园艺机械应用课件(循环喷雾技术).ppt

循环喷雾技术与药械 Tunnel Sprayers,海南大学 邬国良 副教授 ,1 概述 2 循环喷雾技术原理 3 循环喷雾技术特点 4 循环喷雾机的类型 5 循环喷雾机的组成,1 概述,循环喷雾技术 能够将未沉积在靶标上的药液收集回收循环再利用的喷雾技术。 循环喷雾机 使用循环喷雾技术的喷雾机。德国LIPCO的产品最为有名。/,循环喷雾技术从20世纪90年代开始逐渐被广泛使用，是目前世界上农药损失最少的施药技术之一，经联邦德国农林生物研究中心（JKI)测试，循环喷雾机能够减少飘失85%，被列为低飘喷雾机，并享受政府补贴政策。,优点ADVANTAGES,35% - 40% less plant protection agent saves time as several rows can be treated simultaneously 少漂up to 99% less drift factor the user is protected less distance to open waters no problems with neighbours state subsidy 补贴 possible a very high degree of intermediate中间的 sediment沉积 after every spraying greater selection of plant protection agents recognized by the BBA and registered in the index as a loss reducing machine environmentally friendly spraying as an argument for your own distribution plant,篱架型种植,果树的篱架型种植,柑橘,2 循环喷雾技术原理,基本原理 利用机械装置或气流等拦截从靶标上 流失的和未沉积在靶标上的雾滴，然 后通过药液回收装置循环回药箱，再 次进入喷雾系统喷雾。 作业性能的标准 雾滴在冠层中的沉积特性 要求雾滴在冠层不同位置的沉积量差异性小，叶片正反两面有足够的药液沉积。 药液回收率 在保证达到病虫害防治要求的前提下药液回收率越高越好。药液回收率为回收药液量与喷雾系统喷出药液的比值。,3 循环喷雾技术特点,节省农药，减少飘失。 受环境因子影响小。 能够减少缓冲区。 对操作人员污染小。 对冠层结构要求高，不 能够在支有防虫网的果园中作业。 对操作人员驾驶技术要求高， 作业速度受限。 部分机型只能在比较平坦的 地区作业。,自动驾驶,4 循环喷雾机的类型,大田用循环喷雾机 用于杂草冠层高于作物冠层时的杂草防控作业。喷头位于雾滴拦截装置前方，朝向收集装置喷雾，未沉积到杂草上面的雾滴撞击到拦截装置上面，收集到承液槽中，被回收装置循环回药箱。 果园用循环喷雾机 用于果树、灌木等作物的病虫害防治作业。 20世纪70年代开始，果树篱架式种植，冠 层变矮变小 。 作业时喷雾系统骑跨在冠层上两侧同时喷 雾，利用药液回收装置拦截并收集未沉积的药液， 回收利用。,循环喷雾机分类 挂接方式：悬挂式、牵引式、自走式； 作业适应性：单行、多行； 有无风送系统：风送式、无风送循环喷雾机。,5 循环喷雾机的组成,工作部件 液泵、药液箱、搅拌器、管路、管路控制部件、机械控制装置、喷雾系统、药液回收装置、雾滴拦截装置、风送辅助喷雾系统等。 工作部分 喷雾系统、药液回收装置，雾滴拦截装置、风送辅助喷雾系统组合在一起共同完成喷雾、拦截、回收。,1液泵,液泵：隔膜泵、柱塞泵 回收方式 泵循环回收的循环喷雾机 装备一主液泵、一个或多个副液泵回收承液槽中的药液。 射流回收装置的循环喷雾机 装配一大排量主液泵,2药液箱,药箱：加液口，滤网，出液口，搅拌器，药箱壁上安装有液位指示器或液位传感器。 药箱材料：玻璃钢、高密度聚乙烯。,3搅拌器,用途 药剂与水充分混合，防止药剂（如可湿性粉剂）沉淀，保证喷出的药液具有均匀一致的浓度。 类型 机械式、气力式和液力式。 气力式和机械式搅拌时会使药液中产生气泡，目前液力式搅拌器的应用比较广泛。,4管路控制部件,组成 调压阀、截止阀、分配阀、压力指示器流量传感器。 控制模式 手动控制型的管路控制部件其调压阀、截止阀、分配阀的开启都是由手动控制，压力指示器一般是机械式压力表。 电动控制型的管路控制部件其截止阀、分配阀的开启由电磁阀控制，调压阀开度变化由电动机控制，由压力传感器和流量传感器指示压力与流量。,5机械控制装置,作业时通过机械控制装置将作业系统由运输状态调节到工作状态，在地头转弯时，为了转弯灵活，需要调节作业系统的状态。 机械控制装置 液压控制调节循环喷雾机作业宽度、作业高度、工作状态等，由液压缸、滑套、液压油管、管路接头、液压控制阀组成，液压油源由拖拉机提供。,6.喷雾系统,作物冠层两侧同时喷雾，喷头竖直排列。 喷头 圆锥雾、扇形雾喷头、防飘喷头、离心雾化喷头等。 喷头的位置姿态可以根据冠层特点调整。喷雾系统的配置需要同风送系统、雾滴拦截装置配合，以获得最佳的作业效果。,7 雾滴拦截装置,需要满足的条件 雾滴拦截效率高 雾滴拦截装置上残留的药液少，便于清洗 材质轻便、坚固、耐农药腐蚀，不易损伤作物,雾滴拦截装置,按照拦截机理分类 软帘式 平板式 栅格式 综合式,软帘式,一般采用单层或者多层可透水的柔性材质，软帘底端与承液槽相连，雾滴撞击到软帘上后，在重力的作用下，沿软帘向下流动，收集到承液槽中。 由于软帘式材质柔软，因此雾滴不易产生弹跳，对雾滴的捕捉效果好，但是软帘式透水材料，会有大量药液残留在软帘上，不易清洗，因此应用并不广泛。,平板式 采用不锈钢板、耐腐蚀塑料、玻璃钢等轻质、坚固的材料，可以设计成多种形状，平板式雾滴拦击装置的表面光滑，雾滴不易残留，容易清洗，但是高速运动的雾滴撞击到平板上后会发生弹跳，弹跳的雾滴可能会脱离收集区域，当采用风送喷雾系统的时候，夹带雾滴的气流撞击到平板上会产生卷扬涡旋，降低了雾滴拦截装置的拦截效率。,栅格式雾滴拦截装置,多个弯曲的栅格组成，栅格间的空隙形成弯曲的通道。当雾滴进入后，撞击到栅格上，被栅格拦截，气流沿着弯曲的通道从栅格的另一侧吹出，从而起到气液分离的作用。 应用于具有风送喷雾系统的循环喷雾机，避免了平板式雾滴拦截装置的卷扬涡旋。气流速度较大时，仍然会有部分细小的雾滴在气流的夹带下脱离雾滴拦截装置，从而造成飘失。,综合式雾滴拦截装置,栅格与平板的组合，一般在平板前面安装一栅格结构，当夹带雾滴的气流通过栅格后，大部分的雾滴会被栅格拦截，同时由于栅格降低了气流的运动速度，避免了气流撞击到平板上产生的卷扬涡旋，因此通过栅格的那部分雾滴将被平板拦截，综合式雾滴拦截装置集成了平板式与栅格式的优点，雾滴拦截效率最高。,雾滴拦截装置按照形状分类,隧道式与非隧道式两种 隧道式雾滴拦截装置为“”形罩盖，喷雾系统与风送系统安装罩盖两侧，药液回收装置安装在“”形罩盖两侧底端，罩盖前后两段安装软质材料的遮挡，防止雾滴从罩盖与冠层之间的间隙中逃逸。 特点 喷雾在一个相对封闭的空间内完成，限制了易飘失雾滴的运动，雾滴回收效率高，飘失少。 缺点 驾驶技术要求高，作业速度较慢。,8药液回收装置,药液回收装置组成 承液槽、管路、过滤器、药液回收器。 承液槽上需要安装过滤网，并在管路上安装过滤器，避免杂物堵塞管路。 药液回收方式：泵回收，射流回收。 泵回收 优点 回收效率高、管路系统简单、对液泵排量要求低等 缺点 额外配置液泵吸取承液槽中的药液，机械结构较为复杂，需要避免液泵长时间处于干吸状态；,射流回收方式,原理：液泵文丘里管主路提供药液，在文丘里管内产生负压，从而将承液槽中的药液回收至药箱中。 射流回收装置优点 结构简单、工作稳定， 应用广泛。 缺点 管路较复杂，需要大排量液泵。 射流回收装置由主管路、吸液管、单向阀组成，主管路中的药液经过变径时流速增加，压力减小，在变径区形成负压，承液槽中的药液经吸液管进入主管路，经过滤器后循环回药箱，为了防止作业停止后主管路的药液进入承液槽，需要在吸液管上安装单向截止阀。,9风送辅助喷雾系统,冠层较稀疏时，可以不采用风送辅助喷雾； 当冠层较茂盛时，为了增强雾滴在冠层中的穿透性，增加冠层内部、叶片正反两面的药液沉积，需要采用风送辅助喷雾，而且通过合理配置风送系统参数，在改善药液沉积效果的同时，胁迫未沉积雾滴朝向雾滴拦截装置运动，增加药液循环率，达到减少农药损失的作用。,风送辅助喷雾系统组成 风机、风道、出风口,根据风机配置位置分类 风机内置式 横流风机 小型轴流风机 由高速液压马达驱动，工作部件中气流量较稳定。 风机外置式 大型离心风机 轴流风机 外置风机式由外置风机通过风管向工作部件中供气，部分气流从较为封闭的工作部件范围内溢出，细小的雾滴在溢出气流的作用下脱离雾滴收集器的收集范围。,根据气流在工作部件中的流场分类,气流循环式 风道较为复杂，但是悬浮在空气中的雾滴可以在循环气流的作用下主动朝向雾滴收集装置运动，雾滴拦截效率高。 分类-孔洞式、狭缝式、风管式。 狭缝式的出口一般安装导流板，可以在上下两个方向调节气流方向 风管式的出口一般也可以调节出口气流方向，调节自由度更高，可以在前后左右4个方向上调节， 风管式的定向风送性能更好 非气流循环式,A所示为内置轴流风机的风送喷雾系统，轴流风机的风送角度是一个非常重要的参数，能够显著影响雾滴在冠层中的沉积状态以及药液回收率。 B所示为内置横流风机的风送喷雾系统机，喷雾一侧将横流风机布置在雾滴拦截装置前端，在另一侧布置雾滴拦截装置的后端，以避免两侧气流轴线处以同一方向，降低冠层中心位置的气流运动速度，从而减少了药液在冠层内部的沉积量。 C与D所示均为气流循环式风送喷雾系统，共同点是将隧道式雾滴拦截装置内部作为风道，这也是大多数气流循环式风送喷雾系统所采用的结构，区别是C所示为狭缝式气流出口，不能够改变出风口气流方向，D所示为风管式气流出口，气流出口可以根据冠层结构调整。,另外一种气流循环式风送喷雾系统，雾滴收集装置中采用没有内风道结构，两侧轴流风机排风方向相反，吸风端安装有栅格型雾滴拦截装置，出风端固定喷雾系统，气流在轴流风机与弧形罩盖导流的作用下在工作部件中循环，未沉积在靶标上的雾滴，在循环气流的作用下被栅格型雾滴拦截装置拦截，气液分离后的气流对喷雾系统雾化产生的雾滴风送。,非隧道式循环喷雾机,隧道式循环喷雾机在实际作业时需避免机具对枝条、果实及篱架对循环喷雾机的损害，因此作业速度低，对操作人员的操作技能要求高。为提高循环喷雾机的作业效率，一种非隧道式循环喷雾机被开发出来。,组成：风机、风管、风囊 风囊分别安装在冠层两侧，内侧风囊与机车前进方向偏转一定角度，外侧风囊气流垂直栅格型雾滴拦截装置喷雾，喷雾系统分别安装在两个风囊气流出口处。内侧风囊产生的气流在穿透冠层后被外层风囊的气流拦截，向雾滴拦截装置定向输送，气流中的雾滴被栅格型雾滴拦截装置捕捉，经药液回收装置回收再利用。,用于循环喷雾的自动驾驶拖拉机及拖拉机的其它用途 Autonomous tractors Z-124 - a new dimension to the concept of economic working methods.,Autonomous tractors Z-124 - a new dimension to the concept of economic working methods.,The Z 124 carries out the work which previously 2 tractors did!,Cost reduction A combination of plant protection, cutting leaves or soil cultivation all in one operation 2 - 4-row operation 40% less plant protection agents by using the tunnel spraying method 50% less fuel costs due to the combination possibilities and multi-row operation,CASE STUDY Evaluation of a Tunnel Sprayer for Dwarf Apples 循环喷雾机对矮化密植苹果的评价 West Virginia University,Entomology Extension and Research Program at The West Virginia University Experiment Farm in Kearneysville,前言 Pesticides are typically applied to fruit trees with airblast sprayers to provide protection from insects and diseases. This method of spray application is inefficient and contributes to environmental contamination because of drift to non-target areas. With the increasing urbanization of many rural agricultural areas, there is greater public concern regarding spray drift and a need to improve spray application. The increased planting of dwarf apple trees has provided an opportunity to address some of these concerns with over-the-row tunnel spray systems. 试验目的 The objective of this study was to evaluate spray deposit and pest control with a tunnel sprayer constructed by BEI, Inc. in South Haven, MI in comparison with a conventional airblast sprayer. （传统果园风送喷雾机与循环式喷雾机雾滴沉积与防效的比较),试验材料与方法,不同风机实验 The tunnel sprayer was equipped with either two opposing pairs of Curtec cross-flow fans or two sets of three opposing Proptec fans. 不同喷头试验 Spray was delivered with 4 hollow cone nozzles on each Curtec fan and a single rotary controlled droplet atomizer on each Proptec fan. 不同操作参数评价 Various operating parameters evaluated included fan orientation, spray volume and sprayer travel speed. 实验果园概况 This study was conducted in a 3-wire trellis apple orchard at the WVU Experiment Farm consisting of Delicious, Golden Delicious and York cultivars, planted at 6 x 12 ft and measuring 9 ft in height and 6.5 to 9 ft in width. 研究在西弗吉尼亚大学实验农场由三个品种“美味”，“金冠”和“纽约” 组成的苹果园，种植规格612英尺，树高9英尺，树冠宽度6.5到9英尺植。 Two water-soluble food dyes 食品染色剂were used to assess spray deposit on the top and bottom surface of leaves in the periphery边缘 and center regions of target trees and spray drift to an adjacent row.,Curtec cross-flow fans 雾滴沉积均匀，漂移少,A series of four tests were conducted from June through August, with information gained from one test used to help determine operating parameters for the next test. The Curtec cross-flow fans resulted in the most uniform spray deposition on the target trees and the least spray drift on the adjacent tree row. Spray deposition on target trees with the Proptec fans was comparable to the Curtec fans early in the season, but became less uniform as the season progressed, and drift was also greater.,风扇角度对雾滴沉积和均匀性影响,Spray deposition and uniformity of coverage at 5 mph travel speed was as good as or better than at 3 mph with both the Curtec and Proptec fans. Fan outlet orientation (one side angled 7.5 forward and the opposite side angled 7.5 backward, or both sides angled 15 backward) did not significantly affect spray deposition, uniformity of coverage or drift with either fan type, however, there appeared to be less spray deposit on the inside walls of the tunnel when both sides were angled backward 15 .,There were no significant differences in spray deposition on target trees and drift, and very little difference in uniformity of coverage, with a spray volume of 20 and 75 gal/acre applied with the Curtec fan. The tunnel sprayer, with either Curtec or Proptec fans, provided greater spray deposition on target trees, more uniform coverage, and less drift than a commercial airblast sprayer.,循环喷雾机对病虫害防效的评价,The tunnel sprayer was evaluated for pest and disease control in comparison with a conventional airblast sprayer in a full-season (12 application) pesticide spray program. Data were collected on foliage pests (spirea aphid, European red mite, and spotted tentiform leafminer) and fruit pests and diseases (plum curculio, tufted apple bud moth, fly speck, and rots) from the same planting and cultivars used in the spray deposit study above.,不同风机对防效的影响,Curtec and Proptec fans provided control that was equal or superior to the airblast sprayer in 90 percent of insect and disease comparisons. The Curtec and Proptec fans were comparable in performance in 85 percent of these comparisons. Performance of the Curtec fans at a spray volume of 20 gal/acre was equal or superior to that at 75 gal/acre in 90 percent of comparisons.,Case study Tunnel sprayer helps reduce drift in orchards 循环喷雾机减少果园喷雾漂移 The University of Massachusetts,The University of Massachusetts Fruit Program has received a U.S. Department of Agriculture specialty crop block grant（财政补贴资金） to study the feasibility of containment（密闭度） or tunnel spraying in orchards. 06/22/2011 8:30:00 AM By Vicky Boyd, Editor /news/Tunnel-sprayer-helps-reduce-drift-in-orchards-124213879.html?page=2,项目来源：美国农业部,The research is in conjunction 协助with the Massachusetts Fruit Growers Association。,A Lipco Tunnel Sprayer, which was purchased with the grant, uses a tunnel or tent that covers the row of spray nozzles, capturing off-target material and recirculating it.,少量试验证明，确实回收农药,In a handful少量的 of apple orchard trials conducted so far, the tunnel sprayer captured and recirculated nearly 25 percent of a dilute（稀释药液） 100-gallon-per-acre material, says Wesley Autio, a pomology professor果树学教授 at UMass in Amherst whos leading the trials. They will compare the Lipco sprayer to a conventional airblast sprayer in drift trials this season. Next season, Autio says he plans to conduct efficacy trials most likely looking at apple scab苹果黑星病control. The trials will pit the Lipco sprayer against an airblast sprayer. The tunnel sprayer can straddle跨骑 about 8-foot-wide tree rows, kind of like a two-sided air-curtain幕 sprayer. It also can move over about 12-foot-tall strees.,更换喷头试验,After the first test pass, Autio removed the nozzles that came on the machine and replaced them with TeeJet AITX ConeJet Air-induction Nozzles that produce a greater flow at lower pressures. At 100 psi, these put out 0.467 gallons per minute. So for the 16 nozzles on the Lipco, the output was 7.5 gpm or 95 gallons per acre. “Results were spectacularly better,“ Autio said in a press release. Even with a reasonably strong breeze that parallelled the row, there was virtually no drift即使有与果树行平行的相当强劲的风，也无漂移. Of the 95 gallons per acre that were applied, 21 were recaptured. The net result was an application rate of 74 gallons per acre for full coverage. The Lipco also is much quieter when operating compared with an airblast.,A Few Caviats,But Autio says the sprayer comes with a few caviats: It is much taller than conventional sprayers. It also is more difficult to manage behind a tractor and will