虾蟹资源与养殖现状.ppt

,虾蟹类资源及增养殖概况,第二章,二、世界概况,1、生产方式,2、产量与份额,3、市场与贸易,4、各国概况,虾蟹类,Shrimp:,Prawn：,Shellfish：,对虾(美),大虾(英),海虾及半咸水虾(FAO)?,淡水虾(FAO),贝类和甲壳类的总称,小虾(英),对虾(英),Crab:,蟹类,增养殖种类的选择标准,通常选择本地种 引进外来种应注意的问题,食用标准：肉质、大小、壳薄、可食比例、 色泽 生产性能：生长速度、密养性、食性、生物 学特性、抗逆性、适应力 苗种来源：资源量、抗病力、亲体数量及成 熟难易 移动性： 收获、放流 生态问题：生态入侵、引进、放流,二、世界概况,1、生产方式,2、产量与份额,3、市场与贸易,4、各国概况,主要生产方式,SHRIMP FRY HATCHERY 虾苗场,Water treatment 水处理,Storage 蓄水池,Nursery unit 保育室,Maturation unit 种虾室,养成生产 粗养方式 Extensive 半精养方式 Semi-intensive 精养方式 Intensive 超精养方式 Ultra-intensive,主要生产方式,Super-Intensive and Bio-secure Shrimp Culture System,超高密度工厂化养虾系统,Quarantine Unit 检疫,Water Stock Unit 储水系统,Filtration Unit 过滤系统,Automate system 自动化系统,Super-Intensive and Bio-secure Shrimp Culture System,Nursery Unit 虾苗保育,Production Unit 生产区,Bio-secure 生物安全,Sterilization 杀菌,Organic Removal 去除有机物,Bio-Filtration 生物过滤,Solid Removal 去除固体,Environmental Control 环境保护,Culture System 养殖系统,超高密度 工厂化养虾系统,对虾养殖车间,生化池,蛋白分离器,冬棚内外,养殖池（12m2 、18m3）,产量与份额,产量与份额,产量与份额,主要消费国：美国、日本、西欧 主要出口国：泰国、厄瓜多尔、印度尼西亚、印度、越南、中国,消费需求：口味、质量、种类、品种等,市场与贸易,中国,美国,墨西哥,厄瓜多尔,哥伦比亚,澳大利亚,印度,洪都拉斯,印度尼西亚,泰国,越南,孟加拉国,菲律宾,各国概况,斑节对虾,中国对虾,日本毛虾,南美白对虾,日本对虾,印度对虾,墨吉对虾,世界蟹类生产与市场,There was a steady increase in total crab production (aquaculture + capture) over the 1990-2000 period. In 2000 it rose slightly by a further 3% reaching 1.2 million MT. In 1990, world crab production was 700 000 MT. China is the leader among crab producers with an output of 516 000 MT, up 23% from 1999 and almost four times more compared to 1990. Another important crab producer is the USA whose output is equivalent to 11% of the worlds crab production, that is 136 000 MT (2000). The USA experienced quite a strong decline in production in the last two years (-46%). Canada is the worlds third main crab producer (106 700 MT in 2000) and its output has been expanding steadily over the last ten years,Callinectes sapidus 美洲蓝蟹/优游蟹,美洲蓝蟹,锯缘青蟹 Scylla serrata,Cancer magister,美洲黄道蟹,Dungeness Crab Cancer magister 美洲黄道蟹,Cancer pagurus,Edible crab,食用黄道蟹,Tanner crab Chionoecetes bairdi 白氏雪蟹 Chionoecetes tanneri 谭氏雪蟹,Snow crab Chionoecetes opilio 蛛雪蟹,Alaska King Crab,皇帝蟹,Paralithodes camtschaticus 勘察加拟石蟹,In 2000, 88%of total crab production consisted of wild crab. The bulk (76%) of Chinese crab production was wild crab in 2000. In 2000, China had a wild crab output of 391 000 MT (up 21% from 1999), therefore retaining its top position among wild crab producers. The USA, in second position produced 135 600 MT of wild crab in 2000, 35% less than in 1999. All the US crab is wild crab.,In 1990, only 3 800 MT of crab were farmed, this activity reached 140 300 MT in 2000. China was responsible for this strong expansion. It produces 90% of the worlds farmed crab (not identified marine crabs), 30% more compared to 1999. Chinese cultured crab production was nil in 1990.,Frozen crab production increased only slightly (+3% ) in 2000 reaching the periods peak at 120 900 MT. Crab production was 48 600 MT in 1990. Canada is the main frozen crab producer with a 40% share of the worlds frozen crab production (49 000 MT in 2000) followed by the Russian Federation with an 23% share (27 700 MT). Canadian production of frozen crab declined by almost 5% in 2000, whereas the Russian Federations output remained at 1999 levels.,World canned crabmeat production declined further (- 57%) in 2000 to 35 000 MT. Canned crabmeat production has been declining steadily since 1993, with the exception of 1998 when production shot up by 50% to 101 600 MT. The USA is the leader among canned crabmeat producers (93% of total) with an output of 32 700 MT in 2000, down 56% from 1999 and 67% below the 1990 figure. India produces 5% of the worlds canned crabmeat (1 800 MT in 2000) indicating a 66% decline from 1999.,三、我国概况,我国概况,养殖种类 规模与产量 历史与现状 问题与对策 发展趋势,我国常见养殖种类,我国虾类主要养殖种类,南美白对虾,斑节对虾,南美白对虾,日本对虾,日本对虾,墨吉对虾,长毛对虾,中国对虾,罗氏沼虾,我国常见养殖种类,我国蟹类主要养殖种类,历史与现状,历史,始于20世纪50年代 兴起发展阶段（1967-1978） 快速发展阶段（1978-1988） 相对稳定阶段（1989-1992） 急剧滑坡发展阶段（1993-1994） 恢复发展阶段（1995- ）,历史与现状,现状,养殖现状 研究机构 课题,进展,养殖技术、营养与饲料、基础生物学、疾病诊断与防病技术、引种、资源增殖,对虾产业链,我国养殖对虾产量,问题与对策,问题,1.苗种质量差 2.病害种类繁多，损失严重 3.配合饲料质量有待提高 4.不重视废水处理 5.养殖技术企待改进和创新,对策,1.加快对虾良种体系建设 2.重视苗种质量、加强苗种管理 3.尽快突破对虾养殖病害诊断和防治技术 4.研制开发优质配合饲料 5.积极发展健康养殖技术，提高经济和生态效益 6.完善养殖保障体系,发展趋势,可持续化发展,健康养殖,自动化与工厂化,科研动态,集约化水产养殖 是指在人工控制的条件下，利用有限水体进行水产动植物高密度养殖的一种生产模式。目前我国进行集约化养殖的海洋水产动物 主要包括鱼类、虾类、双壳贝类、以及鲍鱼和刺参等海珍品。具有节约土地和水资源，可控程度高，便于管理，单位水体的产量高等优点，具有显著的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。,海洋农业Sea farming 是20世纪90年代作为海洋经济第一产业而提出的。 海洋农业不仅包括传统的海洋捕捞业和海水养殖业，而且还包括直接利用海洋资源为陆地农业服务的海水灌溉业及苗种繁育等相关产业。 海洋农业是海洋经济的主导产业之一，在我国经济社会发展中具有重要的战略地位。作为发展海洋经济的最佳切入点，海洋农业发展已成为缓解资源短缺，解决人口膨胀，促进经济社会可持续发展而