Omitted Articles,Names of town, cities, countries, streets, etc., unless they are used as adjectives - Ahmad lives in Selangor. - The Selangor team won the match. - Atlanta hosted