计算机专业英语第1章.ppt

计算机专业英语,第1 章 Introduction,本章要点 What is the Computer and the Internet? Words and Expressions How To Do：Improving Your Current System How To Work：A Server Grammar Focus：名词、代词、形容词及副词 Text in Chinese：计算机和因特网 Reading Selection : Processor 构词法（） Practical Writing: 怎样写名片,What is the Computer and the Internet?,The fast development of computers has brought Information Technology into our lives. Today nearly everybody can easily use a micro-computer together with the Internet for work and entertainment. Among the four types of computerssupercomputers, mainframe computers, mini-computers and micro-computersthe most widely used and the fastest-growing type is the micro-computers, and the other three types are solely professional computers used in large organizations. Micro-computers include desktop computers (See Figure 1-1), notebook computers (See Figure 1-2), and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) (See Figure 1-3). PDAs are also known as palmtop computers or handheld computers.,What is the Computer and the Internet?,Figure 1-1 Figure 1-2 Figure 1-3,What is the Computer and the Internet?,A micro-computer system involves a variety of devices called hardware essentials. * Micro-computer hardware includes the system unit(See Figure 1-4)holding the microprocessor, the memory, the expansion slots and expansion cards etc., input devices(See Figure 1-5Figure 1-7)including the keyboard, the mouse, and the scanner etc., output devices(See Figure 1-8Figure 1-10) including the monitor, the printer, the speakers etc., and secondary storage devices(See Figure1-11Figure 1-13) including the hard disk, the floppy disk, and the optical disk etc.,What is the Computer and the Internet?,Figure 1-4 Figure 1-5 Figure 1-6 Figure 1-7,What is the Computer and the Internet?,Figure 1-8 Figure 1-9 Figure 1-10,What is the Computer and the Internet?,Figure 1-11 Figure 1-12 Figure 1-13,What is the Computer and the Internet?,The system unit is a container that houses most of the electronic components that make up the computer system. Inside the system unit, the major part is the system board (See Figure 1-14) that holds the microprocessor (mainly CPU), Memory (Random Access Memory & Read Only Memory), and expansion slots with expansion cards. Other components include disk drivesthe hard disk drive, the floppy disk drive and the optical disk drivesand power supply. Outside the system unit there is the floppy disk drive unit, the optical drive unit (See Figure 1-15), USB ports, microphone ports etc.,What is the Computer and the Internet?,* Input and output devices translate data and programs between languages that people can understand and that the computer can recognize and process. Secondary storage devices are designed to hold data and programs even after the power to the computer system is turned off. The important kinds of secondary media are floppy, hard, and optical disks. Optical disks are commonly known as CDs (Compact Discs) and DVDs (Digital Versatile/Video Discs).Figure 1-16 Using cables and satellites, electronic networks establish communications among computers throughout the world. The Internet is a worldwide network for countless connected computers to share information and make communications. (See Figure 1-16) * The World Wide Web or WWW is an Internet service that provides an easy-to-use multimedia interface to connect to the Internet and to access numerous resources available on the Internet. Users with their computers logged on to the Internet can share information with others, send E-mail, use instant message to chat with friends, conduct commercial transactions, etc. With a modem, an Internet connection and a browser, your PC is ready for you to surf the Internet and send E-mail.,What is the Computer and the Internet?,Notes: 1“Micro-computer hardware includes the system unitand the optical disk etc. ” 本句中由破折号引导的4个现在分词短语分别作：the system unit, input devices, output devices, secondary storage devices的同位语，对其补充说明。 2“Input and output devices translate data and programs between languages that people can understand and that the computer can recognize and process.” 本句中两个由that引导的定语从句共同修饰languages. 意为：人能够理解的语言和计算机能够识别和处理的语言。 3“The World Wide Web or WWW is an Internet service that provides an easy-to-use multimedia interface to connect to the Internet and to access numerous resources available on the Internet.” 本句中由that引导的定语从句修饰an Internet service，在该定语从句中to connect to the Internet和to access numerous resources两个动词不定式短语同作interface的后置定语，available on the Internet又作resources的后置定语。 意为：环球网（万维网）属于因特网的一种服务系统，它提供了使用简便的多媒体界面来连接因特网和存取因特网上的大量资源。,What is the Computer and the Internet?,Grammar Focus：名词、代词、形容词及副词 名词：可以分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词是某个（些）人、地方、机构等专有的名称。普通名词是一类人或东西，是一个抽象概念的名词。 代词：形容词和副词都有级的变化。用来代替名词、数词、短语或从句的词叫代词。按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、关系代词和不定代词等。 形容词及副词：形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、介词短语或其他副词。形容词和副词都有级的变化。 同等比较句型： 1）肯定句式：“A +谓语+ as +adj./adv.原级+ as + B”表示A与B一样。 2）否定句式：“A+谓语+not as(so)+adj./adv.原级+ as + B”表示A与B不同，或A不如B。 比较级常用句型： 1）“A+谓语+adj./adv.比较级+ than +B”表示A比B更 2）“which is + adj./adv.比较级, A or B?”表示两者之间选择。 3）“adj./adv.比较级 + and + adj./adv.比较级”表示越来越 4）“the+比较级the+比较级”表示越 越,What is the Computer and the Internet?,最高级常用句型： 1）“adj./adv.最高级+of（in）+比较范围”表示“在（范围）中，最” 2）“one of the + adj.最高级+名词复数”表示“其中之一”。 3）“this is / was the + adj.最高级+单数名词或不可数名词+that定语从句”表示“这 是最” 倍数表示法： A is + 基数词+ times + as + adj. + as B. Your house is twice as large as his. A is + 基数词+ times + 比较级+than B Your house is three times larger than his. A is + 基数词+ times the size (length) of B Your house is one third the height of his.,What is the Computer and the Internet?,Text in Chinese：计算机和因特网 计算机的飞速发展已将我们的生活带入信息技术时代。今天，几乎每个人都能很容易地使用计算机和因特网来工作和娱乐。 在4种类型的计算机巨型计算机、主机计算机、小型计算机和微型计算机中，微机是最广泛使用和发展最快的计算机类型，其他3种计算机只作为专业计算机应用与大型组织或机构中。微型计算机包括台式、笔记本便携式和个人数字助手。个人数字助手又称为掌上微机。 微机系统装备的各种设备称为硬件。微机硬件包括：系统装置包括微处理器、内存储器、扩充卡槽等，输入设备包括键盘、鼠标、扫描仪等，输出设备包括监视器、打印机、音箱等，二级存储设备包括硬盘、软盘、光盘等。 系统装置容纳着多数构成微机系统的电子元件。 系统装置内部最主要部分是主板。主板上有微处理器、内存储器（随机存储器和只读存储器）和扩展卡槽。其他部件包括磁盘驱动器（硬盘驱动器、软盘驱动器）和光盘驱动器，以及电力供应设备。,What is the Computer and the Internet?,系统装置外部有软盘驱动装置、光盘驱动装置、USB 端口、麦克风、耳机端口等。 输入和输出设备是人机间语言翻译的中介，将人类语言翻译为计算机识别和处理的语言输入，再将计算机语言翻译为人能理解的语言输出。 二级存储设备用于存储数据和程序，即使计算机断电数据也不会失去。重要的二级存储器包括：软盘、硬盘、光盘。光盘即CD和DVD，使用激光技术，在二级存储设备中拥有最大的存储容量。 数据。计算机系统中，数据指以电子信号形式存入文档的数据，例如，电子文本，电子表格，电子幻灯片等。 网络和因特网。电子网络使用电缆和卫星在全球范围建立计算机之间的通信。因特网是遍及世界的网络，为世界上无数计算机提供网络连接、共享信息和通信。万维网是因特网的一个服务器，它为连网的计算机提供简便的多媒体界面，让计算机能够读取因特网上大量的资源。将计算机连接到因特网的用户可与他人共享信息，发送电子邮件，与朋友聊天，网上买卖交易等。只要你的个人微机安装了调制解调器、浏览器并连接了因特网就可以在网上冲浪了。,What is the Computer and the Internet?,Reading Selection : Processor A processor is a functional unit that interprets and carries out instructions. Every processor comes with a unique set of operations such as ADD, STORE, or LOAD that represent the processors instruction set. An instruction is made up of operations that specify the function to be performed and operands that represent the data to be operated on. If an operand refers to data in the computers memory, it is called an address. The processors job is to retrieve instructions and operands from memory and to perform each operation. Having done that, it signals the memory to send it to the next instruction. This step-by-step operation is repeated over and over again at awesome speed. A timer called a clock releases precisely timed electrical signals that provide a regular pulse for the processors work. A processor is composed of two functional unitsa control unit and an arithmetic/logic unitand a set of special workspaces called registers.,What is the Computer and the Internet?,The control unit is the functional unit that is responsible for supervising the operation of the entire computer system. It makes the connections between various functional units of the computer system and calls into operation each unit that is required by the program currently in operation. The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) is the functional unit that provides the computer with logical and computational capabilities. Data are brought into the ALU by the control unit, and the ALU performs whatever arithmetic or logic operations are required to help carry out the instruction. A register is a storage location inside the processor. Registers in the control unit are used to keep track of the overall status of the program that is running. Control unit registers store information such as the current instruction, the location of the next instruction to be executed, and the operands of the instruction. In the ALU, registers store data items that are added, subtracted, multiplied, divided, and compared. Other registers store the results of arithmetic and logic operations. An important factor that affects the speed and performance of a processor is the size of the registers. The word length describes the size of an operand register. If the operand registers of a processor are 16 bits wide, the processor is said to be a 16-bit processor.,What is the Computer and the Internet?,构词法（） 对于一个不熟悉的单词，我们可以通过上下文来知道其意思，同时我们知道许多英语单词是由英语、古希腊语、拉丁语合成。如果知道这些词的各个组成部分，就可以通过英语单词的各组成部分的含义猜出不熟悉的英语单词了。学习英语构词法就是通过研究单词构造来帮助你学习英语单词，这对扩大英语词汇量具有重大意义。 一般来说，比较复杂的英语单词可由三部分组成：前缀（prefix）、词干（stem）或词根（root）、后缀（suffix）。也就是说，固定的基础词部分叫词干或词根，它是有意义的，是能存在的词的最小单位。在词干或词根前的称前缀，在词干或词根后的称后缀。 例如，microcomputer一词里，micro-是词的前缀，表示“微小的”；comput是词的词干或叫词根，表示“计算”；-er是后缀，表示“者”。如果我们知道词干或词根的含义，再知道典型的前缀、后缀的意义，就不必查阅字典，也可以准确地判断该词的意义了。 学习少量的构词成分能有多大的作用呢？对此，人们曾经做过估计，掌握了本书中的基本构词法，就可能悟出多达14000个左右单词的意义。很显然，学会构词法是增大英语词汇量的捷径。,What is the Computer and the Internet?,英语构成新词主要有以下三种形式。 转化（Conversion）：即由一个词类转化为另一个词类，而词的原型不变。 1）动词转化为名词 例如：to water（浇水） some water（水） to excuse（原谅）an excuse（借口） to try（尝试） to have a try（试一下） to dream（做梦）a dream（梦想） 2）名词转化成动词 例如：a house（房屋） to house（居住） a mail（邮件） to mail（邮寄） a bridge（桥） to bridge（度过） a nurse（护士） to nurse（护理） 3）形容词转化为动词 例如：slow（慢慢的） to slow（减速） empty（空空的）to empty（倒空） warm（暖暖的） to warm（使暖和） dirty（脏脏的） to dirty（弄脏） 合成（Compounding）：即由两个（或两个以上）词合成另一个新词。合成的组成形式有时是用连字符“-”连在一起的，有时是直接连在一起的。,What is the Computer and the Internet?,1）合成形容词 例如：good-looking （好看的） high-level （高级的；高水平的） new-born （新生的） heartfelt （由衷的） first-rate （一流的） happy-go-lucky （无忧无虑的） 2）合成名词 例如：input （输入量） shorthand （速记） output （输出） handwriting （书法） 3）合成动词 例如： overthrow （推翻） blacklist （列入黑名单） eavesdrop （偷听） sleep-walk （梦游） 派生（Derivation）：即由一个词根或词干加词缀（前缀或后缀）构成新词。 1）加前缀 例如：happy （高兴的） unhappy （不高兴的） write （写） rewr