2018_2019学年高中英语Unit22EnvironmentalProtectionSectionⅧGrammar学案北师大版.docx

Section & Gammar单元语法项目(一)转述结构语法图解探究发现He said, “Im busy preparing for the final exam now.”He said that he was busy preparing for the final exam then.“Do you want the green shirt or the blue one？” asked mother.Mother asked whether/if I wanted the green shirt or the blue one.The old man said, “Dont come here again next week.”The old man asked us not to go there again the next week.Our teacher said, “Practice makes perfect.”Our teacher said practice makes perfect.“Where did you spend your holiday this year, Jack？” She asked.She asked Jack where he had spent his holiday that year.我的发现(1)由句可知，当直接引语为陈述句变为间接引语时，时态、人称、时间状语以及指示代词等通常要改变。(2)由句可知，当直接引语为一般疑问句变为间接引语时，首先变为陈述句语序，然后再加上连词if或whether来引导间接引语。(3)由句可知，当直接引语为祈使句时，要加上合适的动词，如ask, tell, order, require, demand等动词作谓语，然后将该祈使句变成动词不定式作宾补。(4)由句可知，当直接引语为谚语、格言以及客观真理、自然现象时，间接引语中的谓语动词不用改变，仍使用一般现在时态。(5)由句可知，当直接引语为特殊疑问句变为间接引语时，首先将其变为陈述句语序，但仍用原来的疑问词引导。一、常见的转述结构1动词that .that引导的从句为间接引语。常用动词有add, admit, agree, announce, believe, boast, claim, complain, deny, declare, explain, insist, remind, suggest, warn等。They announced that she would give one extra song.他们宣布她将再唱一首歌。He believes that she is fit for the job.他相信她能胜任这项工作。2动词sb.that .常用动词有warn, remind, tell等。He warned me that I couldnt go out alone at night.他警告我晚上不能单独出去。She reminded me that I hadnt written to my mother.她提醒我还没有给母亲写信。3动词sb.to do sth.常用动词有advise, beg, order, promise等。The doctor advised me to take more exercise.医生建议我多加锻炼。I promised my mother to get up early in the morning.我向妈妈承诺早上早起。 4动词to do sth.常用动词有agree, offer, refuse, threaten等。He offered to lend me some books.他主动提出要借给我一些书。The boss threatened to dismiss us if we didnt obey him.老板威胁我们说，如果违背他就开除我们。5动词v.ing常用动词有admit, deny, suggest, advocate等。She suggested staying there another day.她建议在那儿再待一天。He denied having seen these watches before.他否认曾经见过这些手表。6动词if/whether .常用动词有inquire, ask等。She asked whether/if I put sugar in my tea.她问我是否在茶中加糖。7动词介词v.ing常用动词词组有accuse of, succeed in等。He was accused of stealing the money.他被指控偷钱。即时演练1单句语法填空(2017江苏高考改编)Hes been informed that he doesnt_qualify (not, qualify) for the scholarship because of his academic background.Back from his twoyear medical service in Africa, Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother taken (take) good care of at home.It is reported that a space station will_be_built (build) on the moon in years to come.Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way using (use) the sun and the stars.Experts believe that people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary.My mom suggests that we should eat out for a change this weekend.Bill suggested holding (hold) a meeting on what to do for the Expo during the vacation.Tom refused to_help (help) her out of trouble.二、直接引语变为间接引语时，从句时态无需改变的情况1当直接引语为客观真理、自然现象以及谚语、格言时。Our teacher said to us, “Failure is the mother of success.”Our teacher told us that failure is the mother of success.2当直接引语部分带有具体的时间状语时。He introduced to us, “The singer was born in 1980.”He introduced to us that the singer was born in 1980.3当主句谓语动词是一般现在时或将来时态的时候。“Where is he really from？” I wonder.I wonder where he is really from.4强调所谈情况仍然存在。“China will launch another satellite.” The spokesperson announced.The spokesperson announced China will launch another satellite.5当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better等时。The doctor said, “Youd better drink plenty of water.”The doctor said Id better drink plenty of water.即时演练2用所给词的适当形式填空He told me that you had_stolen (steal) his money.The teacher said that light travels (travel) much faster than sound.I dont know when he will_come (come) at all.She reported that the next Olympic Games will_be_held (hold) in Tokyo in 2020.Mary said that she gets (get) up at six every morning.单句语法填空1Tiring as it might be, the military training is believed to_be (be) the best opportunity to make lifelong friends.2We promise whoever attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.3He said he hadnt_seen (not, see) his old friends for a long time.4The teacher said that two plus two is (be) four.5The moment I got home, my wife asked me whether/if I had been to the hospital.6It is reported that many people died in that car accident.7“Be careful with the dog，” said he.He warned me to_be (be) careful with the dog.8How dangerous drunkdriving is!Yes.We should try to persuade our families and friends never to_drive (drive) after drinking.9Tom told his teacher that he was (be) born in 1988.10As soon as he comes back, Ill tell him when you will_come (come) and see him.用下面括号中的动词把下列句子改成转述结构1Well close credit lines if you dont reduce the amount of carbon dioxide you produce. (threaten)They threatened_to_close our credit lines if we dont reduce the amount of carbon dioxide we produce. 2OK, you are right, some poisonous chemicals did escape into the atmosphere.(admit)They admitted_that some poisonous chemicals had escaped into the atmosphere.3Why dont you drop in tonight ahead of your meeting? (invite)He/She/They invited_me_to_drop in tonight ahead of my meeting.4Stand up immediately! (order)He/She/They ordered_me_to stand up immediately.5You cant use your dictionaries during the test.(forbid)He/She/They forbade_us_to_use our dictionaries during the test.6Shall we have pancakes with honey? (suggest)He/She/They suggested_having/that_we_should_have pancakes with honey.7Is the bus service running according to the timetable today? (inquire)I/He/She/They/We inquired_if/whether the bus service was running according to the timetable today.8The fire luckily caused no loss of life. (report)They reported_that the fire had luckily caused no loss of life.单元语法项目(二)被动语态语法图解探究发现The debt must be paid off before next month.The broken bike is being repaired now.The work will be finished in three hours.He has no memory of having been praised.They are to see the concert being held in Shanghai at present.我的发现(1)句为情态动词的被动语态。(2)句分别为现在进行时和一般将来时的被动语态。(3)句分别为动名词和现在分词的被动语态。一、谓语动词的被动语态一般来说，只有及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语才有被动语态。动作的执行者一般由介词by引起的短语来充当(常省略)。被动语态由“助动词be过去分词”构成，其各种时态形式见下表：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般式 donedone进行式完成式had been done注：情态动词的被动语态：情态动词be doneHe is regarded as a brilliant man.(一般现在时)他被认为是个才华横溢的人。This book was published in 2016.(一般过去时)这本书出版于2016年。A new railway is now being built.(现在进行时)一条新铁路正在修建。Such a thing has never been heard of before.(现在完成时)这种事以前从未听说过。The cat was being washed when we called him.(过去进行时)我们给他打电话时他在给猫洗澡。He said the factory had been opened.(过去完成时)他说这家工厂已经开张。A new bridge will be built over the river.(一般将来时)河上将建一座新桥。The work must be finished at once.(情态动词be done)这项工作必须立刻完成。名师点津(1)有些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语的内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动形式表示被动意义，这时不用于被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook等。This sweater washes well.(wash表示主语的性能)这件外套很好洗。(2)某些表示主语状态特征的连系动词：look, feel, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear等，用主动表示被动，常接形容词或名词作表语。It sounds good.那听上去很好。(3)表示运动变化的某些动词，如drive, change, move等，不用于被动语态。The traffic light changed green.交通灯变绿了。即时演练1用所给词的适当形式填空(2017江苏高考改编)He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he was_being_followed (follow)(2017北京高考改编)In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones hadnt_been_invented (invent) yet.(2016北京高考改编)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will_be_rewarded (reward) with success in the end.(2016江苏高考改编)More efforts, as reported, will_be_made_ (make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supplyside structural reform.(2015北京高考改编)Did you enjoy the party?Yes.We were_treated (treat) well by our hosts.(2015福建高考改编)To my delight, I was_chosen (choose) from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.二、非谓语动词的被动语态1构成非谓语动词的被动语态包括一般式和完成式。其构成如下表：非谓语动词一般式完成式动名词being donehaving been done现在分词being donehaving been done不定式to be doneto have been doneThe little childs wish is to be taken to Disneyland.(不定式一般式的被动语态)这个小孩子的愿望是被领着去迪斯尼乐园。Her latest book is said to have been translated into Chinese.(不定式完成式的被动语态)她最新出版的书据说已被译成中文了。The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.(动名词一般式的被动语态)这只松鼠很幸运，它恰好逃脱了。The building being built now is our teaching building.(现在分词一般式的被动语态)正在建的这座建筑物是我们的教学楼。Having been invited to speak, Ill have to start making preparations tomorrow.(现在分词完成式的被动语态)因被邀请讲话，我明天就得开始做准备。2不用被动语态的情况(1)need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时，表示的是被动意义。Your hair needs cutting.(主动表被动)你的头发该理了。(2)不定式在某些形容词后作状语且和句子的主语(或宾语)构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，此类形容词包括：difficult, comfortable, pleasant, fit, interesting, unfit, light, heavy, dangerous, etc.等。The sentence is easy to understand.(understand与the sentence构成动宾关系)这个句子容易理解。(3)不定式作名词的后置定语，和被修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，同时和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，不定式常用主动形式表被动含义。She had only a cold room to live in.(live in与room有逻辑上的动宾关系)她只有一间寒冷的房间居住。(4)在be to结构中的一些不定式。这种结构中的不定式通常应用主动表被动。这类动词有blame, seek, let (出租)等。You are to blame for the accident.(be to blame结构)你应该为这次事故负责。(5)过去分词本身表示被动意义，其没有被动形式。即时演练2用所给词的适当形式填空 The airport to_be_completed (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from being_attacked (attack) in the South China Sea.This machine is very easy to_operate (operate). Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.Having_been_asked (ask) to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.The old building needs repairing/to_be_repaired (repair).用所给词的适当形式填空1The press conference is to_be_held (hold) tomorrow.2Having_been_told (tell) many times, he finally understood it.3Its impossible to avoid being_affected (affect) in such stormy weather.4The question is_being_discussed (discuss) at present.5Her new album sells (sell) well and she rises to fame overnight.6The little trees require watering/to_be_watered (water) every day.7He said that some houses had_been_burnt (burn) down in the big fire.8The room seems to_have_been_cleaned (clean) already.句型转换1They had built the railway by the end of last year.The railway had_been_built by the end of last year.2They are watching the football match.The football match is_being_watched by them.3They have sold out the light green dresses.The light green dresses have_been_sold_out by them.4The children will sing an English song.An English song will_be_sung by the children.5People use metal for making machines.Metal is_used_for making machines.6He made me do that for him.I was_made_to_do that for him.7He is likely to let you down.You are likely to_be_let_down by him.8They must do it at once.It must_be_done at once by them.Global warming refers to an average increase in the Earths temperature that, in turn, leads to climate change. In the last few decades, consensus has been reached that human activities cause the change which is previously seen as beyond human control. As a result of increased industry, agriculture, the cutting down of forests, the increase in transport and the burning of fuels, carbon dioxide gases pump into the Earths atmosphere, which has been speeding up the process of global warming and affecting our climate.Looking ahead, we believe global warming could be one of the biggest environmental problems facing the 21st century. If it is relevant to our lives, how can we slow it down? This is no easy task, however, and some governments, for example, the USAs federal government express reservations about whether global warming is really caused by human being, for they are simply not prepared to sacrifice the money made from industry to save the Earth. But why wait around for them to take action? Experts advocate that each person should play their part. As long as people make small changes like taking public transport, recycling or switching off the lights when leaving a room, carbon dioxide will be less and the future of our globe will be better.全球变暖指的是地球温度的平均上升，这一上升反过来又促使气候发生变化。在过去的几十年中，人们达成的一致意见是：人类的活动导致了这一变化，而这一变化先前被认为是人类控制不了的。由于工业和农业的发展，森林的砍伐，交通运输日益频繁，燃料使用的增加，二氧化碳气体涌入大气层，这使全球变暖的进程在加快并影响我们的气候。展望未来，我们认为，全球变暖可能是21世纪人类所面临的最大的环境问题之一。假如全球变暖与我们的生活有关，那么我们如何减缓这一进程呢？然而这并非易事。一些国家政府，如美国联邦政府，对全球变暖是否真的是由人类引起提出了异议，因为他们不愿意牺牲由发展工业所挣的钱来拯救地球。但我们为什么坐等他们采取行动呢？专家倡议每一个人要尽一份力。只要人们做出一些小的变化，如乘公共交通、骑自行车或者离开房间时关灯，那么二氧化碳的排放就会减少，地球的未来就会变得更好。第一部分听力(满分30分，限时20分钟)第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。1Whats the probable relationship between the two speakers?AOld classmates.BTravelers in England.CTourist and guide.2How will the man send the machines?ABy ship.BBy air.CBy truck.3Where is the man going to plant the tree?ABy the front door.BAt the back of the garage.CAt the other end of the garden.4What does the man advise Alan to do?AGo out to work.BListen carefully to John.CBe calm and patient.5When is the man going home?AIn the evening.BIn the afternoon.CAt noon.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。6Why does the man want to eat out?AHe wants to celebrate his birthday.BHe has won a big prize.CHe wants to have some relaxation.7Where will they have supper?AAt home.BThe place the man likes.CThe place the woman prefers.听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。8Why is the man not certain of the job?AHis education is not enough.BOthers are more suitable than him.CHe does not have enough work experience.9According to the woman, what is important for work?AThe ability to put knowledge to practical use.BGood knowledge with work experience.CStrong will and hard work.10What is the mans opinion about the interviewers?AThey have good experience.BThey are experts in the field.CThey are knowledgeable but proud.听第8段材料，回答第11至13题。11What are the speakers mainly talking about?ABuying books for their course.BThe money needed for the books.CSharing the books with each other.12Why does Dr. Downs want his students to have these five books?AThese books are not expensive.BHe wants his students to read more.CHe wants to discuss them in detail.13How does the woman plan to solve the problems about the books? AShe buys three and the man buys two.BShe pays the man fifty dollars for sharing.CThey will share the total amount for the books.听第9段材料，回答第14至16题。14What subjects does the woman like to apply for next year?AEconomics.BEngineering.CScience.15Whats the purpose of the woman talking with the man?AFor a good record of her studies this year.BFor a recommendation of him.CTo get some advice about the recommendation.16What do the womans parents think of her idea?AThey think it is a good idea.BThey think it is a bad idea.CThey think it has nothing to do with them.听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。17How many people took part in the swimming activity?AAbout 300.BAbove 3,000.CAbout 30,000.18Who organized the swimming activity?AThe local authority.BThe Tourism Agency.CThe Sports Center.19Why did they organize the swimming activity?ATo make people more aware of environmental protection.BTo get ready for a swimming competition.CTo celebrate the Dragon Boat Festival.20What can we know from the 62yearold swimmer?AThe river isnt as clean as it was several years ago.BThe river was very clean when he was a child.CHe often goes swimming in the river.答案：15ABBCB610CCCAB1115ACCBB 1620ABAAB听力材料(Text 1)W：Good morning, Hank. It is wonderful to be back in England.M：Im so glad to see you again. Its over ten years now since we left university.(Text 2)M：Can I help you?W：Id like to order the machines we talked about yesterday. Can I have them within two days?M：Sure. Ill send them by air.(Text 3)W：Where are you going to plant the tree? By the front door?M：No, that would be silly. Itll grow too big. Im going to put it at the back of the garage.W：I thought it would be better right at the other end of the garden.M：Oh, no.(Text 4)W：Im really angry at John. He never listens to me.M：Take it easy, Alan. Things will work out.(Text 5)W：Bob, are you going straight home after school today?M：No, I have a class until one oclock, and after that Im going to spend a couple of hours at the library before going home.(Text 6)M：Hey, lets eat out tonight.W：Why? You won a big prize?M：Well, I only want to relax.W：Really? Its very nice of you.M：Ill take you anywhere you want to go.W：Wonderful!(Text 7)W：So, how did it go?M：Better than I had expected.W：Didnt I tell you that you were more fit for the job than others?M：My education is OK. But I dont have the experience of working on a project like this. My knowledge is mostly theoretical. That is why I am not so sure about getting this job.W：I think what matters is that you have the ability to use your knowledge in your work.M：I hope my interviewers feel that way.W：Dont you think they do?M：I dont know. All of them are experts in this field.W：Dont worry. I am sure they should call you.(Text 8)M：Did you see the list of books for this course?W：Yes, Dr. Downs said he expected us to have the first five on the list. He is going to discuss them in detail.M：Are you going to buy them?W：I dont know. These books are expensive. And I dont have a lot of money with me.M：How about sharing them with me?W：Sounds good.M：L