双语医学课件1-呼吸系统PulmonarySystem.ppt

Structures of the Pulmonary System,Three steps in the exchange of gases 气体交换的三步骤 ventilation (通气) 2. diffusion (扩散) 3. perfusion (灌注),(Para. 1),ventilation (通气) diffusion (扩散) the pulmonary system perfusion (灌注) the cardiovascular system,How do they function,Two lungs Airways Blood vessels Chest wall (thoracic cage) Lungs lobes segments and lobules Space between lungs, heart, great vessels, and esophagus Mediastinum,Structures of the Pulmonary System,Lobes of Lung,Left Upper Lobe Left Lower Lobe Right Upper Lobe Right Middle Lobe Right Lower Lobe,A passage (for the movement of air into and out of the gas-exchange portions of the lung). The upper airway (naopharynx, oropharynx) 1. be lined with ciliated mucosa (纤毛黏膜) 2. function: warms and humidifies inspired air removes foreign particles The mouth and oropharynx are also used for ventilation,Conducting airways 传导气道,Upper Airways,Lower Airways,Larynx (喉)-connects the upper and lower airways endolarynx 喉内部 cartilaginous structure 软骨结构 endolarynx 喉内部 the false vocal cords the true vocal cords glottis (声门) - the slit-shaped space (裂缝形成的空间),Conducting airways 传导气道,Larynx,The Glottis and Vocal Cords The endolarynx,1. Glottis 2. True Cords 3. False Cords 4. Epiglottis 5. Base of Tongue,Larynxgeal box (喉咙结构) cartilages the epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid the arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform ligaments Function: (L.48-53),Conducting airways 传导气道,The trachea 气管- connects the larynx to the bronchi Two main airways (bronchi) The right main bronchus The left main bronchus Hili (肺门)- root of the lung, where the right and left bronchi enter the lungs.,Conducting airways 传导气道,Trachea,The right main bronchus extends from the trachea more vertically,Lobar bronchi,main,hili(root),the conducting airways Hili (Main bronchi) Lobar bronchi Segmental bronchi Subsegmental bronchi Terminal bronchioles,Conducting airways 传导气道,Main,Lobar,Segmental,Subsegmental,Terminal,The bronchial walls (支气管壁) Three layers Epithelial lining Smooth muscle layer Connective tissue layer The connective tissue layer contains cartilage (软骨). The epithelial lining contains single-celled exocrine gland (外分泌腺).,Conducting airways 传导气道,exocrine gland (外分泌腺). goblet cells (杯状细胞) ciliated cells (绒毛细胞) Whats the function of the ciliated cells?,Conducting airways 传导气道,High columnar pseudostratified epithelium ( 假复层高柱状上皮) columnar cuboidal epithelium (骰形柱状上皮) submucosal glands (黏膜下腺) Mucus blanket (黏液屏障),Conducting airways 传导气道,L.75-77 未被黏膜纤毛清除和咳出的杂质和微生物会受到炎症反应的细胞和分泌免疫系统抗体的袭击。 L.78-80 早先生化炎症介质的释放也参与抗体介导过敏性反应, 比如哮喘,因为这样会刺激支气管平滑肌和血管收缩。,Conducting airways 传导气道,Gas-Exchange Airways Respiratory bronchioles (呼吸性细支气管） Alveolar ducts （肺泡管） Alveoli （肺泡） Acinus (肺腺泡）,Gas-Exchange Airways 换气道,Main,Lobar,Segmental,Subsegmental,Terminal,The respiratory bronchioles end in alveolar ducts, which lead to alveolar sacs made up of numerous alveoli. 呼吸性细支气管止于肺泡管，肺泡管连通有无数肺泡组成的肺泡囊。,Gas-Exchange Airways 换气道,L. 112-114 被称作肺泡间孔的的小通道使得空气从肺泡到肺泡穿过间隔。在截面，肺泡看似普通的海绵。,Gas-Exchange Airways 换气道,Alveolar septa (肺泡隔） epithelial layer(上皮层） basement membrane (基膜） Two major types of epithelial cells in the alveolus Type I alveolar cells Type II alveolar cells,Gas-Exchange Airways 换气道,气管 左右主支气管 叶支气管 段支气管 小支气管 细支气 管 终末细支气管 trachea the left and right main bronchi lobar bronchi the segmental and subsegmental bronchi small bronchus bronchioles terminal bronchioles,Conducting airways 传导气道,呼吸细支气管 肺泡管 肺泡囊 肺泡 Respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs alveoli,Conducting airways 传导气道,Describe the main function of the pulmonary circulation,Pulmonary and Bronchial Circulation 肺循环与 支气管循环,The main function of the pulmonary circulation is to facilitate gas exchange. Its other functions are to deliver nutrients to lung tissues, act as a reservoir for the left ventricle, and serve as a filtering system that removes clots, air, and other debris from the circulation.,Pulmonary and Bronchial Circulation 肺循环与 支气管循环,The pulmonary circulation has a lower pressure and resistance than the systemic circulation. Perfusion (灌注） Function of the accompanying arteriole regulate blood flow,Pulmonary and Bronchial Circulation 肺循环与 支气管循环,Describe the main function of the chest wall,Pulmonary and Bronchial Circ