翻译抉择,文本,功能,类型分析.pptx

Katharina Reiss （凯瑟琳娜莱斯） Type, Kind, and Individuality of Text Decision making in translation 翻译的抉择：类型、体裁、及文本的个性,Agenda,The Basic Introduction of the Author Theory Outline Practical Application,Katharina Reiss凯瑟琳娜莱斯,German linguist and translation scholar. Her works have been important in the field of translation criticism. She is a defender of the Skopos theory（目的论）.,works,Translation Criticism: The Potentials and Limitations. Categories and Criteria for Translation Quality Assessment. 翻译批评的可能性和限制 (with Hans Vermeer) Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie. 普通翻译理论原理,翻译的抉择：类型、体裁、及文本的个性,分析阶段（phrase of analysis）：要确定原文的功能类型（text type）和文本体裁（text variety），然后进行文本外部语言分析。 重述阶段（phrase of reverbalization）：在上一步的基础上组织目标文本的结构，文本功能决定一般翻译方法，体裁决定语言和篇章结构。,1.0 General preliminary remarks 1.1 Interlingual translation 1.2 Communication comprises linguistic and non-linguistic action 1.3 A significant factor for translating 2.0 Phrase of analysis (three stages) 2.1 Establishment of the “text-type“ 2.2 Establishment of the “text variety“ 2.3 Establishment of the analysis of style 3.0 Phase of reverbalization 3.1 Normal cases 3.2 Problematic cases 3.3 Special cases,1.1 Interlingual translation 语际翻译,defined as a bilingual mediated process of communication, which ordinarily aims at the production of a TL text that is functionally equivalent to an SL text.,an ideal communicative is rare in translating. Because the use of two natural languages as well as the employment of the medium of the translator necessarily and naturally result in a change of message during the communicative process. distinguish the changes between “intentional“ and “unintentional“ changes affecting the translation,Unintentional changes may arise from the different language structures as well as from differences in translating competence. Intentional changes frequently occur in translating, if the aims pursued in the translation are different from those of the original; if,besides the language difference of the TL readers, there is a change in the reading circle, etc.,1.2 Communication comprises linguistic and non-linguistic action,Written texts are to be characterized as “one-way communication”. non-linguistic elements contributing to oral communication are partly verbalized.(gestures, facial expressions, speed of speech, etc.),the text analysis is made more difficult by the limitation of explicit verbalization of such elements as well as by the spatio-temporal separatio（时空分离） between addresser and addressee and the lack of feedback during the act of communication.,1.3 A significant factor for translating,Language is subject to the conditions of time. This also applies to language in written texts, which is a significant factor for translating. Two consequence of the fact : First : SL text does not guarantee functional equivalence with TL text any more. Second : the loss of understanding of the original SL text functions,2.0 Phrase of analysis (three stages)分析阶段,Establishment of the “text-type” 文本类型的确立 Establishment of the “text variety” 文本体裁的确立 Establishment of the analysis of style 文本风格的确立,2.1 Establishment of the “text-type“,Text-type: A phenomenon going beyond a single linguistic or cultural context. The communication of content -informative type The communication of artistically organized content - expressive type The communication of content with a persuasive character - operative type,Practical Application,Reiss suggests specific translation strategies based on text type. According to the three forms of text-type, three methods of translation can be described as following:,Informative type,The TT of informative text should transmit the full referential or conceptual content of the ST, the translation should be in plain prose(直白的不加修饰的文体 ),without redundancy and with the use of explication when required.,OKQ New Zealand facial mud is a deep cleansing mask, formulated from natural mineral rich volcanic mud. This high quality mud mask will penetrate deep into your facial skin to remove day to day grime, impurities and dead skin cells. Your skin will feel refreshed and naturally clean. 新西兰OKQ，深层洁面面膜，萃取丰富矿物精华，进入肌肤内部，排除日常尘垢，清理面部杂质、死皮。使肌肤更加清爽、自然。,Expressive type,The TT of an expressive text should transmit the aesthetic and artistic form of the ST, the translation should use the identifying method(同一策略）, with the translator adopting the standpoint of the ST author.,E.B.White E.B.怀特,I enjoy living among pedestrians who have an instinctive and habitual realization that there is more to a journey than the mere fact of arrival. 我喜欢与步行者为伍，因为他们有一种本能的，习惯性的意识，知道走在路上不仅仅以为着到达。,Operative type,The TT of operative text should produce the desired response in the TT receiver, the translation should apply the adaptive method（顺应策略）, creating an equivalent effect among TT readers.,De Beers 戴尔比斯,钻石恒久远一颗永流传,Be the first to know. CNN 我要消息最灵通。 Good to the last drop 滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。（麦斯威尔咖） Obey your thirst 服从你的渴望。（雪碧）,Establishment of the “text variety“,as super-individual acts of speech or writing, which are linked to recurrent actions of communications and in which particular patterns of language and structure have developed because of their recurrence in similar communicative constellations.,Hence, the establishment of the text variety is of decisive importance for the translator, so that he may not endanger the functional equivalence of the TL text by naively adopting SL conventions.,Establishment of the analysis of style,Let style in this connection be understood to mean the ad hoc selection of linguistic signs(语言符号) and of their possibilities of combination supplied by the language system.,Firstly, what linguistic means are used to realize specific communicative functions. Secondly, how the text is constructed.,3.0 Phase of reverbalization,再次词语表现阶段或再语符化阶段： The process of reverbalization is a linear one constructing the TL text out of words, syntagmas, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, et.It is the second phase of the process of translation.,Thesis,The text type determines the general method of translating. The text variety demands consideration for language and text structure conventions. 翻译过程中分析阶段需先确定原文的功能类型和文本体裁，然后进行重述阶段。文本功能决定一般翻译方法，体裁决定语言和语篇结构。,3.1 Normal cases,If the SL text is written to convey contents, these content should be conveyed in the TL text.-informative type Mode of translating: translation according to the sense and meaning,3.1 Normal cases,b. If the SL text is written in order to co