怎样提高书面表达.ppt

掌握写作规范技巧,一、写对格式：不同文体要求规范 二、写好三部分：开头、中间、结尾 三、规范三写：大小写； 拼写和书写 规范达标 四、突破四关：要点全面、语言无误、表达清楚、行文连贯。,一、文体,书面表达的体裁有四种： 应用文 (practical writing) 说明文 (expository writing) 记叙文(narrative essays) 4. 论说文 (persuasive / argumentative essays),1. 应用文（practical writing),应用文包括书信、日记、便条、通知、讲演稿、履历表等。通常应用文都较简短，它有自己的固定格式，有些应用文连措辞都是相对固定的，如：欠条、请柬等。应用文重在应用、力求平实、准确简洁。,应用文范文 May I have attention, please? I have announcement to make. The Students Union is going to hold a party on Saturday evening, August 15, to welcome our friends from the United States. The party will be held in the roof garden of the Main Building. It will begin at 7:30 pm. There will be music, dancing,singing, games and exchanging of gifts.,Will everybody please bring along a small gift for this purpose ? Remember to wrap it up, sign your name and write a few words of good wishes. Dont forget :7:30, Saturday evening, roof garden, Main Building. Theres sure to be a lot of fun. Everybody is welcome.,2. 说明文 (expository writing),说明文是用说明的方法以简明的文字介绍事物的形状、性质、构造、变化、成因、结果、功用、特征的文章。 写好说明文要抓事物特征，安排好合理的说明顺序：1）时间 2）空间 3） 逻辑 4） 认识 总体结构：提出对象、 分析说明、 归纳小结,写说明文要求你作到： 1） 条理清楚 2） 层次分明 3） 语言简洁 4） 用词准确 5） 具有严格的科学性,说明文范文： The World Trade Organization (WTO), founded on January 1, 1995, aims to encourage international trade to flow as freely as possible, making sure that trade agreements are respected and that any disputes can be settled.,In the five years since its founding, the WTO has become well-known as one of the worlds most powerful economic organizations, taking its place alongside the World Bank and international Monetary Fund. The WTO, with its head office in Geneva, has 135 members with 30 more waiting to join.,3. 记叙文 （ narrative essays）,记叙文即“故事”：他人的故事或自己的故事。故事最显著的特点是它有情节，而故事的情节由故事的起因、发展、高潮、结局组成。内容包括写作角度及目的、来龙去脉、关键情节等；交代清楚人物、时间、地点、事件等。,写记叙文要求你做到： 1）按事件发生的先后顺序叙述具体完整； 2）记叙文大多按时间顺序叙述；也有倒叙或穿插手法； 3）要重点突出，内容完整，条理清楚，详略得当；主次分明； 4）记叙文一般记述过去发生的事，多用过去时态写。,记叙文范文 ： Mrs Myra Webb, who was told by doctors that she would never hear again, lived for six years in a world of silence. But yesterday she heard a blackbird sing in the garden of her home at Brighton, Sussex. “My hearing is coming back - and its wonderful.”she said.,Mrs Webb, 26, is said to be the first woman in Britain to have her hearing brought back by acupuncture, the needle treatment widely practiced in China. After six months treatment she can listen to music again, carry on a conversation with the aid of a hearing aid, and she has got a job as a typist with the South Eastern Electricity Board.,4. 议论文 （persuasive / argumentative essays),提出论点并给出论据支撑、 表明观点。 （1）引论 （2）本论 （3）结论,议论文范文：Stop Wasting Food 不要浪费食物 Some peoples eyes are bigger than their stomachs. China, and its people, can now enjoy the results of sacrifices made over past decades. Good food, comfort, and beauty are well-deserved rewards. However, we all need to do our little bit to ensure we are not living on natural resources borrowed from Mother Nature. Eventually we must repay the debt. In the even more wasteful west, we call it “Robbing Peter to pay Paul.” My mother often said “waste not, want not.” It is still very good advice.,二、文法基本知识,1。结构完整（句子、篇章） 2。主题突出（支撑句） 3。语言连贯、文字流畅 4。表达准确、达意 5。文体规范,1对书面表达充满畏难情绪，哪怕是表达最普通的思想意思，也觉得困难重重，甚至束手无策，习作质量较低，缺乏积极主动性。平时每碰上书面表达练习，只要不是硬性规定完成，绝大多数学生都会将其束之高阁，考试非做不可时就把它作为汉译英来对待。 2基本功训练不扎实，句子段落之间不会用连接词过渡、用词造句不会多样化、不习惯使用修饰语、缺乏遣词造句、布局谋篇的能力。结果造成整篇作文的前后常常缺少必要的衔接关系词，词不达意，语义更不连贯，因而无法组成能表达自己真正意思的语篇。 针对这些问题，我采用不同的方式从多方面帮助学生克服畏难情绪，逐步提高书面表达的兴趣和能力。,学生在书面表达普遍存在以下问题：,一、从头抓起，循序渐进,二、掌握写作技能，知道该 怎样动手。,三、多读、多背好文章。,四、掌握科学的写作步骤， 是写出高质量的英语习 作的必要条件。,对学生的指导：,对自己的要求：,及时讲评,初一阶段，老师应重视并逐步地指导学生掌握简单句的结构，特别应提醒他们在初学时应记住把“地点、时间”放在句头或句尾等英语式句子，避免中式英语。另外，时态是英语写作的关键，在一开始的写作训练中，教师就要有意识地训练他们的时间观念，使学生一动笔时就考虑动词的时态，做到心中有数。,进入初二，教材中的对话、课文的篇幅已经较长，内容也较广。在这一阶段应培养学生比较两种语言的差异，能使学生更理性地学习英语、掌握英语表达法。在这一阶段，已学了一般将来时、一般过去时和过去进行时，要注重训练学生在写作时选择哪种时态。并逐步地从简单句、并列句转移到包含状语从句的复合句。可先从连词成句到翻译句子，再到片段作文等。,在初三阶段，每学一篇课文以后，利用连词、关键词的提示，要求学生进行缩写课文的训练。加强培养学生用复合句叙述事件。教师可以给出范文。教师的范文不仅要在格式、内容要点、语法修辞与语言习惯上给学生树立样板，而且要考虑到英语的多种表达方法。学生在构思与写作之后，如能及时听到一篇比较规范的作文，比较一下自己的作业，可初步衡量出自己的写作的准确度，找出差距，及时查出作业中的毛病。同时要加强课外阅读训练，在课后经常让学生读一些同等或略高于同等水平的材料或者名著的简写本等，这对提高写作水平有相当大的帮助。,高中阶段，则应全面具体的提高学生运用所学知识写好各类文体作文，它要求学生有扎实的语言基本功，具备一定的审题能力、想象能力、表达能力、评价能力等。,词汇,句型 , 语法多样化,1.覆盖了所有的要点 2. 应用了较多的语法结构和词汇 3. 有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑,要点全,连接词,如何算是一篇好文章？,1.(因为)_ his help, I finished the work at last.,Thanks to,As a result of,Owing to,Due to,因为,Because of,/with,2.More roads will have to be built with more cars, _（所以）well have less field to grow rice.,therefore,so,as a result/consequence,thus,结果,3.The rent is reasonable, _, the location is perfect. 房租很合理，另外，位置也很好。,whats more,moreover/furthermore,in addition,besides,另外(递进）,4. The young man didnt enjoy his old job. _(相反 ) he finds the new job very interesting.,On the contrary,However,转折,But/yet/while,5. _(总之), we should make good use of computer.,In general,In a word/all in all,总结,In short/brief,Generally speaking,6._(我认为) , students had better not buy a cellphone.we should spend time and money on other more important things.,As far as Im concerned,In my opinion/its my opinion that,个人观点,I think/believe,写作步骤一般分为以下几个阶段： 1 审题 理解题意、抓住中心、掌握要领、判断文体。对题目进行仔细研究、透彻理解是写好作文关键的一步。 2 构思 思考主题所需的题材并按照作文主旨要求组织层次清楚、合乎逻辑，前后连贯的文章框架，然后拟出提纲，根据提纲所提供的信息设计每段的主题句，它是一个段落的中心、文章的关键。再围绕主题句考虑扩展句，它是用来详细阐述，证明支持主题句的思想。最后是结尾句，位于全段末，是对全段内容归纳、总结或提出结论性的句子。 3 组织文章 构思阶段完成的主题句、扩展句和结尾句只是以句子的形式出现，组织文章则要把独立的句子通过使用过渡词把句与句、段与段很好地连接起来，做到整体结构自然流畅、条理清楚、意思来年意思连贯、语意正确、句子多样化。 4 修改定稿 在完成一篇作文之后，一定要进行修改，一般从以下几个方面着手：a.主谓是否一致 b. 时态是否混乱 c. 拼写是否有错 d.标点大写是否正确 e. 用词是否得当 f.句子成份是否完整,抓好习作讲评课，及时反馈信息，是提高学生书面表达能力不可缺少的一项工作。为此我对自己提出了以下要求： 1、如在时间紧的情况下，可抽查部分学生的作文评 阅，重点抽查中下水平的学生的作文，采用当面 批改的形式，从而大面积提高教学质量。 2、批阅过程中，认真记录习作中存在的带有普遍性和 典型性的错误，为讲评课作材料准备。 3、将一些写得较好的错误较少的习作张贴出来，或讲 评时读给全班学生听，给予鼓励。 4、备好、上好讲评课，使不同层次的学生在每次习作 中能有所获。,及时讲评,改变句子的开头-灵活的奥妙 多种句式-精彩总是在变化中 分词和不定式-极富表现力的表达 过渡词-文章的润滑剂 习语-使你文采飞扬,与众不同 洋味十足- 话措词 不难的一招-相同的意思用不同的词语,A Students version,Many students feel it difficult to finish so much homework. Not only do they have classes in school but also do their homework at home. I have heard that some of students stay up until midnight. How hard they are! In my opinion, there are some reasons causing it. On one hand, the teachers consider that the more exercise the students do, the better they will learn . so the teachers ask the poor students to do a good many work. On the other hand, the parents also demand their children that they should do too much homework in order to get their lessons improved. Im not in favor of taking too much work .The teachers and parents should change their way to bring up their children.,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,a great deal of,_,_,/,_,1. 改变句子的开头方式.不要一味地用主语开头,适当使用状语提前,1).We met at the school gate and went together early in the morning 2). The young man could not help crying when he heard the news. 3) We all Know that internet will help us a lot if we use it properly.,Early in the morning, we met in the school gate and went together,Hearing the news, the young man couldnt help crying,As is known to us all/As we all know, internet will help us a lot if we use it properly,2.多种句式. 避免在整篇文章中只使用一两个句式,可以灵活运用省略句,强调句,倒装句,主从复句 with独立主格结构,1).My parents praised Ahfu warmly. It had saved my sister bravely. 2).We had to stand there to catch other offenders 3).Our school has changed a lot.,My parents praised Ahfu warmly, who had saved my sister bravely.,What we had to do is to stand there to catch other offenders,Our school has been /is no longer what it was /used to be.,4). He opened his eyes wide and looked at me curiously. 5).When I saw the scene, I felt very frightened. 6).We dont have enough time to have a rest for a single day.,He looked at me curiously with his eyes wide open.,At the scene, how frightened I felt!,Not a single day do we have enough time to have a rest.,分词和不定式-极强的语言表现力,1.He stopped us half an hour ago and made us catch the next offenders. 2.We had s short rest, then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories , some played chess.,He stopped us half an hour ago to make us catch the ,Having had a short rest, we began to play happily, singing and dancing. Some told stories, while others played chess.,3.Tom is a boy of six. He knows three languages. 4.The boss was greatly satisfied with my answer and decided to employ me.,Being a boy of six, Tom knows three languages.,As a boy of six ,Tom,Aged six, Tom,Greatly satisfied with my answer, the boss decided to,过渡词-文章的润滑剂,记住积累一些常用的过渡词,拿来即用: then, besides, furthermore ,moreover, What was/is more What was/is worse, In addition(to this), so far as Im concerned, As well (as) , not onlybut also, on the contrary, after all, apart from that, in my opinion, therefore, As a result, Needless to say(不用说), thereafter(后来) ,afterward, however, nevertheless , sooner or later,巧用一些介词短语,名词短语,形容词短语 使文采不同凡响 1).Many houses are being built. 2).She hurried to catch the train. 3).When I thought of the coming holiday, I just couldnt helping smiling .,巧用习语-增加文采,Many houses are under construction.,She was in a hurry to catch the train.,At the thought of the coming holiday, I just ,4).We decided to stay to help the poor old lady 5).When the man got on the bus ,he was tired and hungry.,巧用习语-增加文采,We made a decision to give help to the poor old lady,Tired and hungry, the man got on the bus.,I dont want to live with a stranger in a hotel room. She shouted loudly , “Ive succeeded!” I was very eager to go home.,I dont want to share a hotel room with a stranger.,She shouted at the top of her voice, “I ve made it!”,I coulnt wait to go home.,洋味十足-才是好文章,不难的一招-相同的意思用不同的词语,1)I like being left quiet while my sister likes being in an active situation. 2)My father lost his work one week after my mother got her work in a supermarket.,I like being left quiet while my sister enjoys being in an active situation.,My father lost his work one week after my Mother got her job in a supermarket.,1. A girl was crossing a road. The girl was pretty. The road was wide.,A pretty girl was crossing a wide road.,2. In the middle of the road, the girl stopped to look at her skirt. She was silly. She looked at her new skirt.,In the middle of the road, the silly girl stopped to look at her new skirt.,3. A truck turned round the corner. The truck turned suddenly. The truck was big.,Suddenly, a big truck turned round the corner.,4. A woman on the sidewalk let out a scream. The woman was terrified. The scream was loud.,A terrified woman on the sidewalk let out a loud scream.,5. The scream woke the girl up. The scream was loud. The girl was absent-minded.,The loud scream woke up the absent-minded girl.,6. The truck stopped just in front of the girl. The girl was frightened.,The truck stopped just in front of the frightened girl.,A girl was crossing a road. The girl was pretty. The road was wide. In the middle of the road, the girl stopped to look at her skirt. She was silly. She looked at her new skirt. A truck turned round the corner. The truck turned suddenly. The truck was big. A woman on the sidewalk let out a scream. The woman was terrified. The scream was loud. The scream woke the girl up. The scream was loud. The girl was absent-minded. The truck stopped just in front of the girl. The girl was frightened.,A pretty girl was crossing a wide road. In the middle of the road, the silly girl stopped to look at her new skirt. Suddenly, a big truck turned round the corner. A terrified woman on the sidewalk let out a loud scream. The loud scream woke up the absent-minded girl. The truck stopped just in front of the frightened girl.,An old man was standing by the door. The conductor asked the young man to give his seat to the old man. The young man pretended to have fallen asleep. I felt sorry for the old man and angry with the young man. The young man should be ashamed of himself and learn to respect old people. (57),The bus was not crowded. When I got on it, I saw an old man standing by the door.,Then I heard the bus conductor asking a young man to give his seat to the old man.,But he did not move. I could see that he pretended to have fallen asleep.,So I felt sorry for the old man and angry with the young man.,I thought the young man should be ashamed of himself and learn to respect old people. (82),I saw two women selecting shoes at the counter. I heard them talking loudly about the shoes. I heard them saying that the shoes were nice and the price was good. I saw more customers coming. I saw the two women talking to other customers. I heard them urging people to buy the shoes. I saw the shop owner giving the two women some money. I heard him offering them more money if he could sell more shoes.(78),Last Sunday I went shopping in Xidan Shopping Center. As I entered a small shoe store,I saw two women selecting shoes at the counter.,Suddenly they raised their voice and began to talk loudly about how nice the shoes were and how low the price was.,Just then an old couple walked into the shop.,The two women showed them the shoes and urged them to buy a pair.,When the couple left the store with their shoes, I saw the shop owner give the two women some money.,He also said he would offer them more if more people bought the shoes.,(104),We went to Beidaihe to enjoy the summer. We went there by train. We stayed at Haibin Hotel. The hotel was located in Shatan Street. We walked on the beach, collected shells, swam in the sea, watched sunrise, went steam-boating and built a campfire. We enjoyed fresh seafood. (48),Last year we went to Beidaihe to enjoy the summer.,Around 4 oclock on Friday afternoon, we got off the train at Beidaihe,a small city on the coast.,We got on a bus, and it took us directly to Haibin Hotel, located in Shatan Street not far from the beach.,Supper was excellent. We all like the seafood because it was fresh and the price was good.,After supper we walked on the beach, sat on the sand, collected shells, and built a campfire.enjoyed the cool wind from the sea.,The next morning we got up early to watch the sunrise. It was so beautiful.,During the day, we went swimming in the sea or went steam-boating.,We spent a whole week there, and I enjoyed every day of it.,(119),(132),The boy wanted to become a writer, but he didnt know how to write or what to write. He found the “Magic Writer”. He suddenly had a lot of ideas and he could write on and on. His new book was soon published, but when the book was opened, the words flew into the air. The boy was surprised, and he was going to keep the book closed forever. (69),The boy wanted to become a famous writer.,However, he was very poor at writing.,He even found it hard to write the short compositions for his Chinese lessons,to say nothing of poems and novels.,One day, he saw a bottle of “Magic Writer” on his desk.,The words on the bottle said that if someone took the pills, he would be able to write good articles.,The boy was delighted and took all of them.,Suddenly he had a lot of bright ideas and he could write on and on.,Soon his new book was published.,The boy was very excited.,But when he opened the book, the words all flew into the air.,He was surprised and couldnt know why.,But he was sure for one thing he had to keep his books closed forever. (138),(117),分词短语,1. They walked down the street. They saw a robber.,Walking down the street, they saw a robber.,2. He took a large paint brush. He began the task of painting the house.,Taking a large paint brush, he began the task of painting the house.,3. The farmers get very thirsty. They work under the hot sun.,Working under the hot sun, the farmers get very thirsty.,4. We followed a dirt track. We came to an old gold mine.,Following a dirt track, we came to an old gold mine.,5. You can find some very unusual plants. You walk through the bush.,Walking through the bush, you can find some very unusual plants.,6. _ (cook) in the kitchen, she burnt her fingers.,Cooking,7. _ (drive) too fast around a corner, he hit a car stopping by the road.,Driving,8. _ (hear) the good news, she jumped with joy.,Hearing,9. _ (open) the door, I found an old man lying on the ground, dead.,Opening,10. While _ (wait) for the train, I had a long talk with Bill Clinton.,waiting,根据以下提示写一篇有关交通事故的报道。 词数100左右。 提示：（1）时间：昨天。 （2）地点：市中心大街第二拐角处。 （3）原因：卡车司机开车前饮酒过多，开 车时头晕，车失控撞翻一辆小 汽车。 （4）伤亡：4人死亡，部分人受伤。 （5）影响：市区交通中断一小时。 （6）损失：一百万。 （7）市政府告诫司机要从事故中吸取教训。 参考词汇：头晕： dizzy 经济损失：economic damage 交通中断：delay the traffic,要求：至少一处用到分词短语。,A Traffic Accident,A traffic accident happened yesterday. A truck knocked a car over at the second turning. Four people died and several injured. The driver had too much wine. When he drove, he felt dizzy. He couldnt control the truck. The accident delayed the traffic. It caused an economic damage of one billion yuan. The government warned the drivers to learn a lesson from the accident. (64),A terrible traffic accident happened in a downtown street yesterday. A speeding truck knocked a car over at the second turning of the main street. As a result, four people were killed and several injured. It was soon found out that the truck driver had had too much wine before driving. While driving, he felt dizzy and couldnt control the truck. The accident delayed all the traffic for an hour. and caused an economic damage of one billion yuan. The city government warned all the drivers to learn a lesson from the accident. (93),至少一处用分词,1. 7:15, February 8, 2000 2. before the gate of the park on Park Road 3. walk along Park Road towards the east 4. drive up Third Street, make a right turn into Park Road, hit the man 5. not stop, drive off, head west along the road 6. yellow, AC864, woman,It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8, 2000.,Walking along Park Road towards the east, I saw an old man come out of the park on the