《词的语义变化》PPT课件.ppt

,Chapter Nine changes in word meaning,main contents: 1.types of semantic change 2.causes of changes in word meaning aim of learning semantic change - enable learners to understand changes in word meaning from the aspects of history, psychology ,society,etc.,1. types of semantic change generalization (extension) 词义扩展 B. specialization(narrowing/restriction shrinking）词义缩小 C. elevation（amelioration)词义升格 D. pejoration(degeneration) 词义降格,A. generalization extension / stretching/widening/enlarging/expansion -a process by which a word originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized, e.g.: manuscript original meaning: sth. hand written present meaning: any authors copy whether hand written or typed,B. specialization/narrowing/restriction/ shrinking of word meaning - a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense, e.g.: meat original meaning: food and drink in general,C. elevation（amelioration) -a process by which words rise from humble beginnings to position of importance, e.g.: nice original meaning: foolish present meaning: good,D. pejoration /degeneration degradation/deterioration/catachresis -a process by which words once had respectable or neutral meaning shifted to less respectable, or even derogatory meaning, e,g.: silly original meaning: happy present meaning: foolish,2.causes of changes in word meaning A. historical /social cause Dutch act Dutch uncle talk Dutch I am Dutched. Im a Dutch man if take French leave Italian hand feedback,B. borrowing (stool / chair) C. psychological cause gay sleeping place D . linguistic cause (ellipsis) private,E. changes resulting from the figures a. He was allowed to leapfrog the long line. c. She has a sea of trouble. e. U.S influence nosedived in Africa.,Exercise: 1.What are the extra-linguistic factors that cause changes in meaning? 2. The meanings of “lip” and “tongue” in “the lip of a wound” and “the tongue of bell” have experienced_. a. extension b. elevation c.associated transfer d. degradation,3. A legal term “alibi” signifying “plea that the accused is not at the place when the crime is committed” now means “excuse”. This change of word-meaning is called _. a. extension b.