环境工程研究生双语.pptVIP

Environmental Policy in the U.S.,美国的环境政策,环境科学与工程 龚鹏飞,2,Outline,1 Introduction导言,4 U.S.-China Cooperation on Environmental Protection 中美环保方面的合作,3 Problems and why 出现的问题和原因分析,2 Development of Environmental Policy in U.S.环境政策在美国的发展,5 Conclusion 结语,3,1 Introduction导言,Our earth was very beautiful,4,The world is not only hungry，but also thirsty for water. Man can only drink and use the other 3% - the fresh water that comes from rivers，lakes，underground. And we cannot even use all of that, because some of it is in the form of icebergs . Even worse, some of it has been polluted.,Now we are fighting for the earth.,Garbage,Now we are fighting for the earth.,The environment is innocent !,8,By the late 1980s, the publics sense of environment protection grew out of nothing, the Federal Government went from shouldering no responsibility to playing more and more active part in the environment protection. 到20世纪80年代后期，市民的环保意识从无到有，联邦政府承担责任，在保护环境中发挥更多和更积极地参与。,2 Development of Environmental Policy in U.S.,9,1970s First Earth Day - April 22, 1970. Much environmental legislation passed. Immediate, obvious problems were relatively easy to address.,10,1980s Reagan Administration里根执政 Resurgence in awareness by late 80s 八十年代末期思想觉悟复苏 1990s Environmental issues become major Presidential campaign topic.环境方面的议题成为了总统竞选的主要话题 Decline in membership of major environmental organizations, but increase in grassroots organizations.主流环保组织的成员减少，但是基层组织增多,11,Through legislation ，congress regulates，behavior，selects agencies to implement new programs ,and sets general procedural guidelines . The environment protection policy in the U.S.A. has been on a new development stage since 1980s, but suffered repeated setbacks.,3 Problems,12,The Command-and-Control pattern that the Federal government adopted(联邦政府发挥主导作用的“命令控制模式”) Separated powers, checks & balances权力机构不集中相互制衡 Incrementalism环境保守主义观,Problems,Why?,As far as I know,13,It not only led to a low ratio between cost and effect of the environmental protection management system, but also interfered the management of enterprises, making them carry huge budget for that. The expansion of the divergence between the environmentalists and the environment pollution enterprises make it hard for them to reach compromise.,the Command-and-Control pattern that the Federal government adopted“命令控制模式,14,Separated powers, checks & balances 权力机构不集中相互制衡,Power in American government is divided and limited by constitutional design One interpretation: No one is in charge!,15,Incrementalism渐进主义,Is the most common U.S. approach to dealing with public problems Involves making and implementing policies in a series of small steps (increments) It implies that making policy will usually be a long, slow process,16,So,we can see that though the period from 1970s to 1990 did bring forth some very tangible accomplishments in environmental policy.However, a new environmental awareness and concern began to surface as a major political issue. 所以我们可以看出从20世纪70年代至1990年期间，美国在环境相关保护政策方面确实带来一些非常切实的成就。然而，从20世纪80年代末，人们对环境保护有了新的认识和更进一步的关注，开始作为一个重大的政治问题呈现出来。,4 U.S.-China Cooperation on Environmental Protection 中美环保方面的合作,Main Goals of U.S. Cooperation with China on the Environment 美国与中国在环境方面合作的重要目标,To help China develop the technical means to prevent environmental degradation, even while maintaining economic growth. 帮助中国发展阻止环境恶化的技术并保持经济增长。 To share U.S. experience in policy development aimed at making tough environmental policy decisions. 分享美国在制定强硬环境政策方面的经验。 To support Chinas growing trend of public participation in environmental governance. 支持中国公众参与环境治理。,Examples of Technical Assistance Cooperation 技术援助合作的例子,U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is providing technical assistance on: Cleaner air and cleaner energy technology, effects of particulate matter on childrens lungs, and air pollution and asthma. 美国环境保护局(EPA)提供的技术援助有：空气净化、清洁能源技术、颗粒物对孩子呼吸器的影响、空气污染、哮喘。 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is providing technical assistance on: Clean fuels, power systems, oil and gas technology, and climate science. 美国能源部(DOE)提供的技术援助有：清洁燃料、能源系统、油汽技术、气候科学。 DOE also doing demonstration projects on energy efficient buildings, wind power, solar power, and geothermal heat pump technology. 美国能源部还做的示范项目有：节能建筑，风能，太阳能，地热收水技术。,20,The rules of environmental law in the world are making progress and the situation is already better this year than before. Even so, both governments and civil resources for seeking damages are inadequate, law enforcement is weak and success is only seen in straightforward cases. These issues still need to be resolved.,5 Conclusion 结语,Yes, we only have one earth ,so all of us ta