Reading-Skill阅读技巧.ppt

阅读技巧 Reading Skill,V . Reading Skills： Revision of Developing Vocabulary Skills 猜词知识复习,Developing Vocabulary Skills,1. Words have no meanings by themselves. The meanings are provided by you - the reader.,2. Words should be learned through context clues : 1) Restatement- synonym : A synonym appears in the same sentence as the word. 2) Restatement-antonym : The clue to meaning is provided through the use of contrast . 3) Explanation : The meaning of the word is explained .,Revision of Developing Vocabulary Skills 猜词知识复习,4) Example : A specific example is given , which acts as a clue to meaning . 5) Definition : The meaning of the word is defined . 6) Situation : The correct choice from among multiple meanings can be discovered through the context in which the word is used .,3. Words are learned by a study of their structure . A. Roots B. Prefixes C. Suffixes,Practice exercise 1,1. “ Pablo calls out all the time, his teacher said to the childs mother . “ He hits the other children and will not stay in his seat . Such behavior is highly undesirable for a student in third-grade classroom . A. wild B. not wanted C. lively D. evil 2Western farmers learned to grow crops on dry land . they irrigated the soil , using pipes or canals to carry water to the fields . A. fertilized B. harvested C. brought water to D. took water from 3. The plan was thoughtless . Howard clearly spent no time considering its strengths and weaknesses , and he did not discuss his plan with others . A. dull B. weak C. unintelligent D. done without thinking,Direction : Select the best meaning of the word in italics .,Practice exercise 2,1.I support the cause of equal rights for women . A.something that makes something happen B. movement in which many people are interested C. matter for a court of law 2. The government put pressure on the strikers to go back to work . A. continued weight or force B. a state of trouble or strain C. a compelling influence 3. A survey shows that teenagers smoke more than adults . A. a poll B. an oral examination C. a land plan 4. We must conclude therefore that teenagers are not aware of the danger of smoking . A. decide B. bring to an end ; finish C. settle 5. Heavy people seem to be more prone to heart disease than thin ones . A. liable; likely B. lying face down; C. lying flat,Direction : Read each sentence carefully. Then read the meaning in the parentheses . Circle the letter of the meaning that best fits the context of the sentence .,VI. Reading Skills : Sentence Comprehension, 每个段落都是由各种不同类型的句子组成的，它 包括主题句（topic sentence）和一些用来解释、扩展和支撑主要思想的句子。在这部分我们着重辨认段落中句子和句子之间，句子里各部分之间的联系方式。常见的方式有：例证（example）、解释（explanation）、对比和对照（comparison and contrast）、定义（definition）、因果（causeeffect）、重复（repetition）和结论（conclusion）。,VI. Reading Skills : Sentence Comprehension,【例1】 A. Henry likes all kinds of hot or spicy foods . For instance , he enjoys food containing hot chili peepers . B. In recent years, UFOs have been seen in different parts of the country . For example , there was a rash of sightings in New Hampshire several years ago . More recently , they have been seen in Georgia . C. Mary shows her interest in the womens lib movement in several ways . She speaks to small groups about the importance of equal rights for women . She subscribes to magazines such as MS .,1. 例证（example）,显然A里的两个句子是通过表示例证的信号词“for instance”联系在一起的，第二个句子举例说明Henry所喜欢的食物。B中，信号词 for example 后面的句子举例说明UFOs被看到的具体地点。同样C中的第二和第三句给出了Mary对妇解放运动感兴趣的具体例子。,为了让读者明白无误地理解所读内容，作者常用具体的例证来证明自己的主要思想。,VI. Reading Skills : Sentence Comprehension,【例2】 A. Joe called the doctor because his sister was very ill . B. Frank loves to swim . It makes him feel relaxed after a long , tiring day . C. So many people just refuse to involve themselves in issues of national importance . They feel that somehow they will get into trouble if they make their views known .,2.解释（explanation）,为了说明一件事和解释一种行为的理由时，作者常用解释的方法，常见的用于解释的信号词有：（this is so） because , the reason for this is 等。,A中because 所引导的从句解释说明了Joe 请医生的原因。B 中的第二句解释说明Frank 为什么喜欢游泳。C 中第二句告诉我们许多人不愿卷入国家重大问题的原因。因此，A,B,C 三例都属于解释型。,VI. Reading Skills : Sentence Comprehension,【例3】 A. Marge is a very talkative person. Her sister Mae, on the other hand , is very shy and quiet . B. Sue is a very talkative person . So is her sister Ann . C. Some states have very strict laws prohibiting gambling . Others , on the other hand , have laws that encourage gambling .,3.对比和对照 (comparison and contrast),有时作者通过比较两件事或人的相同点和不同点来帮助读者更加清楚地理解他的主旨。用来表示比较和对比的信号词有：by comparison, on the other hand , on the contrary.,A 中，作者告诉我们Marge 和Mae 不同之处的一个方面，他用 on the other hand 表示对照（contrast）。在B 中，作者用so 表明Sue和Ann的相同之处，属于对比型(comparison)。作者在C中陈述了一些州法律严格禁止赌博，而在其他一些州法律则鼓励赌博，作者用on the other hand 表示法律的不同之处。,VI. Reading Skills : Sentence Comprehension,Seeing Relationships 1) The sentences in a paragraph often relate to the main idea and to each other by A . example B. explanation C. comparisoncontrast,4.小结,2) Some words are guideposts that help you to understand relationships between sentences in a paragraph . A. Some words continue or further the thought : and furthermore moreover also in addition besides B . Some words change the direction of the thought : but yet in spite of however on the contrary nevertheless C .Some words illustrate the thought : for example for instance,VI. Reading Skills : Sentence Comprehension,D. Some words explain the thought : (this is so ) because the reason for this is E .Some words show comparison or contrast : by comparison on the contrary on the other hand 3) Punctuation marks can help you to understand relationships within a sentence or paragraph. A. Commas, dashes , parentheses set off background or explanatory information. B. Colons introduce explanations or enumerations. C. Question marks tell you to look for an answer .,Direction:Each of the following sentences is followed by four statements. For each one , mark E in the space provided if it is an example.,1.Different people are inspired in different ways. _ Some are inspired by the people they love. _ Some are inspired by the chance to make a lot of money. _ Some are inspired by the chance to become famous . _ Some people however, are never inspired. 2.Good students develop their own systems for taking notes in text books. _ They may, for example, underline important points. _ They also develop a system for taking notes from classroom lectures. _ They may put an S to show where a summary is . _ These students usually get better grades.,E,E,E,E,E,E,Direction:Each of the following sentences is followed by four statements. For each one , mark XP in the space provided if it is explanation.,1.Many people like to watch TV. _ Its relaxing . _ My neighbor likes to watch TV . _ Its inexpensive . _ They learn from it . 3.That furniture is not very appealing . _ It is clumsy looking . _ It is uncomfortable . _ That chair is not appealing . _ It is much too expensive .,XP,XP,XP,XP,VII. Reading Skills : Sentence Comprehension 理解句子（2）,第六部分介绍了例证（example）、解释（explanation）、对比和对照（comparison-contrast）三种句子和句子之间以及句子里各部分之间的联系方式。 本部分接着介绍定义(definition)、重复（repetition）、因果（cause-effect）和结论（conclusion）四个方式。,VII. Sentence Comprehension 理解句子,1.定义（definition） 有时作者认为你或许不理解一个词或一个概念的意思，这时候他会定义该词或此概念。,【例1】 By a society I mean a number of people who have lived together long enough to become organized to some degree and who share a common culture.,在此句中，作者是要告诉你society一词 的意思，所以该句是对society一词的定义。,VII. Sentence Comprehension 理解句子,2.重复（repetition） 有时作者简洁易懂的语言来重复表达他们的主要论点，以便使你更好地理解他们。,【例2】 I wish you would discontinue constantly annoying me . Please stop calling me on the phone , writing letters to me ,and waiting for me when I leave my place of work . In other words , please stop bothering me .,在上面的例子中，第一句表明了本小段的主要思想，第二句属于例证，第三句是对主要思想的重述。,VII. Sentence Comprehension 理解句子,3.因果关系（cause-effect） 在因果关系中，作者强调一件事情的发生会导致另一件事情的发生，或者一件事情的发生是另一件事情的结果。作者常用的信号词是: because of this , as a result , consequently .,【例3】 A. It is raining outside . The ground is wet . B. Professor X is very boring . Because of this , few people like his class . C. Courses in black history are being offered in many schools . As a result , more people than ever before appreciate the blacks contribution to society .,上面【例3】A中的地面变湿是外面下雨的结果。B中很少有人喜欢Professor x 的课是教授本人惹人讨厌的结果。C中越来越多的人意识到黑人对社会的贡献是许多学校开设黑人历史课的结果。,VII. Sentence Comprehension 理解句子,4.结论（conclusion） 当作者需要做出推论时,他们常常下结论。结论可以是一个理论，一个假设，一个推测或一个见解。,【例4】 A. It is raining outside . The ground will probably become soaked. B. Roslyn has been studying very hard in the science course she is taking . She should earn a top grade . A中的第二个句子The ground will probably become soaked . 是作者的一种猜测。B中的Roslyn 应该拿第一名也是作者的猜测。,VII. Sentence Comprehension 理解句子,1) The sentences in a paragraph often relate to the idea and to each other by A. definition B. repetition C. cause-effect D. conclusion,5.小结 Seeing Relationships,2) Some words are guideposts that help you to understand relationships between sentences in a paragraph . A. Some words show that the thought will be repeated : in other words B. Some words may show a cause- effect relationship : because of this consequently as a result thus C. Some words indicate a conclusion . in conclusion therefore as a result,Direction: Each of the following sentences is followed by four statements . For each one , mark D in the space provided if is a definition . Leave it blank if it is not .,1. When fuel is scarce , a fireless cooker can help . _ A fireless cooker is a small container that fits into a larger container with enough space between the two so that some material can be packed around it . _ The fireless cooker may someday be a common household tool . _Fuel refers to anything that will ignite and burn . _The fireless cooker is really very helpful . 2. Fallout radiation passes through any clothing that is practical to wear . _Clothing does not protect you from fallout radiation . _Fallout refers to the heavier-than-air particles that fall back to earth . _Radiation is a process in which energy is sent out in all directions . _Even waterproof rainwear is not protective .,D,D,3. Some people get “carried away” over their automobiles . _ Being “carried away” means paying more attention to it than is really necessary . _They wash it and polish it and buy gadgets to decorate it . _They constantly tinker with it . _Some people really do pay excessive attention to their cars . 4. Many people we consider to be heroes today were criticized during their lives for not conforming . _Robert Fulton is one such person . _A hero is a person who is admired for certain qualities or achievements . _Conformity means be having the way you think people want you to rather than according to your own set of values . _Florence Nightingale was a heroine .,D,D,D,Direction: Each of the following sentences is followed by four statements . For each one mark R if is repetition . Leave it blank if it is not . 1. Music has been essential to humans since the very earliest times . _ People used it in religious rites . _ People used it for entertainment . _ Music has been very important to humans since very early times . _ People used in war . 2. Belittling Congress is a national pastime . _ People are constantly belittling Congress . _It makes some people feel superior . _It is way of getting rid of our frustrations . _ People all over the country spend time belittling Congress .,R,R,R,Direction: Each of the following sentences is followed by statements. For each one mark CE if is cause-effect . Leave it blank if it is not .,1. Winter came early and with it came a great deal of cold wind and snow . _As a re