2012大学英语四六级作文写作技巧与方法辅导PPT.ppt

四级作文专题,四级作文专题,制作者：任日方,四级作文专题,1.历年真题作文综述 2.作文考查要点总结 3.作文写作思路 4.写作模版及常用句型 5.经典范文学习,1.历年四级真题作文综述,1.历年六级真题作文综述,作文考查要点总结,1.考查主题与日常生活（校园生活）息息相关，对社会热点问题也有涉及。 2. 写作类型比较广泛，有应用文、记述文和议论文，但以议论文为主。 3.主要考查学生的思辨能力与语言表达能力，即内容与语言。,3.作文写作思路,1.审题 2.提纲：把文章三段（开头、主体、结尾）的主题句写出，然后列出支撑句的要点 3.文章写作 4.修改（通读原文，检查语言错误）,1.内容不跑题即可，注意：1.不要妄图以情动人; 2.不要妄图在构思上出奇制胜。 2.结构上牢记总分总：先写主题句(Topic Sentence)，再写分论点，最后写总结句(Conclusion)。 3.写完之后修改注意：(内容方面尽量不要修改) 1、字母大小写 2、标点符号 3、单词拼写 4、主谓一致 5、动词时态 6、名词单复数,题目：Bicycles An Important Means of Transport in China 提纲：(1)为什么自行车在中国这样普及 (2)和汽车的比较 (3)自行车在中国的前途,范文讲解,Bicycles are very popular in China. Almost every family in the city has two or three bicycles. During the rush hour, you can see that thousands of people - man and woman, old and young - ride their bicycles to work and study. That is why China is called “the kingdom of bicycles”. 分析：1. 第一句总写，第二句和第三句分写，最后总写。 2. During the rush hour 介词结构开头。 3. 破折号内容为同位语,句式多变化。,Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in many ways. First, they are cheap, convenient and easy to ride. Second, riding bicycle is good for health. Third, they bring no noise nor air pollution. Though cars are faster and more comfortable, they are too expensive. They consume plenty of oil and they pollute the air. Sometimes, it is difficult for a driver to park his car. Moreover they often cause traffic jams and accidents. 分析：1. Compared with cars 分词结构开头。 2. be superior to/ be inferior to 优于/ 低于 3. thirst, second, third 英语语言有层次感，信号词 4. cheap 便宜，最好用inexpensive 5. be good for health 对健康有好处(万能理由) 6. Moreover 表示递进,In my opinion, the future of bicycle is very promising. Since China is a developing country and has a large population, I think, riding bicycle is appropriate to Chinese present conditions. It will be an important means of transportation for quite a long time. 注：promising 有前途的 a promising young man,文章开头写法,1-1 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 适用于有争议性的主题. 例如 1. When asked about., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that . But I think/view a bit differently. 2. When it comes to , some people believe that . Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements , but (I prefer the latter/the former .) 3. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed /held / acknowledged that They claim/ believe/argue that . But I wonder/doubt whether.,1-2 现象法 引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 . e.g 1. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) . has caused/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern. 2. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of .has been brought into focus. ( has been brought to public attention) 3.Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality . is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now /constantly.,1-3 观点法 -开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法. e.g: 1. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning /coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that. 2. Now there is a growing awareness/recognition of the necessity toNow people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of 3. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.,1-4 引用法 - 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点! e.g: 1. “Knowledge is power.“ such is the remark made by Bacon. This remark has been shared by more and more people . “Education is not complete with graduation.“ Such is the opinion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. 2.“.“ How often we hear such statements/words like those /this . In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complaints as this “.,1-5 比较法 - 通过对过去,现在 两种不同的倾向,观点的比较 , 引出文章要讨论的观点. e.g: 1. For years, .had been viewed as . But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing . , people . . 2. People used to think that . (In the past, ) But people now share this new idea.,1-6 故事法 - 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题. e.g: 1. Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt The phenomenon of . has aroused public concern. 2. I have a friend who . Should he ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life. 3. Once upon a time , there lived a man who . This story may be (unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now.,1-7 问题法 - 先用讨论或解答的设问, 引出自己观点, 适用于有争议性的话题. e.g: Should/What ? Options of . vary greatly , some ., others . But in my opinion , .,引出不同观点: 1.Peoples views on. vary from person to person. Some hold that. . However, others believe that 人们对.的观点因人而异.有些人认为.然而其他人却认为 2.People may have different opinions on. 人们对.可能会有不同的见解. 3.Attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person. 人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异. 4.There are different opinions among people as to. 关于 人们的观点大不相同. 5.Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure). 对(失败)人们的态度各不相同.,给出原因: 1.This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, . Second, . Third, . 这一现象的存在是有许多原因的.首先, . 第二, . 第三, . 2.Why did. ? For one thing. For another Perhaps the primary reason is. 为什么会.? 一个原因是. 令一个原因是.或许其主要原因是 3.I quite agree with the statement that. The reasons are chiefly as follows. 我十分赞同这一论述,即.,其主要原因如下:,1.Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that. 2.Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that. 3.Hence/Therefore, wed better come to the conclusion that. 4.There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits. 5.All in all, we cannot live without. But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.,结尾部分,首先，一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题（stick or hold to the topic），这就是段落的统一性（unity）。其次，一个段落必须有若干拓展句（拓展手段：运用列举分类、细节说明、比较对照、正反论证等手段），使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性（completeness or adequateness）。再者，一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅（smooth），这就是连贯性（coherence）。,连贯性（coherence） 连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系；反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。 意连 段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。,A.按时间先后排列（chronological arrangement） B. 按位置远近排列（spatial arrangement） C. 按逻辑关系排列（logical arrangement） a. 按重要性顺序排列（arrangement in order of importance） b.由一般到特殊排列（general-to-specific arrangement） c. 由特殊到一般排列（specific-to-general arrangement）,有损连贯性的几种情况： 考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误： 1）不必要的改变时态，比如：In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.,2）不必要的改变单复数，比如： Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.,3）不必要的改变人称，比如： Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their childrens activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.,英语四级写作六种常用经典句型,1)主语从句 1.It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy. 2.It is well-known that 3.It is self-evident/ conceivable / obvious / apparent that 4.It goes without saying that It is universally acknowledged that,2）宾（表）语从句 1.We cannot understand why he was so cruel to his roommates. 2.The problem is not who will go, but who will stay.,3）定语从句（限定性和非限定性） 1.As is shown/ demonstrated/ illustrated/ depicted/ describedin the cartoon/ picture/ graph/ table, 2.There are many reasons why I want to study in your university. 3.It is estimated that tens of billions of pounds spent on cigarettes every year in our country, which is a huge waste.,4）状语从句（时间，原因，地点，条件，让步，转折等） 1.When the man is enjoying the cigarette, the smoke becomes a monster （怪物） which will devour him. 2.Whatever the reason, there are still some problems with student use of computers.,5）倒装句 Only through these measures can we hope to solve the problem. Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.,Some measures should be taken to deal with the problem. He is said to have accomplished a lot of great deeds. Many people believe that（It is believed that）,6）被动句,Directions: In this section, you are asked to write a composition entitled Should people own cars or not? Your composition should be based on the outline given below. Your composition should be at least 150 words. Outline: 1、有人赞成个人买车。 2、也有人持相反观点。 3、你的看法。 Should People Own Cars or Not?,There is no denying the fact that it has been a hotly debated topic in China whether people should have their own cars. Peoples opinions differ sharply on this issue. Some hold the positive view. They say that the car provides the most convenient form of transportation. Besides, a car is a comfortable way to travel, especially in winter. Finally, a driver is usually safe in his car when he is out at night. Others, however, hold the opposite view. They say that there are many disadvantages to owning a car. For one thing, it can be very expensive to purchase and run a car. For another, owning a car can also cause worry and stress.,It is exhausting to drive a car in heavy traffic. What is worse, cars are responsible for most of the smog in cities, which pollutes the environment seriously. In spite of all the above mentioned, I still favor owning a car. The reason is that the car gives a person the freedom to schedule his own time. Though we are confronted with a problem of energy crisis, I am sure that the real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that uses cheap, efficient fuel and does not contaminate the air.,Directions: In this section, you are asked to write a composition entitled Internet A Two-edged Sword. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: 1、Internet的功绩。 2、Internet的弊端。 3、结论。 Internet A Two-edged Sword,Internet is playing an increasingly important role in peoples life. As a newborn information delivering system, the Internet has made seas of information available at our fingers tips. Besides, the Internet serves as the most convenient means for communication. Through the Internet, people can discuss various problems and make friends who share common views.,But just as a coin has two sides, Internet has its own drawbacks which should not be neglected. First, it costs an alarming amount of money to construct the system and the cost is very high to most Chinese consumers. Second, it is sometimes difficult for people to find the right information they are looking for since there is too much rubbish on the net. Finally, it is also difficult to prevent the net from the invasion of criminals.,Therefore, the Internet should be viewed as a two-edged sword, which presents us with both conveniences and troubles. But we should not give up eating for fear of choking. The best policy, as I see it, is to further develop the net and exert proper supervision over it so that it can benefit us in a better way.,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic On Water Shortage. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline given below: 1. Water shortage is becoming an urgent problem 2. Possible solutions Water Shortage,No one can have failed