Gmat阅读笔记.doc

GMAT阅读笔记出题规律：文章：文章改写，风格固定，套路统一题目：题型固定，解题有章一GMAT阅读文章分类1按题材分三类：社会科学类（美国历史、弱势群体、少数民族、印第安人、黑人、妇女）、经济管理类、自然科学类，前两类占902按写作手法分两类：presentation, argumentation重点是presentation, 即论述一个理论的文章。例1：presentation的结构 Recently, the extinction of the dinosaur has been a mysterious phenomenon that puzzles scientists. Rosens three major findings have contributed much to the progress of explaining the dinosaurs extinction.a. sedimentation b. fossil remains, skeleton c. isotope, chronology Therefore例2：argumentation的结构（作者观点：喜新厌旧、标新立异） Traditionally, most scientists believed that the extinction of the dinosaur was caused by the impact on Earth of massive meteorites. However, no sign of the impact, such as a huge pit, has been discovered. On the other hand, Smith found two things that had been overlooked by his predecessors. Thus3长文章按具体套路分类，分四种：新老观点对比型、现象解释型、问题解决型、结论解释型。特别套路；短文章：可套用长文章套路的、罗嗦语言、无明显套路二做题四原则 （文时间：题时间4：6）1至少三遍原则作业要过三遍 不看译文，不管时间的准确率 查出关键生词，弄通长难句句法 课后复习，通读上课所讲思路2. “头脑空白”原则：不带任何客观知识和主观好恶，文章说什么我们才知道什么，文章说什么就相信什么。3顺序原则：先文后题，先套路后细节4总结原则：每读完一个段落以及一篇文章后要做如下六方面总结： KSGMAT 关键词（Key Word）细节题 文章结构（Structure）写法性主题题 本文的目的（Goal）目的性主题题 主要思想（Main Idea）内容性主题题 作者对某个主体所持的态度或评价（Attitude）大正、大负、混合评价（大正小负、大负小正、纯粹混合评价） 文章的主题句（Topic Sentence）主题题三做标记（一）机考做笔记（一般是两短两长，或者三长一短，共4篇。长文章每篇45题，短文章3题左右。OG和补充材料10行/分钟。题目一分钟一题）1主题句 TS2每段关键词 KW3强对比和重要的强转折 强对比有两类：unlike, in contrast to, on the other hand, on the contray;时间状语（until recently, prior to 1970s, now）PS: 阅读方法：1记笔记文：套路类型，段意，KW，TS题：题型，解题方法，题干KW，文中定位，定位依据，排除理由逻辑简图，亮点总结2预习，复习3做记号（二）必须引起高度重视的强调性语言！1强转折两个“虽然”：(al)though, while三个“但是”：but, yet, however五对同义词：(in fact, actually) (nevertheless, nonetheless) (despite, in spite of) (rather, instead) (virtually, practically)注意：极端转折（以转折后为主），多重转折（以最后一个转折为主）2强因果两个“家族”：conclude, conclusion, conclusive; consequent(ly), consequence三个“所以”：thus, hence, therefore四个“短语”：result in, result from, lead to, lie in五个“因为”：because(of), since, for, due to, 冒号或分号3标点符号：引号，括号（新名词解释一定要看）4重要语言：最高级：请注意顺序最高级 first，频率最高级 always never，程度最高级 foremost uttermostPS：文中出现最高级，给予关注；选项中出现最高级，大多为错唯一性：only, sole(ly), unique(ly), exclusive(ly), alone比较句：注意more/less.than的另一种特殊意义（与其说。不如说），注意相等比较as.as, the same as, similar to 5专有名词：人名，物种，化学物质（首字母提炼法）6判断句 （出现在文首，可能为TS）系动词：be， remain情态动词：can, cannot, may, might自由褒贬词：adj. adv.例3：His view shapes my philosophyhis view successfully shapes my philosophy. +his view curiously shapes my philosophy. his brazen view shapes my philosophy. his penetrating view shapes my philosophy. +四各套路文章总结1新老观点对比型文章总结：A判定标志a. 首段出现老观点 traditionally, frequently, assumed, most, many, universally accepted, widely accepted, once believe, common, believedb. 一段中或者二段开头可能出现强转折BTS是新观点提出处a. 经常位于一段中或者二段开头b. 阅读策略：首段（观点，时间）一段中二段头（强对比，强转折）C行文套路及阅读重点a. 老观点 略 b. 新观点 详 c. 继续论述新观点 详蓝 P19 GMAT P312 P317 P318 P395 P338 P273 P219 GRE2现象解释型文章总结：A判定标志a. 首段出现一个社会或者自然现象，下文解释b. 套路词汇：phenomenon中部出现 explain, interpret 后半部出现 explanation, interpretationB. TS是正确的解释C行文套路及阅读重点Phenomenon explanation (KW) attitudeP209 P242 P246 P262 P264 GRE3问题解决型文章总结：A判定标志a. 首段出现设问句b二段首句出现不定式c套路词汇：problem, question, task, difficulty, criteria, challenge, requirementB. TS是正确的解决方法C行文套路及阅读重点Problem (question)solution (answer) (KW) attitudeP321 P320 P332 P226 P314 P344 GRE4特别套路型文章总结：A 判定标志a. 开头出现人名，大写，书名，斜体b. 开头出现 人名study，work，analysisc. 各段首句重复同一人名B TS不明显C 行文套路a. 一般会与前人比较，说出异同 like, unlike, butb. 对作品的评价以正评价为主D 阅读重点作者对作品的态度评价：自由褒贬，实义动词188 191 210 370 GRE五客观题 （题型固定，解题有章）学习重点：题型判定解题方法（一）基本题型：1直接事实题 （对文中有明确叙述的内容进行正面提问的题目）典型问法：According to the passage (auther) The author states that. The author mentions which of the following as做法：同义变换 （找原文的语言重现）的两种情况：变换同义词，变换句型，变换同根词词性例4：The historians have broadened the conventional view of nineteenth-century feminism.换为：The historians have expanded the traditional view of nineteen-century feminism.例5：The case histories revealed how the authorities administered justice.换为：The case histories indicated the manner in which those in power apportioned justice.例6：The minority groups lace access to the sizable orders that are generated by large companies.换为：The minority groups do not nave sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations.例7：This dichotomy has its uses, but it can cause problems if taken too literally.换为：This dichotomy is useful, but only if its limitations are recognized.2取非题/取反题 对比题：由强对比语气出的题。A与B相对立，文中只有A的特征，问B的特征，则对A取非即可。例8： Unlike the large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, therefore, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.题：The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it toA. experience frustration but not serious financial harmB. face potentially crippling fixed expensesC. have to record its efforts on forms filed with the governmentD. increase its spending with minority subcontractorsE. revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontacts答案：A 改善题：正改善题和负改善题a. 正改善题：虚拟语气表示正改善的说法正改善题。做法是“回原文中找缺点，然后取非”。正改善的说法有：better, improve, more illuminating/ enlightening/ convincing/ useful.例9：However, these patterns cannot be viewed as an adaptation to wind pollination because the spiral arrangement occurs in a number of non-wind-pollinated plants.题：It can be inferred from the passage that the claim that the spiral arrangements is an adaptation to wind pollination would be more convincing if which of the following were true?A. Such an arrangement occurred only in wind-pollinated plantsB. Such an arrangement occurred in vascular plants as a wholeC. Such an arrangement could be shown to be beneficial to pollen releaseD. The number of bracts could be shown to have increased over timeE. The airflow patterns over the cones surfaces could be shown to be produced by such arrangements.例10：Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.题：It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which many of the early researchers on grazers control could have improved their data would have been to A. Emphasize the effects of temperature, rather than of light, on phytoplanktonB. Disregard nannoplankton in their analysis of phytoplankton numbersC. Collect phytoplankton of all size before analyzing the extent of phytoplankton concentrationD. Recognize that phytoplankton other than net phytoplankton could be collencted in a netE. Understand the crucial significance of net phytoplankton in the diet of zooplankton答案：Cb. 负改善题：虚拟语气表示负改善的说法负改善题。做法是“回文中找优点，然后取非“。负改善的说法有：less illuminating/ enlightening/ convincing/ useful. (改善题的变体)例11：As an indicator of shifts in the Earths climate, the isotope record has two advantages. First Second, it is a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land.题：It can be inferred from the passage that the isotope record taken from ocean sediments would be less useful to researchers if which of the following were true?A. It indicated that lighter isotopes of oxygen predominated at certain times.B. It had far more gaps in its sequence than the record taken from rocks on landC. It indicated that climate shifts did not occur every 100,000 yearsD. It indicated that the ratios of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 in ocean water were not consistent with those found in fresh waterE. It stretched back fro only a million years答案：B取非题选项特点：1。正确选项可能含有极端词汇 2。干扰选项，未取非3(in order) to/ 举例作用题问法：in order to 或 to做题技巧：先观察以“illustrate”或者“give an example of”开头的选项。标准做法分以下三种情况：a. 先结论后举例：for example, for instance, such as, likeb. 先举例后结论：hence, therefore, thus, in shortc. 无任何语言现象：以第一种情况“先结论后举例”居多排除选项：1。含有例子词汇 2。含有结论中未涉及信息例12：One argument against my contention asserts that, by nature, textbooks are culturally biased and that I am simply underestimating childrens ability to see through these biases. Some researchers even claim that by the time students are in high school, they cannot take textbooks literally. Yet substantial evidence exists to the contrary. (two researchers, for example, have conducted studies that suggest that childrens attitudes about particular cultures are strongly influenced by the textbooks used in schools)题：The author mentions two researchers studies most likely in order to A. suggest that childrens political attitudes are formed primarily through textbooksB. counter the claim that children are able to see through stereotypes in textbooksC. suggest that younger children tend to interpret the message in textbooks more literally than do older children D. demonstrate that textbooks carry political messages meant to influence their readersE. prove that textbooks are not biased in terms of their political presentations答案：B例13：Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge.题：The author refers to a “conveyor belt” in order toA. illustrate the effects of convection in the mantleB. show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continentsC. demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic RidgeD. describe the complicated motions made possible by back couplingE. account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges答案：A例14：To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the brains of mice. “In general” they reported, “the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in the mouse; i.e., the higher their capacity to bind at the receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomotions.”题：The author quotes Snyder et al most probably in order toA. reveal some of the assumptions underlying their theoryB. summarize a major finding of their experimentsC. point out that their experiments were limited to the mouseD. indicate that their experiments resulted only in general correlationsE. refute the objections made by supporters of the older theory答案：B4EXCEPT题/排除题：由四项小列举出的题和罗马数字题（渐少）做题方法：定位于文中的大（小）列举。例15：The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problems, formulating options, likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision.题：According to the passage, the classical models of decision analysis includes all of the following EXCEPTA. evaluation of a problemB. creation of possible solutions to a problemC. establishment of clear goals to be reached by the decisionD. action undertaken in order to discover more information about a problemE. comparison of the probable effects of different solutions to a problem答案：D例16：For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. The gradual erosion of childrens productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family ( a family in which members were untied by explicit bonds of love rather than duty ) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of childrens worth Yet expulsion of children from the cash nexus was also part of a cultural process of sacralization of childrens lives; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.题：Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of childrens worth EXCEPT changes in A. the mortality rateB. the nature of industryC. the nature of the family D. attitudes toward reform movementsE. attitudes toward the marketplace答案：D5逻辑题 支持题1） 搭桥法：把缺的条件补上 （support，strengthen ）,缺的条件是指推理过程中出现的逻辑断层。断桥识别：推理过程中出现两次以上的关键词汇例17：In one behavioral experiment, researchers successfully trained an anteater to distinguish between two troughs of water, one with a weak electrical field and the other with none. Such evidence is consistent with researchers hypothesis that anteaters use electro receptors to detect electrical signals given off by prey; however, researchers as yet have been unable to detect electrical signals emanating from termite mounds, where the favorite food of anteaters live.题：Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the hypothesis mentioned in the passage?A. Researchers are able to train anteaters to break into an underground chamber that is emitting a strong electrical signalB. Researchers are able to detect a weak electrical signal emanating from the nesting chamber of an ant colony.C. Anteaters are observed taking increasingly longer amounts of time to locate the nesting chambers of antsD. Anteaters are observed using various angles to break into nests of antsE. Anteaters are observed using the same angle used with nests of ants to break into the nests of other types of prey答案：B2）具体事例法：举文章没有说过的例子为正面论据例18：Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, wind-pollinated plants have, in the view above, compensated for the ensuring loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen, that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.题：Which of the following, if known, is likely to have been the kind of evidence used to support the view described in the first paragraph?A. wind speeds need not be very low for wind-pollinated plants to fail to release pollen.B. The female reproductive organs of plants often have a sticky surface that allows them to trap airborne pollen systematically.C. Grasses, as well as conifers, generate specific aerodynamic environments within the immediate vicinity of their reproductive organs.D. Rain showers often wash airborne pollen out of the air before it ever reaches as appropriate plant.E. The density and size of an airborne pollen grain are of equal importance in determining whether a plant will capture that grain.答案：D例19：Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupation by gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while womens household labor remains demanding.题：It can inferred from the passage that the author would consider which of the following to be an indication of a fundamental alteration in the conditions of womens work?A. Statistics showing that the majority of women now occupy white-collar positionsB. Interview with married men indicating that they are now doing some household tasks C. Surveys of the labor market documenting the recent creation of a new class of jobs in electronics in which women workers outnumber men four to oneD. Census results showing that working womens wages and salaries are, on the average, as high as those of working men E. Enrollment figures from universities demonstrating that increasing numbers of young women are choosing to continue their education beyond the undergraduate level答案：D 反对题1） 釜底抽薪：反对原因2） 欲擒故纵：反证法3） 抬杠法：反对原文的结论6信息题典型问法： Which of the following is (not) true? The author of the passage agrees (does not agree) with which of the following? The information in the passage answers (does not answer) which of the following questions? It can be inferred from the passage that The author (passage) implies (suggests) that信息题分成可定位的（of, about, concerning, regarding）和不可定位的做法：回文中定位并且用“友好语言的同义变换”验证7类比题问法：Which of the following is most similar to the situation in?similar to , analogous to, parallel, consistent with做法：抓住本质特征例20：Even more importantly, as these life stories moved from the traditional oral mode to recorded written form, much was inevitably lost. Editors often decided what elements were significant to the field research on a given tribe. Native Americans recognized that the essence of their lives could not be communicated in English and that events that they thought significant were often deemed unimportant by their interviewers.题：Which of the following is most similar to the actions of nineteenth-century ethnologists in their editing of the life stories of Native Americans?A. A witness in a jury trial invokes the Fifth Amendment in order to avoid relating personally incriminating evidenceB. A stockbroker refused to divulge the source of her information on the possible future increase in a stocks valueC. A sports announcer describes the action in a team sport with which he is unfamiliar D. A chef purposely excludes the special ingredient from the recipe of his prizewinning dessertE. A politician fails to mention in a campaign speech the similarities in the positions held by her opponent for political office and by hersel