东西方思维方式比较与翻译.ppt

第二讲,东西方思维方式比较与翻译,一举两得,English : to kill two birds with one stone 一石双鸟 German: beide fliegen mit einer klappe zu schlagen 一个拍子打两只苍蝇 French : faire d une poerre deux coups 一块石头打两处 Russian: 一枪打死两只兔子,1. 英汉思维方式与语言逻辑比较,（1）东方：具象思维 西方： 抽象思维 a. Wisdom prepares for the worst, but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes 聪明人防患于未然， 愚蠢者临渴掘井,b. In line with latest trends in fashion, a few dress designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity. 有些时装设计师为了赶时髦，舍弃了幽雅别致的式样，而一味追求袒胸露体的奇装异服。,C. The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments (no news is good news) 感觉“虚、泛、暗、曲、隐” 画饼充饥（借空想安慰自己） 感觉“实、明、直、显、形”,枯藤老树昏鸦， 小桥流水人家， 古道西风瘦马， Oer old trees wreathed with rotten vine fly evening crows; Neath tiny bridge besides a cot a clear stream flows; On ancient road in western breeze a lean horse goes; _by Xu Zhongyuan,东方重综合，西方重分析,中国传统哲学追求的是人与人、人与自然的和谐， 把天、地、人视为一个统一的整体， 以“人与天地万物为一体”、“天人合一”为最高境界，对事物不甚讲究分析。 中医就是一个很好的例子。 西医以人体解剖为基础，层层深入分析。,分析型的思维方式使英语具有明显的词形变化，形式多样的语法形式和组词造句中较为灵活的语序结构； 综合型的思维方式使得汉语无词形变化， 语法形式的表达主要依靠词汇手段，组词造句中完全依据语义逻辑和动作发生的时间先后决定词语和分句的排列顺序。,3. 本体型思维与客体型思维,中国：本体型思维，即以人为中心来观察、分析、推理和研究事物思维方式。 西方：以物本为主体，一自然为本位，比较侧重于对自然客体的观察和研究，形成了客体型思维，即把客观自然世界作为观察、分析、推理和研究的中心。,汉语习惯于用表示人或生物的词做主语（或潜在的主语），而英语则常用非生物名词做主语。 1. The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。,2. Memoranda were prepared in advance of private meetings on matters to be discussed. 在举行个别交谈之前， 我已经就所要讨论的问题预先拟好了备忘录。,中国：顺向思维，西方：逆向思维,1. 您先请！ After you ! 2. 英语：back 指过去的时间，forward指未来的时间。汉语：用“前”指过去的时间，“后 指未来的时间。 “前不见古人， 后不见来者， 念天地之悠悠，独怆然而涕下” -登幽州台歌,Back in 1901, In measuring forwards from a point of time in the past, only the following construction is normal 当从过去某个时间点向后算起时，下列结构才是常用的：,可是我们已经说到故事的后面去了。 But we are getting ahead of the story .,中国：东西南北： 转战南北；南征北战； 西方：North, south, east or west 北南东西 转战南北： fight north and south 一桥飞架南北： A bridge will fly to span the north and south.,东北， 东南； 西北；西南 northeast, southeast; northwest ; southwest.,九五折： a five percent discount 自学： Self-taught 寒衣： warm clothes 太平门： Emergency exit,油漆未干： Wet paint 听电话： Answer the telephone 红眼： Green-eyed 座钟： Standing clock 乘客止步： crew only,第二节：汉英思维差异与语言翻译,1.调整句子长度 英语句子结构：树叉形。“参天大树，枝繁叶茂” 汉语句子结构：流水形。“大江流水，后浪推前浪”。,分译，合译,Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was buried under a stone which described his as he had wished to be remembered as the author of the Declaration on Independence, and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and the father of the University of Virginia .,1826年杰斐逊逝世。按照他生前遗愿，在他墓地的石碑上刻着：独立宣言和弗吉尼亚信教自由法令的作者、弗吉尼亚大学创建人之墓。 修改：1826年杰斐逊逝世。在他墓地的石碑上刻着：独立宣言和弗吉尼亚信教自由法令的作者、弗吉尼亚大学创建人之墓，他生前也正是希望人们这样记住他的。,Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves, and the coursing of its streams , and in its sweet restless seeking. 春花含苞待放，绿叶缓缓舒展，溪水潺潺流淌，欢乐的春天涌动着无限的追求和希望，这一切难以用语言倾诉表达。,2. 调整句子的结构,英语：随举随释 汉语：双提分述 Another issue that might be resolved during Mr. Dengs visit to Washington involved a U.S. claim of 196 million dollars for assets seized by the communists after they took power in 1949 and a Chinese counter-claim for 80 million dollars frozen in the United States since the Korean War.,邓先生这次访问华盛顿期间可能解决的另一个问题是涉及到美国提出索赔和中国提出反索赔的问题：美国要求中国赔偿共产党人在1949年夺取政权后所没收的价值一亿九千六百万美元的财产；中国反过来也要求美国偿还朝鲜战争以后冻结在美国的八千万美元的存款。,3. 调整句子重心,英语：前重心 汉语：后重心 1. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.(J. Austen, Pride and prejudice),译文一： 有一条举世公认的真理，那就是，凡是有钱的单身汉，总是想娶为太太。 译文二： 凡是有钱的单身汉，总是想娶为太太，这是一条举世公认的真理。,汉译英时，通常将英语的“主前从后调整为 “偏前正后 ”,1. But, my good master Bates dying in two years after, and I having few friends, my business began to fail; for my conscience would not suffer me to imitate the bad practice of too many among my brethren.,但是， 两年后贝茨恩师不幸去世， 我没有什么朋友， 有不愿意背着良心象同伙那样胡来，所以生意渐渐萧条。,The government is determined to keep up the pressure whatever the cost it will pay in the end. 无论最终将付出什么代价， 政府决心继续施加压力。,四. 变换句子视点,汉语：主动 语态使用频繁。 英语：被动句相当广泛。 1. His success were so repeated that no wonder the envious and the vanquished (被征服的）spoke sometimes with bitterness regarding them.,他赢钱的次数那么多， 无怪乎眼红的人，赌输的人，有时说起这事便要发牢骚,After six years of married childlessness, the father was suddenly presented by his wife with a pair of twins (他们）结婚六年没有子女， 然而妻子却出人意料地给丈夫生了一对双胞胎。,五. 转换修辞方式,在英汉翻译过程中有时必须根据目的语的表达习惯和读者的审美情趣，对 原文的修辞形式作相应的调整。,（一）正反转换,一）正说反译 1. The sun sets regularly on the Union Jack these days, but never on the English language. 现在， 英国已不再是个“日不落” 的国家了， 但是，英语却广泛流行使用着。,No comrade in the Party must never forget this bitter lesson and we must all take warning from it . 这个惨痛的历史教训，我们全党同志一定要永远记取，引以为鉴。,二）反说正译,Hardly a day passes without him getting scratched or bruised as he scrambles for a place on a bus. 他挤公共汽车，身上不是这里擦破，就是那里碰伤，几乎天天如此。,（二）虚实转换,一）虚转实 The cruel come and go like cities and thrones and powers, leaving their ruins behind them. They had no permanence. 凶残之途，一个个都像达官显贵、君主王公、政客寡头一般， 来去匆匆， 更迭频繁，哪一个身后不是一堆黄土，谁都没有做到万古 长命。,二）实转虚,There were times when emigration bottleneck was extremely rigid and nobody was allowed to leave the country out of his personal preference. 过去有过这种情况：移民限制极为严格，不允许任何人出于个人考虑而迁居他国。,（三）词量增减,一）增词译法 By birth he was an Englishman; by profession, a sailor; by instinct and training, a rebel. 就出生来说， 他是个英国人， 就职业来说他是个海员， 就本性和教育来说他则是个叛逆者。,Farewell to the forests and wild-hanging woods! Farewell to the torrents and loud-pouring floods! (Burns) Translated by 王左良 再会吧，高耸的大树， 无尽的林涛！ 再会吧， 汹涌的急流，雷鸣的浪涛！,Several million of people have lived near or belo