《英汉句子结构分析》PPT课件.ppt

语法分析和逻辑分析,语法分析： 根据目标语英语的词法、句法和语境的需要而确立主语，然后根据主语、宾语（及其补语）选择适当的动词。 逻辑分析：确立汉语小句之间的相互逻辑关系，然后按需要再增加逻辑过渡词和连接词，甚至使用不同形态的动词（如分词）。,第一步：确立主语和谓语动词,汉英翻译过程中，汉语句子的各种成分（constituent） 可根据目标语的需要随意改变。例如，运用被动式可将汉语句子的宾语转换成英语句子的主语。 谓语动词：动词通常是根据宾语来选定的。要尽可能选用及物动词，尤其是双及物动词，因为这类动词携带能力较强。,例1,1、很不幸的是， 他去年三月出了一起严重的车祸。 a. Unfortunately, he had a serious car accident last March. b. Unluckily, a serious traffic accident happened to him last March.,例2a,2、长城是世界一大奇迹。现在，每年都有几百万人到长城游览。 译文一：The Great Wall is a wonder of the world. Millions of tourists visit it each year now. 改进版： The Great wall which millions of tourists visit each year now is a wonder of the world. (两个句子合而为一）,例2b,长城是世界一大奇迹。现在，每年都有几百万人到长城游览。 译文二： The Great Wall is a wonder of the world. It attracts millions of tourists each year now.(主宾换位，改用动词attract) 改进版：The Great Wall which attracts millions of tourists each year now is a wonder of the world.,例2c,长城是世界一大奇迹。现在，每年都有几百万人到长城游览。 译文三：The Great Wall is a wonder of the world. It is visited by millions of tourists each year now.（主宾换位，改用被动式） 改进版： The Great Wall, a wonder of the world, is visited by millions of tourists each year now. （同位语与被动式更符合英语的表达习惯和思维逻辑）,确定主语,1、词性转换：汉语的词性相互转换-动词转名词、副词转形容词、名词转形容词等。 2、改变结构：把汉语的“主谓（宾）”结构转换为偏正结构-“主语+关系代词+谓（+宾）”,确定主语例1a,陈水扁被起诉振奋全台。 It inspired the whole Taiwan that Chen Shuibian was prosecuted. A)谓语动词的名词化： Chen Shuibians being prosecuted inspired people across Taiwan. The prosecution of Chen Shuibian inspired people across Taiwan.,确定主语例1b,陈水扁被起诉振奋全台。 B)增加”the fact that”: The fact that Chen Shuibian was prosecuted inspired people throughout Taiwan.,确定主语例2,北京老城本身就是一个文物，应该完整保存。 A)“主谓宾”结构转为偏正结构： The inner city of Beijing itself is an antiquity that needs to be well preserved. B)增加连词： The inner city of Beijing itself is an antiquity and needs to be kept intact.,确定逻辑关系,译者必须根据上下文断句，或确立小句之间的逻辑关系，并据此增加适当的逻辑关系词，包括连词、逻辑过渡词（therefore, hence, thus, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, meanwhile)、介词和分词（短语）。,看到病人受到伤害或是死亡，那是我最痛苦的时候。这种煎熬像小虫子在咬心，睡不着觉，吃不下饭，闭上眼睛就是这些病人，这种感觉我觉得是最最难受的。 译文一：It pains me most to see patients suffer or die. The great pain keeps gnawing at my heart like a worm, leaving me awake and spoiling my appetite. My mind is filled with ailing patients with my eyes closed. What a painful feeling I have.,看到病人受到伤害或是死亡，那是我最痛苦的时候。这种煎熬像小虫子在咬心，睡不着觉，吃不下饭，闭上眼睛就是这些病人，这种感觉我觉得是最最难受的。 译文二：It pains me most to see patients suffer or die. The great pain keeps gnawing at my heart like a worm, so that I cant go to sleep and have no appetite. Ailing patients haunt me with my eyes closed. What a painful feeling I have.,翻译练习,1、自改革开放以来，中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。 2、如果奥运会的规模越来越大，花费越来越多，那么以后将只有少数大国才能承办奥运会。 3. 我认为传统文化应该有个继承问题，就像一条河，从源头流向大海，不能从中间截断。,1、自改革开放以来，中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。,“改革开放”转换成名词：China has witnessed radical changes since the reform and opening up to the outside world. 宾语“变化”变主语：Great changes have taken place in China since the reform and opening up to the outside world. 状语“自改革开放以来”变主语，主语“中国”变状语：The reform and opening up to the outside world has brought about great changes in China.,2、如果奥运会的规模越来越大，花费越来越多，那么以后将只有少数大国才能承办奥运会。,动词“越来越大/多”转化成形容词: If the scale of the Olympic Games becomes increasingly large and costly, then only a few large countries will be able to afford to host the Games in the future. 宾语“奥运会”转化成主语：If the Olympic Games keep increasing in size and spending, then they can only be hosted by a few large countries in the future.,3. 我认为传统文化应该有个继承问题，就像一条河，从源头流向大海，不能从中间截断。,主谓结构变成变成偏正结构：Traditional culture, I believe, should carry on just like a river that runs from its source to the sea without interruptions. 加入逻辑连词、偏正结构：Traditional culture, I believe, should carry on just as a ri