天津市2018届高考英语二轮复习第三部分阅读理解专题十四细节理解课件.pptx

第三部分 阅读理解,-2-,命题规律,备考策略,“突出语篇,强调应用,注重交际”是高考命题的主导思想,“高中阶段侧重培养考生的阅读能力”是英语新课程的精神。因此,阅读理解一直是高中英语教学的重点。考试说明明确指出:阅读文章是我国考生接触外语的最主要途径,因此,阅读理解在试卷中所占的权重较大。,-3-,命题规律,备考策略,1.选材真实,题材丰富,体裁多样 天津卷阅读理解试题坚持能力立意的命题理念,题材多样化,信息丰富,包括日常生活、科普、社会、文化等等,具有浓郁的人文和社会气息,内容有较强的时代感,同时具有一定的知识性、趣味性和思想性,充分体现了灵活运用语言的要求。这种关注实际生活的选材特点已呈现出明显的增强趋势。体裁包括记叙文、说明文和议论文等。,-4-,命题规律,备考策略,20132017年高考英语天津卷阅读理解的语篇体裁、题材统计,-5-,命题规律,备考策略,-6-,命题规律,备考策略,-7-,命题规律,备考策略,2.词汇灵活,句式多样,结构复杂 高考阅读理解在词汇方面对考生的要求越来越高,凡是能够利用构词法判断出词性和词义的词汇均不视为生词,不再标注汉语注释。超纲词汇也时有出现;一词多义、熟词生义的情况更是频繁出现;词汇的活用比比皆是。阅读文章多出自国外的报刊,虽然在语言上经过了一定的加工,但最大限度地保持了语言地道的特点;语篇结构有一定的难度,作者阐述问题时使用多种修辞手法;文章的展开也不是只按照顺叙的方法,而是兼有倒叙、插叙等;简单句、复合句、虚拟语气、结构复杂的长句、倒装、省略以及插入语等也随处可见。因此,考生只有在平日里加大词汇量的积累,加强阅读训练,才能克服理解语句和篇章方面的困难。,-8-,命题规律,备考策略,3.题型稳定,细节为主,推断突出 阅读理解题还要求考生读懂有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料,例如公告、说明、广告以及书刊、报纸、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能:理解主旨和要义,理解文中具体信息,根据上下文推断生词的词义,做出判断和推理,理解文章的基本结构,理解作者的意图、观点和态度等。常规阅读理解的考点设置主要有以下几个方面:细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题、词义猜测题、意图态度题等。,-9-,命题规律,备考策略,20132017年高考英语天津卷阅读理解考点统计,高考阅读理解题型一直比较稳定。分析近几年天津卷可知,题目以细节理解为主,推理判断题也占较大比重;主旨大意题、词义猜测题和意图态度题在高考中全面淡化。当然,我们也不能就此得出这三种题型不再重要的结论,它们仍是考生备战高考的学习内容之一。,-10-,命题规律,备考策略,20132017年高考英语天津卷阅读理解设问方式统计,同时,从设问方式的分布情况可以看出,阅读理解仍然以特殊疑问句和填充式陈述句的设问形式为主。重点突出what疑问句和填充式陈述句的设问形式。,-11-,命题规律,备考策略,阅读理解题主要考查考生直接运用英语的能力,掌握了良好的阅读方法,就不会在解题时手忙脚乱。一般来说,我们可以按照以下步骤来解题: 1.快速浏览,掌握大意 做阅读理解题时,首先快速浏览,注意抓住主要信息,迅速把握文章大意、中心思想和文章结构,了解文章全貌。同时通览题目,研究题目要求及选项,弄清问题所指。有的问题是针对文章中的某一句话设计的,有的是针对一段话所陈述的事实设计的,有的是针对整篇文章设计的。对所提问题做到心中有数,为下一步阅读做好针对性的准备。,-12-,命题规律,备考策略,2.细读全文,找准信息 抓住文章大意、明确解题的目标后,带着问题仔细阅读文章。敏锐捕捉隐含在文中的有关信息词和信息句,推敲其中的关键词语,结合上下文把握语句的含义,排除文中不存在、太片面或不合逻辑的选项,做出正确选择。做题时要本着先易后难的原则,对于比较明显的、有把握的题可立刻做出选择;对于难题,要在文章中仔细查阅,认真琢磨,找出确凿的依据,运用逻辑推理,准确选出符合要求的最佳答案。 3.复读检查,验证答案 答案选出之后,要快速阅读原文,重点放在与题目有关的词语、句子和段落上,核查答案,力求答案准确无误。尤其是感觉把握不大、选择时有些困难的题目,要对照原文与选项,看其是否一致,是否合乎情理、合乎逻辑。,专题十四 细节理解,-14-,考情概览 考试说明指出:文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持,这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要,同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。 所谓细节理解题,是指原文提到了某些事物、想象或理论,题干针对原文具体叙述发问。本类试题主要考查考生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章主要事实的理解能力。 纵观近几年的高考英语阅读题,尽管推理判断题呈不断上升的趋势,但细节理解题仍然占有较大比例,而且已由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查考生对英语语言的理解能力,因此难度比往年有所增加。,-15-,命题人员往往会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。这类试题有时比较直接,理解字面意思即可答题;有时则较为间接,需要通过归纳、概括和推理才能准确答题。,-16-,1.细节理解题常见的命题方式有以下几种 (1)Which of the following is NOT included/mentioned in the passage? (2)Which of the following (sentences/statements) is NOT true according to the passage? (3)According to the passage,all of the following are true except/but . (4)The author mentions all of the following except . (5)In the passage,the author states that . (6)According to the passage,when (where,why,how,who,etc.).? (7)Choose the right order of the events given in the passage. (8)Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of.? (9)Which of the drawings below gives an idea of.?,-17-,2.细节理解题解题策略 (1)事实细节认定题 这类题目一般包括直接理解题和间接理解题。前者在原文中可以直接找到答案,常用who,what,which,when,where,why 和how等提问;后者需要将信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转换,两者存在表达上的差异,有时需要进行加工或整理后才能得出结论。做这类题目通常采用寻读法。先读题,然后带着问题快速浏览短文,找出与问题有关的词汇或者句子,再对相关部分进行分析对比,找出答案。,-18-,【典例分析】 (2016天津卷,A) A Language Programme for Teenagers Welcome to Teenagers Abroad!We invite you to join us on an amazing journey of language learning. Our Courses Regardless of your choice of course,youll develop your language ability both quickly and effectively. Our Standard Course guarantees a significant increase in your confidence in a foreign language,with focused teaching in all 4 skill areasspeaking,listening,reading and writing. Our Intensive Course builds on our Standard Course,with 10 additional lessons per week,guaranteeing the fastest possible language learning(see table below).,-19-,.,-20-,36.How does Intensive Course differ from Standard Course? A.It is less effective. B.It focuses on speaking. C.It includes extra lessons. D.It gives you confidence. 细节理解题。由“Our Courses”部分中“Our Intensive Course builds on our Standard Course,with 10 additional lessons per week.”可知,强化课程比标准课程每周多10节课。故选C项。 37.When can a student attend Standard Course? A.13:00-14:30 Monday. B.9:00-12:30 Tuesday. C.13:00-14:30 Friday. D.9:00-12:30 Saturday. 细节理解题。由“Our Courses”部分的表格可以看出,标准课程的时间是周一至周五的9:0012:30。故选B项。,-21-,(2)事实细节排序题 此类试题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实,然后对这些事实进行排序。要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系,找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。考生可以先找出最早的一个时间和事件,把它作为事件发生的具体点,再找出最后一个发生的,即采用“首尾”定位法,然后借助排除法将范围缩小,从而快速地选出正确答案。,-22-,【典例分析】 A schoolgirl saved her fathers life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic(过敏的)reaction which stopped his heart. Izzy,nine,restarted her father Colms heart by stamping(踩) on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing. Izzys mother,Debbie,immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father,so decided to use CPR. However,she quickly discovered her arms werent strong enough,so she stamped on her fathers chest instead. Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions (按压) until the ambulance arrived.,-23-,Izzy,who has been given a bravery award by her school,said:“I just kicked him really hard.My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasnt strong enough to use hands.I was quite scared.The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse.My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.” “Shes a little star,” said Debbie.“I was really upset but Izzy just took over.I just cant believe what she did.I really think all children should be taught first aid.Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up.Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and weve got to see an expert.”,-24-,Truck driver Colm,35,suffered a mysterious allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital,but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day.The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled,preventing him from breathing,his blood pressure dropped suddenly,and his heart stopped for a moment. He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.,-25-,Whats the right order of the events? Izzy kicked Colm. Debbie called 999. Izzy learned CPR. Colms heart stopped. A. B. C. D. 排序题。根据第三段内容可知,戴比打了急救电话之后,伊斯决定用踩的方式对父亲进行急救,也就是说排在的前面,排除A、D两项;根据第六段内容可知,伊斯学习CPR是在父亲心脏停止跳动之前,排除B项。,-26-,(3)数字细节题 此类试题有的是在文章中直接表现出细节事实,有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题一般涉及时间、年龄、价钱、数量、距离等的计算。文章中通常会出现许多数字,它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先理解文章的大意,然后找到数字题所对应的文章细节,经过对比、分析、计算等得出正确答案。,-27-,【典例分析】 (2017浙江卷,B) Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids.According to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation,51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights,even though they have to get up early.Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7-to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day,and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school. How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age.Babies need a lot of rest:most of them sleep about 18 hours a day!Adults need about eight hours.For most school-age children,ten hours is ideal(理想的).But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10-to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours.And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime?Watch TV. .,-28-,26.How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day? A.7 hours. B.8 hours. C.10 hours. D.18 hours. 数字细节题。根据第二段中的“For most school-age children,ten hours is ideal.”可知,对于11岁的孩子来说,每天10小时的睡眠时间是最理想的,故C项正确。,-29-,(4)图表细节题 这类题旨在考查考生的形象思维能力以及根据材料进行空间想象的能力。图形识别题,通常有地图、人体实物、统计表等三种形式:简易地图考查考生方位感;人体实物图考查考生根据文字叙述进行形象再造的能力;仪器仪表统计图考查考生基本的读图、读数、读表能力。图表题一般会涉及文章内容的核心。解题时,针对图表有差异的地方,要查找原文相应细节。,-30-,【典例分析】 (2017北京卷,B),-31-,-32-,-33-,60.What does TOKNOW offer its readers? A.Online courses. B.Articles on new topics. C.Lectures on a balanced life. D.Reports on scientific discoveries. 细节理解题。根据Whats inside里面的内容可知,这本杂志为读者提供一些关于最新话题方面的文章。故应选B项。 61.How much should you pay if you make a 12-month subscription to TOKNOW with gift pack from China? A.55. B.60. C.65. D.70. 细节理解题。根据SUBSCRIBE NOW中第二种征订方式可知,除了欧洲人,其他人征订这本杂志的礼品装一年需要支付70英镑。故D项正确。,-34-,62.Subscribers of TOKNOW would get . A.free birthday presents B.full refund within 28 days C.membership of the TOKNOW club D.chances to meet the experts in person 细节理解题。根据文章最后一句“Refund Policythe subscription can be cancelled within 28 days and you can get your money back.”可知,二十八天内,你可以退订并得到全额退款。应选B项。,-35-,A,B,C,(2017天津卷,A) Suppose youre in a rush,feeling tired,not paying attention to your screen,and you send an email that could get you in trouble. Realisation will probably set in seconds after youve clicked “send”.You freeze in horror and burn with shame. What to do?Here are four common email accidents,and how to recover. Clicking “send” too soon Dont waste your time trying to find out if the receiver has read it yet.Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored.,-36-,A,B,C,Writing the wrong name The sooner you notice,the better.Respond quickly and briefly, apologising for your mistake.Keep the tone measured:dont handle it too lightly,as people can be offended,especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture(i.e.incorrect ordering of Chinese names). Clicking “reply all” unintentionally You accidentally reveal(透露)to the entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner,or what holiday youd like to take.In this instance,the best solution is to send a quick,light-hearted apology to explain your awkwardness.But it can quickly rise to something worse,when everyone starts hitting “reply all” to join in a long and unpleasant conversation.In this instance,step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.,-37-,A,B,C,Sending an offensive message to its subject The most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger.You write an unkind message about someone,intending to send it to a friend,but accidentally send it to the person youre discussing.In that case,ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry.Explain your frustrations calmly and sensibly see it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with this person.,【语篇导读】本文为一篇说明文。假如你工作繁忙身心疲惫,一不留神误发了一封电子邮件,怎么办呢?本文主要讲述了四种常见的电子邮件事故,并给出了相应的补救措施。,-38-,A,B,C,1.After realising an email accident,you are likely to feel . A.curious B.tired C.awful D.funny,C,解析 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“You freeze in horror and burn with shame.”可知,当意识到电子邮件事故发生时,你可能会吓得僵住了,非常难为情。故选C项。,-39-,A,B,C,2.If you have written the wrong name in an email,it is best to . A.apologise in a serious manner B.tell the receiver to ignore the error C.learn to write the name correctly D.send a short notice to everyone,A,解析 细节理解题。根据Writing the wrong name部分的第二句“Respond quickly and briefly,apologising for your mistake.”可知,如果你在邮件中写错了名字,最好的办法是立刻为自己的错误道歉。故选A项。,-40-,A,B,C,3.What should you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your “reply all” email? A.Try offering other choices. B.Avoid further involvement. C.Meet other staff members. D.Make a light-hearted apology.,B,解析 推理判断题。根据Clicking “reply all” unintentionally部分的最后一句“In this instance,step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.”可知,当面对因为你误点“回复全部”而引发的不愉快的讨论时,你应该离开你的电脑,让每个人都冷静下来。也就是说,要进行冷处理,避免进一步的参与。故选B项。,-41-,A,B,C,4.How should you deal with the problem caused by an offensive email? A.By promising not to offend the receiver again. B.By seeking support from the receivers friends. C.By asking the receiver to control his anger. D.By talking to the receiver face to face.,D,解析 细节理解题。根据Sending an offensive message to its subject部分的第三句“In that case,ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry.”可知,当你不小心误发了冒犯性的邮件时,要尽快地当面去说清楚并道歉。故选D项。,-42-,A,B,C,5.What is the passage mainly about? A.Defining email errors. B.Reducing email mistakes. C.Handling email accidents. D.Improving email writing.,C,解析 主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了四种常见的电子邮件事故,并给出了相应的补救措施。故选C项。,-43-,A,B,C,(2016天津卷,B) Every man wants his son to be somewhat of a clone,not in features but in footsteps.As he grows you also age,and your ambitions become more unachievable.You begin to realize that your boy,in your footsteps,could probably accomplish what you hoped for.But footsteps can be muddied and they can go off in different directions. My son Jody has hated school since day one in kindergarten.Science projects waited until the last moment.Book reports werent written until the final threat. Ive been a newspaperman all my adult life.My daughter is a university graduate working toward her masters degree in English.But Jody?When he entered the tenth grade he became a “vo-tech” student(技校学生).Theyre called “motorheads” by the rest of the student body.,-44-,A,B,C,When a secretary in my office first called him “motorhead”,I was shocked.“Hey,hes a good kid,”I wanted to say,“And smart,really.” I learned later that motorheads are,indeed,different.They usually have dirty hands and wear dirty work clothes.And they dont often make school honor rolls(光荣榜). But being the parent of a motorhead is itself an experience in education.We who labor in clean shirts in offices dont have the abilities that motorheads have.I began to learn this when I had my car crashed.The cost to repair it was estimated at $800.“Hey,I can fix it,”said Jody.I doubted it,but let him go ahead,for I had nothing to lose. My son,with other motorheads,fixed the car.They got parts(零件) from a junkyard,and ability from vo-tech classes.The cost was $25 instead of $800.,-45-,A,B,C,Since that first repair job,a broken air-conditioner,a non-functioning washer and a non-toasting toaster have been fixed.Neighbors and co-workers trust their car repairs to him. These kids are happiest when doing repairs.They joke and laugh and are living in their own relaxed world.And their minds are bright despite their dirty hands and clothes. I have learned a lot from my motorhead:publishers need printers,engineers need mechanics,and architects need builders.Most important,I have learned that fathers dont need clones in footsteps or anywhere else. My son may never make the school honor roll.But he made mine.,-46-,A,B,C,【语篇导读】本文为记叙文。父亲总是希望儿子去实现自己未能实现的目标。作者通过自己的亲身经历,最终阐明了这样一个道理:父亲没有必要让儿子去走他曾经走过的路。,-47-,A,B,C,1.What used to be the authors hope for his son? A.To avoid becoming his clone. B.To resemble him in appearance. C.To develop in a different direction. D.To reach the authors unachieved goals.,D,解析 推理判断题。由文章第一段可知,父亲都希望自己的儿子能够重复他曾走过的路。但是儿子可能会向另外的方向发展。接着在第二段作者提到自己的儿子就是这样一个孩子没有按照作者的意愿去发展。由此推出作者希望儿子去实现自己未能实现的目标。,-48-,A,B,C,2.What can we learn about the authors children? A.His daughter does better in school. B.His daughter has got a masters degree. C.His son tried hard to finish homework. D.His son couldnt write his book reports.,A,解析 细节理解题。由第三段第二句“My daughter is a university graduate working toward her masters degree in English.”可知,作者的女儿学习很棒。故选A项。,-49-,A,B,C,3.The author let his son repair the car because he believed that . A.his son had the ability to fix it B.it would save him much time C.it wouldnt cause him any more loss D.other motorheads would come to help,C,解析 细节理解题。根据第六段最后一句“I doubted it,but let him go ahead,for I had nothing to lose.”可知,作者之所以让他的儿子修理汽车,因为他觉得自己没有什么损失。故选C项。,-50-,A,B,C,4.In the authors eyes,motorheads are . A.tidy and hardworking B.cheerful and smart C.lazy but bright D.relaxed but rude,B,解析 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段第二句“They joke and laugh and are living in their own relaxed world.”和第三句“And their minds are bright.”可知,作者认为这些孩子们在工作的时候非常快乐,同时他们也非常聪明。故选B项。,-51-,A,B,C,5.What did the author realize in the end? A.It is unwise to expect your child to follow your path. B.It is important for one to make the honor roll. C.Architects play a more important role than builders. D.Motorheads have greater ability than office workers.,A,解析 推理判断题。由短文倒数第二段最后一句“Most important,I have learned that fathers dont need clones in footsteps or anywhere else.”可知,作者意识到,他没有必要让自己的儿子走他曾经走过的路。故选A项。,-52-,A,B,C,(2017天津耀华中学一模,D) Going shopping seems easy,but actually it takes a lot of learning,especially in America.In fact,many Americans who are not so well-off often shop at “sales” or at special stores that sell things at low prices,which you may find interesting.In America,the important rule of dressing is that one should change his or her clothes every day.For example,in an American college,neither professors nor students are seen in the same clothes two days in a row.So you may find it necessary to buy more clothes than you have in China.While you are shopping in the States,you will discover that prices range considerably from time to time.The purchase of used,second-hand clothing,furniture, or other household articles may be an excellent way of saving money.,-53-,A,B,C,Most second-hand clothes are of pretty good quality.If you are going to settle down in the States and want some furniture,you may go to a “loan closet”,where furniture rents at low cost,or you may also go to a “furniture exchange” place in the community. Sheets,blankets,and other bedclothes go on sale in most communities twice a year.Advertisements for “white sales” on bed linen,towels,etc.often appear in January,as well as in May,June or July.Once or twice every season,there will be “garage sales”,where you can get almost anything from a yacht to a pair of shoes,at low prices.Prices at “discount stores” and “thrift shops” are also as low as you can imagine.,-54-,A,B,C,When shopping for food,you should look for special prices for various items that are put on sale weekly.To economize,it would be a good idea for you to plan the weekly menu according to what is on sale,including in it the meats,vegetables,fruits,etc.that can be bought at special prices that week. Exchange and return policies vary from store to store.You should also keep in mind that exchange and return