英语四级阅读快速提升.ppt

英语阅读,阅读理解考试介绍,四级阅读主要测试 掌握主旨大意 正确理解事实和细节 既理解字面意思，又能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论 既理解个别句子的意义，又理解上下文的逻辑关系 理解作者的态度 推测词义,题目特点,题材： 科技方面：如有关动植物，医学，海洋，地质，语言，空间技术等。 社科方面：如历史，家庭，婚姻，教育，伦理，犯罪，娱乐，交通，住房，环境，能源等。 科技：25，社科人文：75,体裁：说明文，议论文为主 1）对社会、自然、思维等现象进行解释、阐述和论证 2) 信息量大且比较复杂 3) 逻辑性强 4）以抽象思维如概括、判断、推理为主,结构： 演绎：主旨句实例结论； 归纳：事实 分析主旨 语言： 长句难句较多,常见题型,1.主旨题 2.推理题(包括作者的观点，态度，语气题） 3.细节题 4.语义题,1 主旨题（“main idea” questions),The main idea of this passage is that_ The passage is mainly about_ The major point discussed in the passage is_ What has been discussed in the passage? Which of the following can best sum up the passage? Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? The best title for this passage might be_ What is the main topic of this passage? The passage mainly tells us_,一、四级阅读理解题型分类-主旨题,如2005年考题， What is the authors purpose in writing this article? A)To justify the study of the Boston University Medical Center. B)To stress the importance of maintaining proper weight. C)To support the statement made by York Onnen. D)To show the most effective way to lose weight 一看这四个选项，就可以发现A和C里面包含十分具体信息“the Boston University Medical Center”和“York Onnen”，是利用原文中的具体话题，某个细节内容而设计的干扰选项。,Exercise (Overview Questions),Every scientific discipline tends to develop its own special language because it finds ordinary words inadequate, and psychology is no different. The purpose of this special jargon (行话）is not to mystify non-psychologists; rather, it allows psychologists to accurately describe the phenomena they are discussing and to communicate with each other effectively. Of course, psychological terminology consists in part of everyday words such as emotion, intelligence, and motivation, but psychologists use these words somewhat differently. For example, laymen use the term anxiety to mean nervousness or fear, but most psychologists use the term to describe a condition produced when one fears events over which one has no control.,The main topic of this passage is _. A. effective communication B. the special language of psychology C. two definitions of the word anxiety D. the jargon of science,B,2 推理判断题,It can be inferred from the passage that_ From the passage we can infer(draw the conclusion) that_ The author writes this passage mainly to_ The passage implies (suggests) that _ The authors attitude towards .is_ Where would this passage most probably be found? The paragraph following this passage most probably discusses_,推理题分类,1 综合推理判断题：归纳分析能力 推断作者态度与观点：文章主题句和段落主题句，字里行间，上下文，措词褒贬。 推断语篇与段落主旨：基本原则以文章主旨或TS为基础，不能无原则的任意猜测 2 细节推理判断题：即某一细节的言外之意。原则- 身在其外，意在其中。不能脱离该细节上下文来想象、推理。,从原则上来讲，态度题可以考查作者对一个中心话题的看法，也可以考查作者对某一具体细节的态度，但是从历年考法来看，四级阅读更加注重考查文章中心话题。所以，态度题经常可以通过文章主题来判断作者的态度。如2003年6月考题， 原文首句：Its no secret that many children would be healthier and happier with adoptive parents than with the parents that nature dealt them. 题目：The authors attitude towards the judges ruling could be described as_. A) doubtful B) critical C) cautious D) supportive 全文首句可以体现文章讨论的中心话题，它明确道出了作者的观点：有时小孩与养父母在一起比与亲生父母在一起更好。而原文中judges ruling的结果就是把小孩判给了养父，所以作者一定会持支持态度，故选D。,一、四级阅读理解题型分类-态度题,一、四级阅读理解题型分类-态度题,When apple growers talk about new varieties of apples, they dont mean something developed last month, last year, or even in the last decade. A. Apple growers havent developed any new varieties in recent decades. B. Some varieties of apples can be developed in a short time, but others take a long time. C. New varieties of apples take many years to develop.,(1) 判断推测句中omnivorous一词的大意 She has a wide interest and is an omnivorous reader. 根据句中她“兴趣广”这一上文和被修饰的reader一词，可大概判断omnivorous具有“兴趣广、什么书都喜欢读”等含义。 (2) 根据前文，判断下文 Laziness is a sin, everyone knows that. Nevertheless A) laziness can actually be helpful B) laziness is a sign of mental illness C) laziness is immoral and wasteful D) you must be careful when you see someone lazy 根据第一分句的语义倾向和Nevertheless一词，我们可得出这样的判断，即下文要谈的内容必然与之相反，即谈论Laziness也有其有利、肯定的一面，故A最有可能。,3 细节掌握题（detail questions),Which of the following is TRUE(or NOT TRUE)? Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED in paragraph X? According to the passage, all of following are true EXCEPT that _ Which of the following may lead to (cause)_ The author strongly argues for(or against)because_ The main reason for(or why)is that_ The author gives an example in para. X mainly to show that_,先看题干，再看原文，带着题干个别的特有信息或者带着题干的中心话题在原文定位。如“What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves? ”就可以结合handball player这个中心话题在原文找答案。 四级细节题干有时会有比较明显的信息，如时间数字，专有名词，中心名词。如2005年1月考题：What was confirmed by the Boston University Medical Centers study?题干中Boston University Medical Center这个专有名词可以让考生迅速找到考到的原文内容。如果用题干信息在原文找答案没有结果，可以根据题目的先后顺序来确定大概范围(除个别例外，四级细节题大体上还是按照出题的先后顺序找答案的)。,四级阅读理解题型分类-细节题,三个建议,一、四级阅读理解题型分类-细节题,In its typical feeding position, a sea otter (水獭）swims along on its back as it uses a rock to crack the shellfish on which it feeds. Then, tucking the rock into a pocket-like fold of skin under its arm (in which it also often keeps a supply of extra food), it will turn and dive to the bottom for more shellfish. Otters have been playing with rocks and shells, throwing them from one paw to another for hours at a time. Mother otters usually shelter their young on their chests. If they have to leave the pups for any length of time, mother otters may wrap them in the stand of a kelp plant to keep them from drifting away. Although an otter is large at birth-five to six pounds-it receives maternal care until it is three or four years old, by which time, like its parents, it can dive to depths of 100 feet or more.,1. What do sea otters do with shellfish? A. Eat them. B. Bury them. C. Feed them. D. Protect them. 2. Where do sea otters store food? A. In their paws. B. Under their tongues. C. In little pockets in their cheeks. D. In pouches on their bodies. 3. When do young sea otters usually become independent of their mothers? Soon after birth. B. After about 100 days. C. After five or six months. D. After three or four years.,4 词汇意义题（语义题）,The word “”in line (para.)X most probably means _ In paragraph X, the word “” refers to (stands for). By saying “”(in line X, para. X), the author is referring to_ The word “”in para X can be best replaced by_ “it” (they) in line X most probably refers to_ Which of the following statements is closest in meaning to the sentence “” in para. X?,一、四级阅读理解题型分类-词汇题,Vocabulary in context questions,The planet Mercury is visible to the naked eye but is not the easiest planet to spot. Unclothed Unaided unarmed,语义题分类,1）同义判别题：生词辨义上下文暗示或上下文logic关系来推测 2）语义转述题：重新paraphrase解释文章中的句子或短语 语句特点：a. 与theme or TS有关；b. 形式结构上有一定难度；c. 在特定的context中有特定含义(e.g. The business of American is business.) 3）语义指代题：this可指前或后；that指前,解题技巧,主旨题解题策略 找主题句（TS） 概括段落大意 确定文章主题 对比答案各项，找出答案 正确答案特点：与TS相似，简明，扼要，不过于笼统也不过于具体,Para. 1: Whether you are a smoker or a nonsmoker, you should take measures to protect your lungs. You can test your lung capacity by holding a lighted match about six inches from your face and trying to blow it out with your mouth wide open. If you cannot blow out the flame, arrange for a medical examination. Using a simple machine called a spirometer (spiro meter), a doctor can message the lungs strength and capacity. In other words, he can test how efficiently you breathe. When combined with a complete physical examination, the spirometer test may detect early signs of respiratory problems.,Which sentence expresses the main idea a.Necessity is the mother of invention. b.An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. c.Dont count your chickens before theyre hatched. d.Join the unhooked generation.,细节题解题策略 1）浏览全篇 2）按试题顺序查找 3）找关键词，找线索 干扰项特点：句子与文章中的句子极为相似，此句多半是错的 正确项特点：对本文中的key word 进行paraphrase。如 emphasis-stress,Example : Oral health care is, these days, a big, boom business. According to Ralph Nader, Americans spend some $5 billion on dental care each year. Yet, despite the tremendous amount of money, time and energy given over to oral health, dental literature indicates that about half the population in this country has lost all of its natural teeth by age 65. Nearly half of all people over age 20 wear a bridge (假牙上的齿桥)or denture (假牙), and more than 20 percent have complete upper and lower dentures. By age 50, one out of every two persons has gum disease.,The dental profession blames neglectful Americans themselves. About half the population, it claims, fails to visit the dentist regularly and some 30 million never do. Critics, on the other hand, slam the profession. It can be conservatively estimated that at least 15 percent of United States dentists are incompetent, dishonest, or both, say a former Pennsylvania Commissioner of Insurance. Some have set the figure as high as 50 percent.,1. The passage backs up which one of the following statements? By and large, dentists are honest professionals. Because of the large sums of money Americans spend on dental care their teeth are in excellent condition. Generally speaking, the result of poor dental care do not show up until very late in life. For the most part, dentists think that Americans should assume greater responsibility in maintaining the health of their teeth. 2. The author of this passage states that the average Americans_ visits his dentist at least once a year. still has the majority of his natural teeth at the age of 70. annually spends relatively little on health care. may very likely wear a bridge or denture by the age of 25.,推理判断题解题策略 1）利用信息推测 2）对单个词选择项意义的理解(作者态度） 作者的观点，态度，语气题 The authors attitude towardcan best be described as somewhat The authors tone in the passage is that. The author of this passage thinks that The tone of the writer is The authors attitude is generally,example： U.S. demand for fuels is growing steadily, and could double by 1985. But domestic supply is lagging, our oil production has peaked and is declining, and natural gas is already scarce in some sections of the country. Coal is in severe environmental trouble, construction of nuclear power plants is behind schedule, and any real help from synthetic fuels is ten to fifteen years away. So over the next decade the burden will fall heavily on oil and natural gas. And the available reserves of both have been declining as demand rises. Ironically the resources are there, in the ground, but we arent finding and developing them nearly fast enough.,1. Supplying the nations growing energy needs will require a.drastic decrease of energy use. b.a different approach to finding new sources. c.a crash program to develop synthetic fuels. d.a drastic change in the nations life style. 2. Judging from your personal experience, which of the following criticisms seems fair? Too many Americans are_ a.overweight b. retired c. prosperous d. wasteful,语义题解题策略 利用词汇意义：构词法;上下文（context) 利用句法结构：词性 利用篇章因素：上下文逻辑（discourse knowledge),Example: It is difficult to decide at what point worrying ceases to be “normal”, but it is clearly reasonable to worry. People get seriously ill, plans go awry, tube trains sometimes crash. In practice, anxiety is judged to be pathological (病态的)when it curtails (消弱)our ability to lead a normal existence. We can manage perfectly well without traveling in planes or lifts, and an evening out isnt spoiled by the fact that we are unable to leave the house without triple-c