翻译Aboutthecourse.ppt

Chapter one About the course : E-C translation,1.Teaching objectives A. Learning some basic theories and history of translation and techniques in doing translation,B. develop our translation competence through lots of practice 2.Related courses: a. linguistics, esp. contrastive linguistics( many translation techniques are based on the comparative and contrastive study of Chinese and English ) b. stylistics c. Chinese and western culture d. comparative literature,3.Requirements Regular attendance is required Lots of exercises are to be done Extensive reading about translation is encouraged The total score of the course is 100,of which the final exam accounts for 80 percent and regular performance 20 percent,Chapter two Understanding translation,1.Basic concepts of translation A Rodger Bell distinguishes the different meanings of the term “translation”, which is ambiguous and needs a little clarifying. Taken literally, it can be given three meanings, according to concrete contexts: a. translating: the process( to translate, the activity rather than the tangible object, process- oriented) b. a translation: the product or the result of the process of translating, product- oriented c. translation: the abstract concept which encompasses both the process of translating and the product of that process.,(The Chinese equivalent 翻译fanyi is fuzzier: it may either stand for a subject in the curriculum, a job or profession people are engaged in, a piece of literary work, or the translating or interpreting activities. Sometimes, fanyi may even refer to the translator or interpreter himself/herself.),B the definition of translation It is hard to give a universal and general definition of translation which is accepted by all. Nida says :definitions of translation are almost as numerous and varied as the persons who have undertaken to discuss the subject. This diversity is in a sense quite understandable; for there are vast differences in the materials translated, in the purposes of the publication, and in the needs of the prospective audience. Moreover . Live languages are constantly changing and stylistic preferences undergo continual modification. Thus a translation acceptable in one period is often quite unacceptable at a latter time.,The elements involved in translation: 1. the source language 2. the original author 3. the original readers 4. the source culture 5. the target language 6. the translators 7. the target readers 8. the target culture,C. Thats why scholars with different academic background have attempted to define it from various perspectives. (1) 语言学视角下对翻译的认识 Traditionally , translation theorists from the linguistic school conceive of translation as a linguistic activity and some believe that translation the subject is a branch of applied linguistics, approaching the issues of translation primarily from the view point of the linguistic differences between source and target language.,1.Nida: Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closet natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (From The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969) 翻译是指从语义和文体风格上，在译文语言中采用最接近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息。,2.翻译：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。 辞海 3. 翻译：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来（也指方言于民族共同语，方言与方言，古代语与现代语之间一种用另一种表达）。现代汉语词典,The definition suggests that at least three requirements: familiarity with the source language; familiarity with the target language ; familiarity with the subject matter.,(2)However, translation is not a pure a linguistic activity. It involves lots of extralingual elements, such as ideology, patron. At the end of 198os, there appeared a cultural turn in translation studies in west. cultural views on translation: translation is an intercultural communication.翻译是跨文化交际行为。,(3)Functional view: Functionalists believe that translation is a specific form of human action with a certain purpose, a kind of linguistic service provided to the society. Translators should take into account the needs of the clients , the readers as well as the purpose of translation.,Translation is probably the most complex type of event in the cosmos. (Richard),2.The nature of translation,A. Different views: /Translation is a science. (linguistic approach is adopted to translation studies ; there are some laws in the process of translating) /Translation is an art. (Translation involves creation, and there are no such thing as laws governing the translation. ) /Translation is just a craft or skill.,B .a dialectical attitude Peter Newmark : Translation is first a science, which entails the knowledge and verification of the facts and the language that describes them. secondly, it is a skill, which calls for appropriate language and acceptable usage; thirdly, an art, which is creative, the intuitive, sometimes the inspired, level of the translation. 翻译属于交叉学科 interdisplinary displine，它与语言学、符号学、修辞学、心理学、人类学等有密切关系。,3.The types and scope of translation,A .a semiotic view (Roman Jacobson) intralingual translation :an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language. Interlingual translational: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language. intersemiotic translation an :an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal signs systems. Music-painting-poem 语内翻译，语际翻译，符际翻译,B. (1) from native language to foreign language or vice verse: C-E, E-C (2)in term of mode : written translation machine translation interpretation (consecutive interpretation and simultaneous interpretation) (3)in term of materials to be translated: translation of scientific materials; translation of literary works such as novel, stories, prose, poetry, drama; translation of political essays such as speeches, reports; translation of practical writings such as notices, receipts.,(4)in term of disposal: full text translation全文翻译 abridged translation 摘译 adapted translation 编译,4. Function of translation,季羡林：“翻译对于促进人类文化的交流，其作用是不可忽 视的。英国的汤恩比说没有任何文明是能永存的。我本人把文明（文化）的发展分为五个阶段：诞生，成长，繁荣，衰竭，消失。问题是，既然任何文化都不能永存，都是一个 发展过程，那为什么中华文化竟能成为例外呢？问什么中华文化竟延续不断一直存到今天呢？我想，这里面是因为翻译在起作用。我曾在一篇文章中说过，若拿河流作比较，中华文化这一条长河，有水满的时候，也有水少的时候，但却从未枯竭。原因就是有新水注入，注入的次数是大大小小是颇多的，最大的有两次，一次是从印度来的水，一次是从西方来的水。而这两次的大注入依靠的都是翻译。翻译之为用大矣哉！”,Chapter Four peaks of Translation in Chinese History,China, one of the four great countries with ancient civilizations, boasts an over two thousand-year-old history of translation in its development. The earliest historical documents recording sporadic translation activities in china can be traced back to the Zhou Dynasty (1100B.C.), when officials entitled xiangxu(象胥）or sheren （舌人）carried out translation activities so,as to make communication possible between different nations. “The Song of Yue Nationality ”（越人歌）appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period , which might be considered as the first poem translated in ancient China. Most scholars are of the opinion that serious discussion on translation did not begin until the introduction of Buddhist into the country in Eastern Han Dynasty(148.A.C.) when Buddhist monks set about translating classics of Buddhism into Chinese. History witnesses four peaks of translation in China(马祖毅）.,The translation of Buddhist Classics from Eastern Han Dynasty to Tang Dynasty: the first peak Buddhism originated in India and began to penetrate China toward the middle of the first century, leaving a permanent influence on Chinas religion, philosophy and social life. The translation of Buddhist Classics began in the late Eastern Han Dynasty (150.A.C.) and lasted more than 1,000 years till the Tang Dynasty (618-907) and the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127) ,conducted mainly by India and Central Asian Buddhist monks as well as Chinese ones conversant with both the doctrines and Sanskrit.,Zhi Qian支谦 It is generally acknowledged that in the Three Kingdoms period Zhi Qian wrote the first essay on translation norms. In over thirty years, he translated about thirty volumes of Buddhist scriptures in a literal manner. He put forward his norms that the translator of Buddhist classics should follow the original intention of the author without any embroidery（因循本旨，不加文饰）.And it might be in this period that there appeared a discussion on literal and free translation, a core issue in the development of translation theory.,Dao An 道安,In the fifth century, the earliest state translation school yichang was founded and the translation of Buddhist Classics was carried out on a large scale. Dao An, the director, advocated strict literal translation. He suggested that a translator should translate according to the original without any addition and deduction.(案本而传，不令有损言游字）。,Kumarajiva鸠摩罗什,India by birth, the famous monk was invited to Changan in 401. His task was to retranslate the most influential scriptures and produce definitive editions with authoritative interpretations. In his work, he applied a free translation approach to transfer the essence of the Sanskrit sutras.,Xuan Zang玄奘,In the Tang Dynasty , Xuan Zang（600-664），the most eminent figure in translation history, arrived in India after countless trials and brought back to the capital Changan 657 collections of sutras in the original. In the 19 years , he translated 75 collections (1,335 volumes) of them. He was also the first to translated Chinese works to Sanskrit. Xuan Zang tried many translation methods and developed his criteria that translation must be truthful and intelligible to the populace(既须求真， 有须喻俗）.He wrote Records of the Western Religions under the Reign of the Great Tang(大唐西域记).,2. The translation of Books on Science and Technology from West at the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty : the second peak,With the arrival of Jesuit missionaries from Italy, Spain, Portugal, France and other western countries, China came into contact with the Western world gradually. With the assistance of Chinese collaborators, many books concerning science and technology were put into Chinese. This is the first cultural movement of learning from the West in Chinas long history.,Xu Guangqi 徐光启,Xu Guangqi（1562-1633),a distinguished scientist and a senior official of the late Ming Dynasty, played a remarkable role in introducing Western science into China. Xu cooperated with the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci(利玛窦） in translating the 13 volumes of Euclids Elements of Geometry（几何原本）.,The translation of Western Classics and Western literary works before and after the May 4th Movement : the third peak,Before the May 4th Movement,The Opium War and the signing of a series of unequal treaties ushered another translation peak in Chinas history, lasting from the mid 19th century to the eve of the May 4th Movement, with the emphasis on Western works of social science, military science and literature. A series of military invasions woke the Chinas intelligentsia up to the fact that China was no longer the powerful Central Kingdom of the world and they must learn from the West for the sake of saving the nation from subjection and ensuring its survival.,Lin Zexu林则徐,Lin Zexu，a national hero and “the first Chinese who opened is eyes to look at the outside world”, established a translation center in Guangzhou to render some foreign works on history and geography into Chinese as well as gather some information from the Western press.,Yan Fu 严复,Living in the late Qing society constantly threatened by colonial expansion and profoundly shocked by the humiliating treaty with Japan, Yan Fu，became an activist reformist and translated many Western books on social science with the purpose to save China. He translated Huxleys Evolution and Ethics and