如何做定性研究-Qualitative-research.ppt

Qualitative Research 13th of March,Qualitative Research,“You can learn a lot just by watching”,MAKING SENSE OF OTHERS REALITY,THE INTERPRETIVE PARADIGM,The interpretive approach argues that research should explore “socially meaningful action through the direct detailed observation of people in natural settings in order to arrive at understandings and interpretations of how people create and maintain their social worlds” (Neuman, 1997:68). We use “ methods that try to describe and interpret peoples feelings and experiences in human terms rather than through quantification and measurement” (Terre Blanche & Kelly, 1999: 123).,What to Observe or Study,Behaviors or practices Episodes, common events (death, birth, etc.) Encounters when groups or people interact Roles Relationship roles mother/daughter; wife/husband, Therapist/disabled, etc.,Qualitative Research Goals,Meaning: how people see the world Context: the world in which people act Process: what actions and activities people do Reasoning: why people act and behave the way they do,Maxwell, 2005,Phases in Qualitative Research,Conceptualize and plan study Use literature,formulate study purpose or question, identify study site,settings where/how data collection will occur, participants and entre to setting,Start study with concurrent data collection and analysis. Analysis focused on identifying themes and categories- similarities in data. Question or purpose may emerge and be refined. Data collection strategies may change,Sampling and data collection determined by theoretical saturation. Analysis based on narrative description,Goal: Access the participants world & meanings. Researcher is the instrument,Selecting participants.,The goal is to get the deepest possible understanding of the setting being studied Requires identifying participants who can provide information about the particular topic and setting being studied,Selecting participants.,It is fraught with difficulties in identifying and selecting an appropriate number of participants who can provide useful information about the particular topic and setting being studied Utilizes purposive sampling,Random “Quantitative” Sampling,Select Representative individuals To generalize from sample to population To make claims about the population To build/test “theories” that explain the popn,Purposeful “Qualitative” Sampling,Select people/sites who can best help us understand our phenomenon To develop detailed understanding That might be “useful: information That might help people “learn” about the phenomenon That might give voice to “silenced” people,Differences Between Random & Purposeful Sampling,Sample size is always determined by the analysis. It is part of the design and so is influenced by the nature of the inquiry, quality of the informants, the quality of the data. The researcher is looking for saturationthe point at which there is no new cases coming from each new participant and redundant information keeps coming up. This must be differentiated from participant saturation where the researcher cannot drag anything new out of the umpteenth interview with that particular person.,Sampling in Qualitative Studies,Purposive sampling,Purposive sampling groups participants according to pre-selected criteria relevant to a particular research question. ex. Vietnamese businessmen in the USA Sample sizes depend on: Resources and time available The studys objectives If the researcher needs a specific number of participants, quota sampling is better.,12,Quota sampling,Quota sampling begins with two decisions: What characteristics? How many people? Characteristics are selected in order to find participants who have experience with or knowledge of the research topic. The researcher goes into the community and selects the predetermined number of people demonstrating the pre-selected characteristics.,13,Snowball sampling,Snowball sampling is a form of purposive sampling. Participants refer the researcher to other potential participants. Snowball sampling is often used to find and recruit “hidden populations” groups not easily accessible to researchers.,14,Types of Data Collection (or “fieldwork”),Observation Interviewing Focus Groups Document Analysis,Doing the Interview,Introduction and Building Rapport explain purpose again verbal confidentiality assurance (and go over form) no right or wrong answers o.k. to ask questions and clarify ask permission to record Your Questions If flexible format list of things to be sure to talk about To get rich data: PROBE AND FOLLOW You and the Interview: attending, listening, thinking, taking notes, taping note taking clarify something; to keep you focused silence and patience balanced with keeping the interview going redirect long-winded tangents back to your line of focus,After the Interview: Writing up the Interview and,Summary and notes of main points Verbatim transcripts (dont let them pile up) Ideas tentative pieces of analysis Methodological difficulties Personal emotional experience Responding to interviewee requests; emotional issues?,The Three-Interview Series (Seidman, 1998),Interview One: Life History Interview Two: Details of the Experience Interview Three: Reflection on the Meaning,Data Collection Methods: In-depth Interviews,Some studies cannot employ the participant observation method E.g., Desrochess study of bank robbers In-depth interviews allow participants to describe their experiences and the meaning of events taking place in their lives Verbatim quotes capture the language and meaning expressed by participants Interviews are flexible and allow for probing Interview method is quite diverse, adaptive,In-depth Interviews (contd),Spradley three key elements for the interview method to be successful Explicit purpose researcher and informant are aware that the discussion has a purpose Ethnographic explanations researcher tries out explanations on the participants to see if they make sense Encourage the informants to use colloquial language, and teach the researcher its meaning,In-depth Interviews (contd),Ethnographic questions include: Descriptive questions ask participants to describe their experiences (e.g., their ideas, circumstances, viewpoints, dilemmas, etc) Structural questions ask participants how they organize their world (e.g., activities) Contrast questions ask participants what is meant by specific terminology Prus & Grills stress the value of the interview method in a multi-method approach,Data Collection Methods: Focus Group Interviews,Interview format, but in a group setting 6-12 participants with common experience Dates back to the 1940s used to assess effectiveness of morale-boosting radio shows 1970s onward used by market researchers 1980s onward used by academics Transcript of discussion is the data Plus accompanying notes Use content analysis or grounded theory approach to analyze the data,Focus Group Interviews (contd),Strengths: Open-ended question Spontaneously deal with issues as they arise Cost-effective method of collecting data Less time-consuming Weaknesses: One or two participants may dominate Not done in a natural setting, so little “observation” to help understand the experience of the participants,Telephone Interviews,Advantages: Combo of face-to-face personal quality with impersonal self-administered questionnaires Inexpensive and convenient (maybe) Safe for interviewers,Telephone Interviews, cont.,Disadvantages: Changing demographics more cell phones? May miss certain population segments Survey must be short or people will hang up “No Call Lists” presenting increasing challenge,Method to enhance the validity & reliability of qualitative research Enhances accuracy of interpretation Confirms that the data collected is not due to chance or circum-stances,Qualitative Research Methods: Triangulation,Collect data from multiple sources Collect data in multiple ways from subjects Collect different kinds of data in multiple ways from multiple subjects,For example: May interview teachers, principals & parents May interview & observe students May review student records, interview teachers, observe students,Qualitative Research Methods: Triangulation,Qualitative Research Methods: Triangulation,Mixing Methods/Qual-quant,Three purposes (Sandelowski): Triangulation convergent validation Complementarity clarify, explain, elaborate Development guide additional data collection,Resources (Kuh & Andreas, 1991),Recording devices Transcribing equipment Software pac