研究生英语综合教程u.ppt

Unit 8,Social Problems,On Social Problems,Pre-reading Questions,1,What should be responsible for these social problems?,2,3,In what ways can we solve these social problems efficiently?,What social problems do we have in China?,CONTENTS,Vocabulary,Exercises,Writing & Translating,Analysis of text,addiction,dikn the fact or process of being addicted 沉溺，癖好； 上瘾，吸毒成瘾 E.g. 1. He stole money from his parents to feed his addiction. 他从父母那儿偷钱以满足自己的嗜好。 2. His addiction to drugs propelled him towards a life of crime. 他吸毒成瘾使他走上犯罪的道路。,addict,dikt v: 沉溺于，使醉心入迷，使成瘾（+ to ) addict oneself to / be addicted to 沉溺于 dikt n: 有瘾的人；入迷的人 drug / film / work + addict 瘾君子/ 影迷/ 工作狂 You are turning into an internet addict, eh? 你快变成网虫了，对吗?,alcoholism,lkhlizm 酗酒，嗜酒；酒精中毒 E.g. 1. Excessive drinking induces alcoholism. 饮酒过度会引起酒精中毒。 2. The doctors correlated alcoholism with severe brain disease. 医生们认为酗酒同严重的脑病有关系。,alcoholic,lkhlik adj: 1. 酒精的，含酒精的，酒精中毒的 n: 2. 酒精中毒病人，嗜酒者 E.g. 1. consumption of alcoholic drinks 大量地消费酒精制品 2. An alcoholic is not allowed to drive. 酗酒者不许开车。,assumption,smpn the act or an instance of assuming v: assume 1. 假定，假想；（未经证实的）臆测，臆断 2. （责任的）担任，承担 E.g. 1. on the assumption that 以的设想为根据 2. We mistook assumption that the price would fall. 我们错误地认为价格会下降。 3. the assumption of the office 就职,psychological,saikldikl 心理的，精神的；心理学的 E.g. 1. a factor 心理上的因素 2. a study / experiment 心理研究/实验 3. warfare 心理战 4. give support 给予心理上的支持 n: psychology 心理学 psychologist 心理学家 v: psychologize 作心理分析，用心理学解释,therapy,erpi 1.（不通过外科而对生理或心理紊乱进行的）理疗 2. 治疗，疗法 E.g. 1. acupuncture therapy 针刺疗法 2. short wave therapy 短波透热电疗法 3. hypnotic therapy 催眠疗法 4. physical therapy 理疗 5. dietetic therapy 食疗,amoral,eimrl 1. 不属于道德范畴的; 没有道德原则的 2. 无道德感的；无从区分是非的 E.g. 1. Science as such is completely amoral. 科学本身根本不存在道德不道德问题。 2. Infants are amoral. 婴儿是没有道德感的。,amoral VS. immoral,Amoral is sometimes confused with immoral. The a- at the beginning of the word means without or lacking, so the word is properly used of people who have no moral code, or about places or situations where moral considerations do not apply. e.g. The film was violent and amoral. In contrast immoral should be used to talk about the breaking of moral rules, as in: Drug dealing is the most immoral and evil of all human activities.,secular,sekjul 1. 现世的，世俗的，非宗教（或教会的） 2. 延续几个世纪的，长期的，长久的 E.g. 1. secular concerns / court / education 凡夫俗子关心的事情 / 非宗教法庭 / 世俗教育 2. resume secular life 还俗 3. This is an example of secular demand. 这是长期需求的一个例子。,hoax,hks n: 骗局，戏弄，恶作剧 v: 开玩笑骗某人，戏弄某人 E.g. 1. a hoax perpetrated by the British government 英国政府设计的骗局 2. They were the victims of a cruel hoax. 他们是一个残忍恶作剧的受害者。 3. hoax sb. into believing a falsehood. 骗某人相信谎话,prodigal prdigl,adj: 1. 浪费的，铺张奢侈的，挥霍的 2. 不吝啬的，十分慷慨的 （+of ) n: 回头的浪子，改邪归正的人 E.g. 1. be prodigal of praise 赞不绝口 2. Nature is prodigal of her gifts. 大自然不吝惜其恩赐。 3. All the family went to the airport to welcome home the prodigal son. 全家人都去机场迎接这个回头的浪子。,spendthrift,spend,rft n: 花钱无度的人;挥霍者 adj: 浪费的，奢侈的 E.g. 1. My mother warned me about marrying a spendthrift. 我妈妈告诫我，不要与挥霍金钱的人结婚。 2. He disowned his spendthrift son. 他与挥金如土的儿子脱离父子关系。,morrow,mru 1.次日, 翌日, 明日 2.特定事件后紧接着的时期 E.g. on the morrow of the War of liberation 解放战争结束伊始,instill instil,1.滴注 2.逐渐使某人获得(某种可取的品 质);逐步灌输 E.g. 1. instill eye drops 滴眼药水 2. instill a sense of responsibility in children 给孩子灌输责任意识 3. I consider it important to instill a pride in the players. 我认为使运动员逐步感到自豪是很重要的。,twist twist,v: 1. 旋转，拧，弯曲；扭动，扭伤 2. 歪曲，扭曲，曲解 n: 曲折点，意想不到的转折，转变 E.g. 1. She twisted her ankle when she fell. 她摔倒时扭伤了脚踝。 2. You have to twist the lid off, not pull it. 盖子是拧开的, 不是拉开的。 3. They always twisted the facts to suit their purpose. 为了达到自己的目的, 他们总是歪曲事实。 4. Theres an unusual twist to the plot at the end of the book. 在这本书的末尾, 情节发生了不寻常的转折。,constitute knstitju:t,1. 组成，构成 2. 建立，制定，合法成立 3.（被认为或看作）是，相当于，等于 E.g. 1. Twelve months constitute a year. 12个月为一年。 2. They constituted an acting committee. 他们设立了一个临时委员会。 3. This constitutes an official warning. 这相当于一次正式警告。,ample mpl,1. 充裕的，足够的 2. 大量的，丰富的 3.宽敞的 E.g. 1. ample time / evidence / space 充裕的时间 / 充分证据 / 宽敞的空间 2. The sun was setting fast, but there was still ample light. 夕阳西下, 天色很快暗下来, 但是还有足够的光线。 3. The election was given ample coverage on TV. 电视上对选举作了广泛的报道。,fulfilling flfili,使人满足的；令人愉快的 E.g. Nursing is hard work, but it can be very fulfilling. 护士工作很艰苦；但可以使人感到满足。 freebee fri:bi 免费赠品（尤指戏院赠券）,attainment teinmnt,1. 达到，到达，获得 2.（常作s) 成就，造诣 E.g. 1. The attainment of the success is not easy. 成功的取得并不容易。 2. We congratulated her upon her attainment to so great an age. 我们祝贺她高寿。 3. He is a scholar of the highest attainments. 他是位造诣很深的学者。,deliberately dilibritli,1. 故意地,蓄意地,存心地 2. 慎重地，深思熟虑地 3. 从容不迫地，不慌不忙地 E.g. 1. Are you deliberately trying to hurt me? 你是故意要让我难过吗？ 2. I believe the house was deliberately set fire to. 我认为有人蓄意放火烧这幢房子。 3. She was working deliberately. 她从容不迫地工作着。,imprudent,impru:dnt 轻率的，不明智的，不谨慎的 E.g. 1. It was imprudent of you to lend money to a stranger. 你把钱借给陌生人,未免太轻率了。 2. .It was rather imprudent of the little girl to interrupt our conversation like that. 这丫头， 打断我们的谈话，没轻没重的。,improvident,imprvidnt 1. 无远见的，不顾将来的 2. 不节俭的，挥霍浪费的 E.g. 1. Her improvident speech at the meeting has set a stone rolling. 她在会上的发言缺乏远见，已产生严重后果。 2. He must bear the consequences of his improvident action. 他必须对自己挥霍浪费所造成的后果负责。,brutal,bru:tl 1. 野蛮的，残忍的 2. 冷酷的，无情的 3.（天气等）令人难受的 E.g. 1. Murder is a brutal crime. 杀人是一种残暴的犯罪行为。 2. She has to face the brutal reality. 她不得不去面对冷酷的现实。 3. a brutal winter / heat / facts 严冬 / 酷热 / 严峻的事实,merciless,m:silis showing no mercy 无情的，残忍的 E.g. 1. merciless criticism / punishment / enemy 无情的批评 / 冷酷的处罚 / 残忍的敌人 2. Flowers wilted under the merciless sun. 花儿在无情的太阳暴晒下凋谢了。,buck bk,n: 1.（尤指鹿、野兔、家兔中的）公兽 2. 花花公子，纨绔子弟 E.g. They are hunting for bucks. 他们正在猎雄兔。 V: 1. 马弓背跃起（将骑手）摔下 2. go against 反对，抵抗 1. When he tried to ride the horse, it bucked wildly. 当他试图骑上这匹马时, 它突然狂暴地跃了起来。 2. Its no use trying to buck the system. 企图反抗这种制度是徒劳的。,compassionate,kmpnit sympathetic, pitying 怜悯的，有同情心的 E.g. 1. Of a merciful or compassionate nature. 天性仁慈宽厚的 2. The Ministry released him on compassionate grounds. 内阁因同情而将他释放。 3. America, at its best, is compassionate. 正处在鼎盛时期的美国也不缺乏同情心。,multiply,mltiplai 1. 乘法， 使（数）相乘 2. 使成倍地增加 3. 繁殖（尤指通过生育，生产） E.g. 1. His son is learning to multiply and divide. 他儿子正在学习乘法和除法。 2. Multiply 6 by 4 and you get 24. 6乘以4等于24。 3. Spending on military equipment has multiplied in the last five years. 过去的五年中军事装备的开支大大增加。 4. When animals have more food, they generally multiply faster. 动物在有较多的食物时, 一般繁殖得较快。,imperfection,impfekn faultiness, a blemish 不完美，缺点，瑕疵 E.g. 1. My father never tolerated imperfection. 我父亲要求一切事情非尽善尽美不可。 2. Love means tolerating imperfection of the person I love. 爱意味着容忍所爱的人的缺陷。 3. This may be what the life is all about ? imperfection! 这大概才是生活本身吧? 不可实现的完美！,drought,draut 1. continuous absence of rain 长期干旱，旱灾 2. prolonged lack of sth. 长期缺乏某物 E.g. 1. The crops failed because of the drought. 干旱造成农作物歉收。 2. a period of financial drought. 财政枯竭时期,innate,ineit inborn, natural (品质、感情等)天生的,先天的,与生俱来的,固有的 E.g. 1. You obviously have an innate talent for music. 你显然有天生的音乐才能。 2. Knowledge is acquired, not innate. 知识是后天获得的，不是先天就有的。,in (or with) regard to,as concerns; in respect of 关于，就而言，在方面 E.g. 1. In regard to your request for information, I regret to inform you that I am unable to help you. 关于你需要情报的事, 我遗憾地告诉你我没法帮助你。,save from,keep safe or rescue from harm or danger 从中救出；使免受 E.g. 1. The firemen saved the old people from the fire. 消防队员从火中救出了那些老人。 2. Everybody knew they could not save themselves from defeat there. 谁都知道他们无法摆脱在那里失败的命运。 3. It will save the student from wasting his time in exercises. 这可使学生不至于把时间浪费在做练习上。,be better off,in a more desirable or advantageous position 更富裕；生活更好 E.g. We are much better off now. 我们现在的生活好多了。 后接 without，意为“没有生活反而更好” E.g. Wed be better off without them as neighbors. 要是没有他们这样的邻居，我们会过得更愉快。,let alone,not to mention; far less or more 更不用说 E.g. 1. We cant afford a bicycle, let alone a car. 我们连自行车也买不起, 更不用说汽车了。 2. Hes the best shot in the world, let alone in England. 他是世界上最好的射击手, 更不用说在英国了。 let alone 不理，不管，不烦扰，不干涉 E.g. 1. Let me alone! 别管我！ 2. Let those flowers alone! 别碰那些花！,leave out,fail to include 遗漏, 省略, 删去; 未顾及, 忽略 E.g. 1. He left that part of the speech out. 他把讲话中的那部分删去了。 2. She left out an important item in her account. 她的账目漏掉了一个重要的项目。 3. Dont leave me out, please! 请别把我给忘了。,liberal (line 2),open, broad-minded 1. 心胸宽阔的,无偏见的,宽宏大度的；开明的 E.g. He has a liberal attitude to divorce and remarriage. 他对离婚和再婚看得很开。 2. 慷慨的, 大方的 E.g. They were liberal in their help. 他们慷慨相助 3.开放, 主张变革的;（政治经济上）自由的，开明的 E.g. This country adopts a liberal foreign policy. 该国采用的是开放的外交政策。,lie in (line 3),1. consist in; depend on 在于 E.g. Your problem lies in lacking efficient methods. 你的问题在于缺少有效的方法。 2. 晚起，睡懒觉 E.g. You ought to lie in tomorrow and catch up on your sleep. 明天你该晚些起床, 多睡会儿。 3. 分娩，待产 E.g. The time had come for her to lie in. 她分娩的时间到了。,throw at (line 3),投向，掷向 E.g. 1. He threw a fierce look at me, so I wondered what I had done wrong. 他向我投来严厉的目光, 我纳闷我到底干了什么错事。 2. throw the book at sb. 严惩，从严判处某人,fundamental (line 16),adj: essential, primary, original 基础的，基本的，根本的，主要的 n: (usu. in pl 通常用复数) 基本原则（或原理、条款） E.g. 1. a fundamental change / interests 根本变化 / 根本利益 2. fundamental rules / form 基本原则/ 基本形式 3. Fresh air is fundamental to good health. 新鲜空气对健康是不可缺少的。,in no position (line 27),没有任何立场；根本不可能 E.g. 1. You are in no position to preach to me about efficiency! 你没有资格对我大谈什麽效率问题！ 2. If we do not know the facts, we are in no position to handle such matter. 不了解情况， 就无从解决这类问题。,delusion (line 29),dilu:n 1.欺骗, 迷惑, 受骗, 哄骗 2.谬见；错觉；误会；【心】妄想 E.g. 1. Their promises are a snare and a delusion. 他们的诺言是一种圈套，也是一种欺骗。 2. He is under a delusion in this matter. 他对这事有误会。 3. He is under the delusion that he is Napoleon. 他患了妄想症, 认为自己是拿破仑。,psychiatrist (line 30),saikitrist 精神病专家, 精神病医生 adj: Psychiatric (al) ,saikitrik 精神病的，治疗精神病的 E.g. Psychiatric patients / hospital 精神病人 / 精神病院 n: psychiatry saikaitri 精神病学,live off (line 43),以为食，以为生，靠过日子 E.g. 1. He lives off fruit and nuts. 他靠水果和坚果维持生命。 2. I dont know how she manages to live off her painting. 我不知道她怎么能以画画为生。 3. He doesnt work; he just lives off his friends. 他不工作, 靠朋友的接济过活。,insure (line 48),assure, ensure, and insure all mean “to make secure or certain.” Only assure is used with reference to a person in the sense of to set the mind at rest (让某人确信，说服): assured the leader of his loyalty. Although ensure and insure are generally interchangeable, only insure is now widely used in American English in the commercial sense of “to guarantee persons or property against risk. ” (给财产、生命、人身等保险),board (line 51),n: 餐桌，伙食 E.g. board and lodging 膳宿 v: 收费为供膳； 搭伙，供膳宿 E.g. 1. board in / out 在住宿处搭伙 / 在外搭伙 2. board with a friend 在朋友家里搭伙 3. We will be very glad to board and lodge you. 我们将很高兴供给你们膳宿。,get in line (line 53),排队，各就各位 E.g. 1. I get in line to make a call. 我排队等候打电话。 2. Now, children, get in line and be ready for off. 孩子们，现在站好队准备出发。,strive (line 56),straiv past: strove / strived past part: striven / strived strive for sth / to do sth 努力，力争，奋斗 E.g. strive for further progress 继续求进步 strive to win / succeed 力争获胜 / 成功 strive against / with 斗争，反抗 strive against / with difficulties (oppression) 与困难（压迫）作斗争,keep a eye out (line 61),留神，当心，密切注意 E.g. 1. Keep an eye out! The enemy are close to our city. 留神！敌人接近我们的城市了。 2. Keep an eye out for modern trends in school designs. 请密切注意学校设计的现代趋势。 3. I want to move. Keep an eye out for an apartment, will you? 我想搬家，请留心有没有公寓出租，好吗？,And sometimes it is just brutal, period. = And sometimes it is just brutal. Thats it.(L.66),period: used at the end of a sentence to indicate finality, absoluteness, etc. （用在句尾等，表明已讲完或坚决不改变等） 其他没什么好讲了，就是这么回事 E.g. We want the best, period. 我们想要最好的，就是这样。,have a hard time (doing) (line 69),1. 过得很艰难 2.很难做某事 E.g. 1. I have a hard time for memorizing words. 我背单词都背怕了。 2. He would have a hard time contradicting her. 跟她作对，他不会有好日子过的。 3. Yeah, I really have a hard time believing she is already 60. 是啊。我确实很难相信她已经60岁了。,spare (line 70),1.节省, 节约, 舍不得, 吝惜 E.g. She never spares the butter when baking. 她煎饼时从不吝惜黄油。 2.抽出, 让给, 分出, 匀出, 腾出 E.g. Could you spare some time to come to our art exhibition? 你能抽出时间来看看我们的画展吗? 3.饶恕,赦免,不伤害; 免去，免除（痛苦） E.g. spare his feelings / spare his life 不伤他的感情 / 饶他一命,through the ages (line 94),古往今来，世世代代 E.g. 1. a poetic masterpiece through the ages 千古绝唱 2. His family has collected many famous paintings through the ages. 他家收藏了许多历代的名人字画。 3. His name will endure through the ages, and so also will his work! 他的英名将流传千古！他的事业将永垂不朽！,Exercises,Text A,Reading Comprehension A. Choose the best answer according to Text A. 1. D 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. D,B. Answer the questions according to Text A.,1.Democrats will solve the problems by spending money. 2. The assumptions, philosophies, values, attitudes and teaching methods of the teachers as well as the subject matter that is taught. 3. The solution would lie in changing the way the teachers are taught to teach. 4. If human beings are not prudent, they will be punished. 5. Over-population. 6. The author has no confidence in the governments solutions to various soc: problems.,Vocabulary,Choose the appropriate word or expre