基于现有传感器的桥梁无线检测技术的研究.pdf

博博士士学学位位论论文文 基于现有传感器的桥梁无线检测 技术的研究 TECHNIQUE RESEARCH ON WIRELESS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR BRIDGES BASED ON THE EXISTING SENSOR 李李忠忠龙龙 哈尔滨工业大学 2008 年 8 月 国内图书分类号：U446,TN923学校代码：10213 国际图书分类号：624.2/.8密级：公开 工学博士学位论文 基于现有传感器的桥梁无线检测 技术的研究 博 士 研 究 生： 李忠龙 导师： 黄侨 教授 副导师： 沙学军 教授 申请 学 位： 工学博士 学 科、专 业： 桥梁与隧道工程 所 在 单 位： 交通科学与工程学院 答 辩 日 期： 2008 年 8 月 授予学位单位： 哈尔滨工业大学 Classified Index： U446,TN923 U.D.C： 624.2/.8 Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree in Engineering TECHNIQUE RESEARCH ON WIRELESS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR BRIDGES BASED ON THE EXISTING SENSOR Candidate：LI Zhonglong Supervisor：Prof. HUANG Qiao Associate Supervisor:Prof. SHAXuejun Academic DegreeApplied for：Doctor of Engineering Speciality：Bridge and Tunnel Engineering Affiliation：School of Transportation Science And Engineering Date of Defence：August, 2008 Degree-Conferring-Institution： Harbin Institute of Technology 摘要 - I - 摘要 桥梁作为国家基础设施的重要组成部分，在国民经济和社会生活中的作 用越来越重要，人们对大型桥梁的安全性、耐久性及正常使用功能日益关注 和重视。 随着世界范围内桥梁结构的检测、监测、损伤、老化、病害及事故等问 题再次突出。尤其近期国内外桥梁接连发生重大事故，桥梁安全面临严重挑 战。为确保桥梁的安全运营，应对桥梁进行科学的检测，现有的桥梁检测过 程中均采用有线方式进行数据传输。此技术手段虽有数据传输效率高和技术 成熟的优点，但在大跨度桥梁结构测试中，布线、撤线和安装费用高等问题 尤为突出。桥梁无线测试系统采用无线通信手段替换有线传输链路部分，解 决了上述问题，因此开展大型桥梁结构的无线检测技术的研究非常必要。 本论文结合桥梁结构测试技术、计算机技术、现代传感技术、无线通信 技术及信号与系统技术,提出了桥梁无线测试系统的整体结构。 桥梁无线测试 系统主要由硬件和软件两大部分组成。硬件的系统结构由主站和若干副站组 成，主站主要由控制中心子系统、数据传输子系统组成。副站主要由数据传 输子系统、采集子系统组成。软件系统由主控程序、数据处理算法程序和单 片机程序组成。 在数据采集子系统方面，开展了适用于桥梁静态测试常用的电阻应变式 和振弦式传感器和动态测试常用的 941B 型拾振器的数据采集节点的研发工 作，其具有单个采集节点控制多个传感器，实现单节点采集、存储和共有单 个发射机进行数据传输特点。进行了对采集节点电源供应、相关电路、检测 单元电路和信号处理的软硬件等进行设计、调试，最终集成了副站的无线数 据采集节点。实验室的试验表明，所研发的静动态数据采集节点能够满足桥 梁工程的测量精度。 在数据传输子系统方面， 借鉴国际标准化组织的 OSI 七层通信协议标准， 并考虑桥梁无线测试系统本身复杂程度的实际特点，分析其协议的有效性及 无线传输可靠性， 将无线通信的通信协议简化成三层， 构筑独立的通信平台， 而不是使用现有的无线通信模块或者现有的通信网络，提高了通信协议的传 输效率、准确性和灵活性。 在控制中心子系统方面，进行了软件设计与编程工作，完成了单片机控 制程序、主控程序、数据库程序及静动态数据后处理算法程序的设计、实现。 哈尔滨工业大学工学博士学位论文 - II - 最后对所研发的桥梁无线测试系统进行了室内外试验验证，研究结果表 明：所研发的无线测试系统,具有采集准确、精度高、传输可靠、操作简单和 稳定性强等特点,能够完成对结构的静态应变、挠度及动态的加速度、速度信 号测量。 关键词：桥梁无线测试系统；无线通信；数据采集；应变式传感器；拾振器 Abstract - III - Abstract As an important part of national infrastructure, bridge plays a more and more important role in the national economy and social life. Now people pay more attention to safety, durability and normal function of large-scale bridges. Examination, monitor, damage, aging, plant disease and accidents of the bridge structure are more prominent along with the world scope. Especially recently, significant accidents have happened on many domestic and foreign bridges. The bridge safety faces serious challenge. In order to ensure the bridge safety during service time, bridges should be scientifically tested. Bridges are presently tested with wire data transmission. Although this technique is efficient and mature, for test of long span bridges, wire data transmission technique costs too much time on wire setting and removing and its installation expense is high. The bridge wireless measurement system has solved the above problems, which uses the wireless communication method to replace wire transmission. Therefore it is essential to develop wireless examination technology for long span bridge structure. In this thesis, a bridge wireless measurement system is presented which combines bridge structure detection technique, computer technology, modern sensor technology, wireless communication and system technology. The wireless measurement system consists of hardware and software. The hardware system structure is composed of a master station and several substations. The master station is composed of control center subsystem and data transmission subsystem. The substation is composed of data transmission subsystem and gathering subsystem. The software system consists of controlling, data and Single Chip Micyoco processing. In data acquisition subsystem, the data collecting node of secondary station applying for the sensor of resistance strain, vibrating string and 941B type vibration sensor for bridge static and dynamic test is researched and exploited. Multiple sensors can be controlled by single collecting node and data of multiple sensors can be collected, stored by single collecting node and transmitted with single transmitting device. Software and hardware of power supporting, circuit 哈尔滨工业大学工学博士学位论文 - IV - and testing element circuit are designed and debugged for data collection node and finally integrated into wireless data collection module of secondary station. Experimental result shows that this static data collection module can meet the requirement of detection precision for bridge engineering. In data transmission subsystem, wireless correspondence agreement is designed by drawing lessons from the OSI of ISO, considering complexity of wireless measurement system for bridge. Its validity of agreement and stability of transmissionisanalyzed.Theindependentcommunicationsplatformis constructed, but not using existing wireless communication module or existing communication network. Wireless communications are simplified into three agreements to enhance the communication protocol of the transmission efficiency, accuracy and flexibility. In control center subsystem, the software system is designed and realized, which includes design, realization and experiments of Single Chip Micyoco control procedure, master control program, database procedure and wireless data post-processing algorithmic routine. Finally, the wireless measurement system is tested by indoors and outdoors experiments. The result of load experiment shows that the wireless measurement system is accurate, reliable, easily operational and stable. It is capable of fulfill detection of structure static strain, deflection and dynamic acceleration, and speed signal measurement. Keywords: Bridge wireless measurement system, wireless transmission, data acquisition, strain sensor, vibratory sensor 目录 - V - 目录 摘要. I AbstractIII 第 1 章 绪论.1 1.1 课题背景及意义 1 1.1.1 课题来源1 1.1.2 研究的目的和意义2 1.2 国内外桥梁无线测试系统的现状与分析 4 1.3 桥梁无线测试系统的整体结构 7 1.4 无线通信的承载方式 9 1.5 桥梁无线测试系统的问题与分析 11 1.6 桥梁无线测试系统的网络化 13 1.6.1 桥梁无线测试系统的无线通信模式13 1.6.2 无线传感器网络14 1.6.3 桥梁无线测试系统的网络化15 1.7 本论文的主要研究内容 16 第 2 章 桥梁无线静态应变测试系统的研究及设计 .18 2.1 引言 18 2.2 控制中心子系统的结构设计 19 2.3 数据采集子系统的关键技术与硬件研究及设计 20 2.3.1 引言20 2.3.2 传感器原理20 2.3.3 前端逻辑电路模块研究及设计28 2.3.4 单片机控制模块设计30 2.3.5 电压调整模块设计31 2.3.6 模数转换模块设计32 2.4 数据传输子系统的研究及设计 33 2.4.1 引言33 2.4.2 射频收发模块设计33 2.4.3 帧格式研究及设计34 2.4.4 通信协议的研究及设计38 2.4.5 无线信道纠错技术研究及设计46 哈尔滨工业大学工学博士学位论文 - VI - 2.4.6 串口通信模块设计48 2.4.7 桥梁无线静态测试系统的性能分析48 2.5 桥梁无线静态测试系统的成套设备 50 2.6 本章小结 51 第 3 章 桥梁无线动态测试系统的研究及设计.52 3.1 引 言 52 3.2 无线动态测试系统的整体结构设计 52 3.3 无线动态测试系统的采集子系统的设计 53 3.3.1 振动传感器的工作原理53 3.3.2 桥梁无线动态测试系统的调理模块的设计55 3.3.3 桥梁无线动态测试系统的单片机控制模块的设计56 3.3.4 桥梁无线动态测试系统的数据采集和射频模块的设计57 3.4 桥梁无线动态测试系统的通信协议的研究及设计 59 3.4.1 通信帧格式的研究及设计59 3.4.2 动态系统通信协议的设计62 3.5 无线测试系统的动态信号数据后处理的算法及程序实现 63 3.5.1 离散傅里叶变换（DFT）基础理论63 3.5.2 动态信号数据分析与结果评定71 3.6 桥梁无线动态测试的成套设备 75 3.7 本章小结 75 第 4 章 桥梁无线测试系统的软件开发.77 4.1 引言 77 4.2 桥梁无线测试系统终端程序 78 4.2.1 C+ Builder 简述78 4.2.2 软件要求78 4.2.3 SQL Server 2000 简述78 4.2.4 数据库结构设计80 4.2.5 桥梁无线测试系统软件管理功能的设计与实现87 4.2.6 桥梁无线测试系统软件数据采集窗体的设计90 4.2.7 无线测试系统主程序流程的设计93 4.3 桥梁无线测试系统前端数据采集节点程序设计 100 4.3.1 桥梁无线静态系统数据采集节点程序设计100 4.3.2 桥梁无线动态测试系统的数据采集节点的程序设计104 目录 - VII - 4.4 本章小结 106 第 5 章 桥梁无线测试系统的检验.107 5.1 引言 107 5.2 静态测试系统的试验 107 5.2.1 实验室试验107 5.2.2 通化西昌斜拉桥现场试验110 5.3 动态测试系统的试验 114 5.3.1 实验室试验114 5.3.2 哈尔滨四方台斜拉桥现场测试试验115 5.4 本章小结 117 结论与展望.118 参考文献.120 攻读博士学位期间撰写的学术论文及其它成果 .130 哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文原创性声明.132 哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文使用授权书.132 致谢.133 个人简历.135 哈尔滨工业大学工学博士学位论文 - VIII - Contents Abstract(in Chinese) Abstract(in English) Chapter 1 Introduction1 1.1 Background and significance 1 1.1.1 Research origin1 1.1.2 Research purpose and significance2 1.2 Present status in domestic and foreign bridges4 1.3 Whole structure of bridge wireless measurement system 7 1.4 Wireless communication carrying way 9 1.5 Issues and analysis of bridge wireless measurement system11 1.6 Bridge wireless measurement system network 13 1.6.1 Wireless communication mode of bridgewireless measurement system13 1.6.2 Wireless sensor network14 1.6.3 Bridge wireless measurement system network15 1.7 Main research subject of this thesis 16 Chapter 2 Research and design on bridge wireless strain static measurement system18 2.1 Introduction18 2.2 Design on Control Centre subsystem19 2.3 Research and design on the key technology and hardware of Data Acquisition Subsystem 20 2.3.1 Introduction20 2.3.2 Sensor Principle 20 2.3.3 Research and design on the front-end logic circuits module28 2.3.4 Design on SCM Control Module 30 2.3.5 Design on Voltage Regulator Module31 2.3.6 Design on Analog-digital conversion module32 2.4 Research and design on Data Tansmission Subsystems33 2.4.1 Introduction33 Contents - IX - 2.4.2 Design on RF Transceiver Module 33 2.4.3 Research and design on frame form 34 2.4.4 Research and design on communication protocols38 2.4.5 Research and design on wireless channel error correction method46 2.4.6 Design on Serial Communication Module48 2.4.7 Performance analysis on bridge wireless static testing system 48 2.5 Proto type equipment of bridge wireless static testing system50 2.6 Summary51 Chapter 3 Research and design onbridge wireless dynamic measurement system52 3.1 Introduction52 3.2 Structural design on bridge wireless dynamic measurement system52 3.3 Design on acquisition subsystem of bridge wireless dynamic measurement system 53 3.3.1 The working principle of vibration sensors 53 3.3.2 Design on Modem Module55 3.3.3 Design on SCM Control Module 56 3.3.4 Design on data acquisition module and RF module 57 3.4 Research and design on communication protocols of bridge wireless dynamic measurement system59 3.4.1 Research and design on communication frame format59 3.4.2 Research and design on communication protocols62 3.5 Dynamic data signal processing algorithms and procedures realization63 3.5.1 Basic theory of Discrete Fourier Transform（DFT）63 3.5.2 Dynamic signal analysis and data evaluation 71 3.6 Prototype equipment of bridge wireless dynamic measurement system 75 3.7 Summary75 Chapter 4 Software development of bridge wireless measurement system 77 4.1 Introduction77 4.2 Terminal procedures of br