高级英语课程第二册.ppt

高级英语 精品课程 第二册,制作人： 徐李洁,Unit Three,Pub Talk and the Kings English,Teaching Aims,To acquaint students with the historical development of the English language. To acquaint students with the knowledge of the relationship between society and language. To enrich students knowledge of the cultural background of England.,General Knowledge,Pub: The public house-known as the pub or the local -is the center of the social life for a large number of people in Britain. Pub, besides offering a wide variety of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks and providing hot and cold food, serve as places for meeting friends and for entertainment. Many have, for instance, television sets, amusements machines and juke-boxes and provide facilities for playing darts; billiards, dominoes and similar games. Some also employ musicians for evening entertainment, such as piano playing, folk singing and modern jazz, rock and roll, punk music etc. Kings EnglishSupposedly correct or standard English (Especially British English) as to grammar and pronunciation. Or Queens English RPReceived Pronunciation,Detailed Analysis of the Text,Part I (par1-3): Questions: 1) What is language? 2) What are the differences between human language and animal language? 3) What does the charm of conversation lie in? 4) What ruins a good conversation?,Answers,1. Languageis a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. -system: elements are arranged according to certain rules, can be learned and used consistently. -arbitrary: no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing. Different languages have different words for the same thing. -symbolic: words are associated with objects, actions and ideas by conventions. -vocal: the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems.,2. Differences,Human language Animal language duality (双重性) structure of sounds 动物只能谈论当前的事物 real or imagined in the past, present, future, in far away places interchangeability (替换性) both a producer and a receiver, all 雄性能产生的信号雌性不能产生 members can produce and understand the same message distinctive(区分性) Language can be dissected into single 不能区分成单个成分， units with obvious boundaries 一个连续体 language can be used to deceive 不会用声音欺骗自己的同类,3. Charm of a conversation,-no fixed topic, staring from nowhere and going nowhere, no point to make -there is no winning or losing in conversation, for conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view. -conversation-mates are not intimates, not deeply involved in each others lives. 4. Ruin of a good conversation -try to make a point, to win an argument,Words and Expressions,Indulge v. give way to ones one desire; entertain Dont indulge yourself too freely with wine/liquors. 过分贪杯，纵酒 The manager indulged the company with a song. 唱歌给大家助兴 Indulge in: go in for, allow to enjoy indulge in dreams 爱幻想 indulge in self-glorification 一味自我陶醉，一味自吹自擂 indulge in fantasy 一味异想天开 Occasionally he indulges in the luxury of a good cigar. 偶尔享受一支好雪茄 indulgence n. The act or an instance of indulging; gratification: Constant indulgence in gambling brought about his ruins. 经常沉溺于赌博导致了他的毁灭。 His indulgence in strong tea resulted in insomnia. 对浓茶的嗜好导致失眠 The game of billiards is his only indulgence. 桌球是他仅有的嗜好 unbridled indulgence 放荡不羁,Argument. arguing reasoning, instance, reason put forward a discussion or debate in which a number of people put forward different or opposite opinions; people disagree with each other angrily or noisily. C 辩论，争论 There was a hot argument. We got into an argument about whether to go by sea or by air. reasoning, arguing U 辩论，争论 They spent hours in argument about where to go. We should try to settle this affair by argument and not by fighting. It should of course be recited. There is no argument about that.,A statement or set of statement that you use in order to try to convince people that your opinion about something is correct. 论证,论据,陈述 You cannot bring me over by such an argument. I couldnt follow his argument. I accepted his argument that we should increase taxation. What are the arguments for accepting the proposal?,meander: to follow a winding and turning course; ramble To move aimlessly and idly without fixed direction A stream meanders through the meadow. A vagabond who meanders through life 一个漂泊不定的流浪者 on the rocks: colloq. to be in or into a condition of ruin or catastrophe. Tims marriage is on the rocks. go out of bed on the wrong side: to be in a bad temper for the day,delve: v.i. investigate for information; search for facts delve into the history of the case recess: n. a secluded, withdrawn, or inner place 幽深处 the recesses of ones thoughts musketeer: n. a soldier armed with a musket. In the text, the musketeers of Dumas alluding to the characters created by the French novelist, Alexander Dumas in his novel Three Musketeers,Paraphrasing,Para 1: However intricate they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation. No matter how complicated the manner in which animals make known their intentions to each other, they do not go in for any other activity which might rightly be called conversation. Para 2: it does not really start anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. It does not need a special topic to start a conversation. And once started no one knows how or where it will end. meanders or leaps (like a stream) to flow placidly and aimlessly or to flow swiftly and joyously onwards sparkles or just glows (like fire) to burn brightly throwing off sparks or to burn, steadily without flame. A mixed metaphor,There is no winning in conversation. In a conversation one doesnt try to prove oneself right and the others wrong. They are ready to let it go. They are ready to give up the opportunity ti tekk one of their best anecdotes (because the conversation has moved on to other subjects),Para 3. Perhaps it is because of my up-bringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own. Perhaps it is because Ive spent so much of my time in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a special charm The fact that their marriages may be on the rocks, or that their love affairs have been broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern. It is not a matter of interest or importance if their marriages are breaking up, or their love affairs have been broken or they are just in a bad temper for the day. They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although the lived side by side with each other, did not delve into each others lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings. A simile. Bar friends, like the musketeers in the novel written by Dumas, do not probe into each others private lives.,Detailed Analysis of the Text Part II (para 4 17) An illustration of a good conversation by reflecting on Kings English,Questions. What is the function of paragraph 4? What do you know about the history of Australia? What do you know about the Norman Conquest? What influence did the Norman Conquest have on the English language? Can you give ten loan words? Do you think language can form a class barrier? What is the writers attitude towards bilingual education? What is the authors opinion towards dictionaries?,Words and Expressions & Paraphrasing,Para 4: It was on such an occasionas the conversation moved desultorily here and there, from the most commonplace to thoughts of Jupiter,that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place. desultorily: aimlessly, at random. Walk desultorily. alchemy: the chemistry of the Middle Ages, whose chief aims were change baser metals into gold; a method of power of transformation; esp. the seemingly miraculous change of a thing into something better. By what alchemy did he manage to get elected? Para 6: The glow of the conversation burst into flames. Metaphor, comparing conversation to a fire. The conversation became spirited and exciting. It could still go ignorantly on. The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.,如何处理抽象词的英译汉英汉对比研究连淑能著 *用动词取代名词： These problems defy easy classification. 这些问题难以归类。 *用范畴词使抽象概念具体化。 He discussed greatness and excellence. 他探讨了伟大和杰出的涵义。 *用具体词阐释抽象的词义。 On March 1, Nixon internationalized his approach to China. 三月一日，尼克松把他对中国问题的看法扩大到国际范围里了。 *用形象性词语使抽象意义具体化 He was open now to charges of willful blindness. 这时人们指责他装聋作哑。 ardent loyalty 赤胆忠心 perfect harmony 水乳交融 offend public decency 伤风败俗,Para 7: We had traveled in five minutes to Australia. Metaphor. Though we were in an English pub, we were soon talking about Australia and the Australians The conversation was on wings. Metaphor, comparing conversation to a bird flying and soaring. The conversation became spirited and exciting. Para 11: A we listen today to the we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. into the shoes: metaphor (Or more appropriately an idiomatic expression) to think as if one were wearing the shoes of the Saxon peasant, i.e. as if one were a Saxon peasant. be in anothers shoes: to be in anothers position.,Para 12: “here will be an old abusing of Gods patience and the Kings English”. abusing: this word may be used in two senses: 1) talk unfair or undue advantage of (ones patience) 2) improper or incorrect use of language Gods patience: God is more patient than any human being. No matter how patient you are, you wont be able to bear him, because he will even try Gods patience. There will be a great trying of ones patience and plentiful misuse of the Kings English. .,Para 13: After five centuries of growth, of tussling with the French of the Normans and the Angevins and the Plantagenets and at last absorbing it, the conquered in the end conquering the conquered. English had come royally into its own. tussle: to fight, struggle, contend, etc, vigorously or vehemently; wrestle five centuries: The Normans, under William I, conquered England in 1066 and the Merry Wives of Windsor was probably written in 1599 a time span of roughly 500 years between the two events. Angevins and Plantagenets: names of ruling Norman dynasties in England (1154-1399). After 500 years of development, after struggling and contending with the French elements, English survived and became once more the universal language of England. English earned proper recognition and was used by the king.,Para 14: The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth. A simile, comparing the English language to the seeds of dandelion. The Elizabethan writers spread the English language far and wide.,Para 15: Yet there had been something in the remark of the Australia What he said was meaningful to a certain degree. Something : very important了不起，很重要 You think you are something, dont you? An idea is quite good and should be considered seriously有几分道理 Thing is something in what you say. : a little comforting 有所安慰，有所满足 Its something to be home again without an accident. 平安无事地回家,就算不错了。 At least, we didnt lose any money. Thats something. 这就聊以自慰了。 : playing a trick, to sth. unpleasant 搞阴谋，耍花招 By the look on her face, I guess Mary is up to something. 要搞什么鬼名堂了。 pejorative : making or becoming worse; depreciative 贬低的 facetious: lightly joking, esp. at an inappropriate time. He was so facetious that he turned everything into a joke.,Para 16: There is always a great danger that “Words will harden into things for us.” Words are not themselves a reality, but only representations of it. There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent. For example, the word “dog” is a symbol representing a kind of animal. We mustnt regard the word “dog” as being the animal itself. -C.K.Ogden & I.A.Richards,1923. The Meaning of Meaning 意义的意义 Semantic Triangle, Semiotic Triangle, Triangle of Significance （2）Thought or Reference (概念） （3） Symbol（符号形式） (1 )Referent（所指对象） a) meaning and form are directly linked with a full line. So, meaning is conveyed though forms, forms are the carriers of meanings b) meaning and reality are directly linked with a full line, since, meaning is the generalization of real world entities, a reflection of reality in our brain. c) no necessary connection between form and referent are , linked by a dotted line. (Iconicity theory against this point). Therefore, we use different forms to express the same reality.,Para 16: Perhaps it is worth trying to speak it, but it should not be laid down as an edict, and made immune to change from below. lay down an edict: to issue an order or decree (by an official authority) made immune: exempt from or protected against (sth. harmful) People should not be ordered to speak the Kings English and they should be allowed to introduce changes into the language. Immune adj. 免疫 Once your life. The medicine will make you immune from SARS He has had you have had the disease you are immune from it for the rest of the disease once, so he should be immune to it now. 免于 Income from certain shares may be immune from taxation. The criminal was told he would be immune from punishment if he said what he knew about the murder. His high position renders him immune from criticism. immunity Immunity from smallpox can be obtained from vaccination. Immunity from disease The law gives immunity from taxation to schools and churches.,Para 17: I have an unending love affair with dictionaries metaphor, comparing his eager interest in dictionaries to having a love affair. I have always had an intense and eager interest in dictionaries.,Detailed Analysis of the Text Part II (para 18 21) Resuming to the topic of a good conversation,Questions Is spoken English different from written English? In what ways? Should people speak as they write? What is the authors attitude towards it? What does the instance of Henaults complaining illustrate? What does the author mean by the last sentence? DO you agree with him?,Words and Expressions & Paraphrasing,Para 18: the Kings English slips and slides in conversation. metaphor, to slide on a slippery surface, to lose footing, hence to make a mistake, fall into error: The English one uses is no longer absolutely correct. When E.M.Foster writes of “the sinister corridor of our age”, we sit up at the vividness of the phrase. metaphor, comparing the things we do, the road we travel in this age to a corridor. In our age people are traveling along a sinister road doing all kinds of evil things. sit up: (colloquial) to become suddenly alert We become suddenly alert and interested because the phrase is so vivid . Para 19: Other people may celebrate the lofty conversation in which great minds celebrate: praise and honor great minds: synecdoche, people with great minds,Para 20: We would never have gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to the metaphor, comparing talking sth. to going and coming back in time Para 21: The bother about and so ruin the conversation. a biting satirical sentence, deriding people who ruin good conversation by trying to talk “sense”. They behave just like chimpanzees which have been taught to talk,Stylistic Features,This is a piece of expository writing. The thesis is expressed in the opening sentence of para 1. The last sentence in the last paragraph winds up the theme by pointing out what is the bane of good conversationtalking sense. The title of the piece isnt very aptly chosen. It misleads the readers into thinking that the writer is going to demonstrate some intrinsic or linguistic relationship between pub talk and the kings English. Whereas the writer, in reality, is just discoursing on what makes good conversation. “The Art of Good Conversation” might be a better title. There is an abundance of simple idiomatic expressions side by side with copious literary and historical allusions. In such a short essay, it seems too much. Yet, on mature reflection one might conclude that the writer deliberately wrote this piece in a conversational style to suit his theme. Hence we have his loose organizationtitle, transition paragraph, his digressions Highly informal languageabundance of simple idiomatic expressions, allusions, mixed metaphor,A brief introduction to Metaphor 隐喻学研究束定芳著,一、隐喻的句法和结构特点： 1） 名词性隐喻 He is a big rock. Mr. Smith, the godfather of the club 2）动词性隐喻 Yet I was wound up. I tick. I exist. (我被上紧了发条。我发出滴答声。我存在着) 3）形容词性隐喻 I expect a treaty, a full-fledged treaty on medium-range missiles.(完整的) 4）副词性隐喻 He followed her sheepishly. 5）介词性隐喻 The old man is suspected of being behind the killing.(幕后操纵),二、隐喻的功能 1.修辞功能： 简练与生动/新奇与启发/委婉与高雅 2.语言学功能： 填补词汇空缺/增加表达的精确性和形象性 e.g. crane/ mouse in computer/ 颈瓶 3认知功能 e.g. the mind is a machine My mind is not operating today (working today) I am a little rusty today. Life is a journey We are walking through life. Sometimes we see clearly, and other times its dark and hidden. And you can still walk and think through it. In walking through a darkness, you come to a fuller understanding. And sometimes tripling and falling. Get up again and continue on the journey.,A brief introduction to the triggers of presupposition,Definition: A presupposition trigger is a construction or item that signals the existence of a presupposition in an utterance. Lexical triggers 1) Factive verbs realize/ (it) be odd that be sorry/proud/indifferent/glad/sad that know that, and / regret that. Compare :John realized/didnt realize that he was in debt. John thought that Mary was in debt (not presupposing),2) Implicative verbs e.g. John managed/didnt manage to open the door, both manage