高考英语如何猜测单词的含义.ppt

The first lies in our belief that the world makes senses-there is a reason for everything that happens. With a diameter of 1,200km,it is half that of Pluto-unusually large for a moon in relation to its primary. Chinas entry to the WTO also creates hurdles for income rises,There is an explanation for everything in the word.,planet,difficulties,如何猜测单词 或短语的含义 邳州二中 高三英语备课组,知 识 构 建,大纲要求：根据上下文判断某些词汇和短语的意义。 测试方式：一是阅读理解中有3%的生词（不包括根据构词法可以推断词义的词），可能会对正确理解文意造成障碍；二是阅读理解设题中设有猜测词义题，所设的词汇或短语可能是熟悉的，也有可能是不熟悉的。,考 查 形 式,1. The phrase “” in the “”could be replaced by . 2. The word “” in the third paragraph refers to . 3. What is the meaning of the underlined word in the passage? 4. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase“ ”？ 5. The word “”most likely means .,能 力 提 升,生词本身 内在逻辑联系 针对性解释 经验常识,生 词 本 身,点拨：有些英语单词是根据英语构词法的一些规则构成的，根据学过的词法知识可以推测出他们所构成的新词的词义。,例如：This possibility was unforeseeable，because it almost never happened.,分析：unforeseeable,分析unforeseeable,unforeseeable un fore see able,不,先、前、预,看见,能的； 可以的,不可预见的,注意一些表示意思转折的词和短语：though, as, although, despite, while, in spite of ,still , but, yet , while, on the contrary, in contrast, on the other hand, unlike, not, instead等。,1、根据对比关系推测词义,点拨：对比是描述和说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是相反的，因此根据对比或反义关系可从已知推出未知。,例1： A good manager can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.,分析： 句子前后是对比关系，即把熟练工人和非熟练工人区别开。,分析：be a hassle be a basket of fun,例2：A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun .(02 NMET E) A. a party designed by specialists B. a plan requiring careful thought C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble D. a demand made by guests,2、根据同类关系推测词义,例1：Although he often had the chance, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.,分析：作者为避免重复使用endanger一词，用其同义词jeopardize来替代，由此可以推知其词义。,点拨：同类关系指在句中作同一成分且词义属于同一范畴的近义词或同义词。这时可以从熟悉的词语中推出新词的含义。可以表示同类关系的常用词有as, or, similarly, like, just as, also等。,3、根据同位语推测词义,分析：由or引出的同位语推测为“电容量”。,例如：Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits（电路）.,点拨：为了强调某个重点或把某事叙述的更明白，作者有时运用不同的词语或语句来表达同一概念，构成同位关系。同位语两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等。同位语前常有or, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i.e.等副词或短语出现。,4、根据因果关系推测词义,分析：以因果关系为线索，可确定engrossed的意思为“被吸引，全神贯注”。,例1：The teacher did not hear the knock at the door because he was completely engrossed in his reading.,点拨：在句子或段落中，若两个事物或现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词的词义。这种生词经常出现在表现因果关系的句子中，引导词有because, since, as, for, so, therefore, so/suchthat, so that等。,例2：The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high. Pruning is important to the growth of tender shoots, of young leaves. A. regular cutting of the plants B. frequent watering C. regular use of chemicals D. growing the plant high in the mountain,5、根据举例推测词义,分析：由后文引出的wars and great scientific discoveries可以猜出epochal的大致意义是“重要的”，这与其确切意义“划时代的”十分接近。,例1：The results of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not limited to a small geographical area as they were in the past.,点拨：作者为了说明或证实某事，经常会在文章中举例。这些例子可以帮助我们推测词义常用词有for example, for instance, such as, like等。,例2：Grown-ups also have a sense of object permanence. We know that if we put a box in a room and lock the door, the box will still be there when we come back. ( 04 北京 D) A. still exists B. keeps its shape C. still stays solid D. is beyond reach,6、根据上下文推测词义,分析：archaeologist为“考古学家”。,例1:Our earth is very old. It holds many secrets about life in the past. Archaeologists dig in the ground and bring out these secrets. They discover objects thousands of years old that inform us about how people lived long ago.,点拨：阅读材料中的每个词或短语与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落有着相互制约的关系，可以利用语境推测和判断某些词语的含义。,分析：根据第二个句子的意思，可推测“Where is the beef?”之意为“证据在哪里 ？”,例2：One of the newest American expression is “Where is the beef?” It questions if it is as good or as honest as it claims to be.,1、根据定义推测词义,分析：由定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。,例1：In slang(俚语)the term “jam” refers to a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.,点拨：有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义。定义句的谓语动词通常为be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, refer to, be called, be known as等。,例2：“ecopassages” may help animals cross the road without being hurt by cars. They are paths both over and under roads. (05 浙江 , B) A. an underground path for cars B. a fence built for the safety of the area C. a bridge for animals to get over a river D. a pass for animals to cross the road,2、根据定语从句推测词义,分析：根据生词SAD后面的定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder可以推断出SAD的含义为“季节性情绪紊乱症”。,例1：Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder.,点拨：定语从句是对先行词的修饰、限定、解释或说明。介于此，我们可以推测出词义。,分析：a restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food,例2：Here is The Pines, whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou, wild boar, and reindeer with surprising sauces. (04 , 福建 E),经 验 常 识,分析：因为“年轻的胡佛去世了”，所以根据我们的常识可推测funeral意为“葬礼”。,例1：Young Hoover died. Over a thousand people attended his funeral.,点拨：根据上下文的语言环境，运用生活常识和逻辑推理能力猜测生词的词义也是一种行之有效的方法。,例2：I feel that since you are my superior（上司）, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do. (05 上海 B) A. full of respect B. too confident and rude C. lacking in experience D. too shy and quiet,例3：said Emily Cornette, head of a chapter of the 7-year-old Red Hat Society.(05NMET B) A. one branch of an organization B. a written agreement of a club C. one part of a collection of poems D. a period in a societys history,巩 固 训 练,1、Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output. 2、Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. 3、Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. 4、Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 5、There were so many people in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.,突出（构词法）,爱交际的（对比关系）,语义学（同位语）,有害的（同类关系）,挤过（因果关系）,6、Today young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of money on appliances, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions. 7、Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 8、The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel. 9、14,000 sanitation workers carry off, yearly, three million tons of refuse and keep 7,500 miles of streets clean and free of snow.,（家用）电器 （举例）,人类学（定义）,（门窗等的）过梁（经验常识）,环卫工人（上下文）,上下文,10、“Why didnt you keep the money? ” asked the thief. The professor relied, “I couldnt because it is not mine.” Then he walked off, spurning the thiefs offer of a reward.(02 上海春季 A) A. accepting B. claiming C. rejecting D. canceling 11、One of Britains bravest women told yesterday how she helped to catch suspected police killer David Bieberand was thanked with flowers by the police. It was also said that she could be in line for a share of up to 30,000 reward money.(04 湖南 E) A. get B. be paid C. ask for D. own 12、There is no cure for Alzheimers. But a drug called ARICEPT has been used by millions of people to help the