英语专业四级词汇语法辅导--虚拟语气、非谓语动词1.ppt

虚拟语气,条件句,条件句为非真实条件句时，所表示的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句和结果主句都要用虚拟语气。,与将来事实相反也可以用过去时：were, did,虚拟语气的几个句型,1、虚拟语气用于wish后的宾语从句中 A用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式（be动词用were）。 B用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would, could, might+ 动词原形。 Cwish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。 The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it. -“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.” -“Thats all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.” I wish that he werent so lazy.,虚拟语气的几个句型,虚拟语气的几个句型,2、would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner, just as soon和would prefer所引导的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。但这种虚拟语气表示的不是与事实相反的假设，而是一种尚未实现的愿望或表示说话人婉转的责备。 例如： Id rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。 I would prefer he didnt stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。 I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。,虚拟语气的几个句型,注意：would ratherthan 和would rather than 后面的从句用虚拟语气。用法是than后的从句要用should+动词原形, 从句的that可省略。 I would rather die than (that) he should know the secret. Hed do anything rather than (that) he should live with such a shameless woman.,虚拟语气的几个句型,would rather +,虚拟语气的几个句型,3、had hoped/thought引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。 His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.,虚拟语气的几个句型,4、 虚拟语气用于as if/ as though引导的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。 She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above. 她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。 They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。 She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。,虚拟语气的几个句型,5、用在suppose开头的祈使句中，从句的谓语动词变化与as if和wish后面的动词变化规律相同，用过去式、过去完成式、或过去将来式。意思是“假如”，但suppose 是动词，不是连词。如： Suppose the boss walked in. What should I do? Suppose Saddam had not been captured. What would the U.S. do?,虚拟语气的几个句型,6. whether it (he) be or意为“不管（不论）是还是”，表示让步，为虚拟语气的一种表示方法，其省略结构为be itor, be heor等，必须用倒装。例如： Be he what he may, he should obey the rules. Every day he takes a walk in the park in the evening, whether it be fine or raining. Home is home, be it ever so homely.(再穷也是家) All matter, whether it be gas, liquid or solid, is made up of atoms. The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.,虚拟语气的几个句型,7、Its (high, about) time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。 Its time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown. It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.,虚拟语气的几个句型,8、 if it were not for与现在事实相反， if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for： If it had not been for his help(=but for his help), we would not have succeeded. 9、由连接词in case, lest ,for fear that， (in order that, so that)引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should (might) +动词原形，例如： She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。 The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.,虚拟语气的几个句型,Note: fear/be afraid/worried lest sb. do sth. 表示害怕（担心）某种可能出现的情况，从句中的动词应用现在虚拟式。例如： She fears lest he arrive too late. We were afraid lest it be broken.,虚拟语气的几个句型,10. was (were) +to have done （不定式完成式）表示“原来想做而未做”后面通常but（陈述语气） I was to have arrived home on time, but my car was held up by a bad traffic jam.,虚拟语气常用句型,11. It is that sb. (should) 句型一：It is 形容词 that 句型二：It is a 抽象名词 that 句型三：It is 过去分词 that ,虚拟语气常用句型,A、用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有： advisable合理的 decided决定的 crucial关键的 appropriate恰当的 determined决定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential紧要的，基本的 complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的 desirable合意的 better较好的，更好 insistent坚持的 desired想要 asked请求 keen渴望的 incredible难以置信的 adamant坚定不移的 natural自然的 insisted坚持 necessary必要的 suggested建议 urgent紧迫的 ordered命令 shocked震惊的 vital极其重要的 possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一点） proposed提议 requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推荐 resolved决定的 probable（可能的） pity可惜，憾事 shame遗憾 注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以forto do来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。 It is essential that he should be prepared for this. It is essential for him to be prepared for this.,虚拟语气常用句型,B. 常这样用的抽象名词有：pity, shame, no wonder C. Its suggested that the school (should) organize an outing when spring comes. It is required that middle-schools students (should) take at least one-hour exercise every day.,虚拟语气常用句型,12. 建议、命令、和要求等,谓语形式是“(should)+动词原形”。 A、 用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有： ask要求 advise建议 arrange安排 beg请求 command命令 decide决定 demand要求 desire渴望 determine决定 insist坚持 intend打算 maintain坚持主张 move建议，动员 propose提议 object反对 order命令 prefer建议 require 需要 request要求 resolve下决心 recommend推荐 suggest建议 stipulate约定，规定 urge强调，促进 vote公认，提议 decree颁布（法令） pray请求 注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。 She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（书面体） She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口语） She advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便),虚拟语气常用句型,NOTE: 当suggest意为“暗示”，insist意为“坚持认为（一个事实）”时，其后的宾语从句中不用虚拟语气。例如： 1）Her face suggested (暗示) that she was ill. So I suggested (建议) that she (should) be sent to the hospital immediately. 2) He insisted that he was right. 她坚持认为自己是对的。,虚拟语气常用句型,B用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，这类名词常见的有： advice忠告 decision决定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望 insistence坚持 motion提议 necessity必要性 order命令 preference偏爱 proposal提议 pray恳求 recommendation推荐 request要求 requirement要求 resolution决心 suggestion劝告、忠告 例如： This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.,虚拟语气常用句型,13、if only引导的是省略了表示结果的主句的虚拟结构，现在已成为惯用法，表达愿望。形式为： 用过去时或“would/ could +动词原形”表示与现在或未来事实相反的愿望。 过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。这类句型表示一种不真实的条件，常译成“要是就好了！“ 1）If only I had taken mothers advice我要是听取妈妈的建议就好了。 2）If only I could speak several foreign languages我要是能讲几种外语就好了。 3) If only you would listen to our advice.要是你听我们的建议就好了。,虚拟语气常用句型,14、在以in order that，so that，引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词可用虚拟语气。从句中的谓语动词用“may（might）动词原形“或“should 动词原形“。 1）She stayed at home for a few days so that she might take care of her sick mother 她在家里呆了好几天，以便能照顾生病的母亲。 2）The teacher explained the sentences again and again in order that the students could understand them clearly 老师一再解释这些句子以便学生能够清楚地理解。,虚拟语气常用句型,15. Imagine 后的虚拟语气 Imagine 表示现在或将来非现实情况的意想（用were型结构）；也可表示对过去非实际情况的意想（用had+过去分词结构） Imagine that we were on an desolate island now. Imagine that you were laughed by those shadow people. Imagine that he had not had taken those measures, what would have happened?,非谓语动词,不定式,不定式的时态,不定式时态,1)不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生的或是在其后发生的。例如： Thousands of young people are learning to ski数以千计的年轻人在学习滑雪。(同时) Where can we get some sickles to cut the rice with?我们到哪儿去弄些镰刀割稻呢?,真题,The Minister of Finance is believed _of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue. (2004-48) A. that he is thinking B. to be thinking C. that he is to think D. to think,B,不定式时态,不定式的进行式 1. 不定式的进行式强调其所表示的动作在主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生时正在进行。 e.g. He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully.,He is said to write a preface to the book. (He will write) He is said to be writing a preface to the book. (He is writing),Compare the two sentences:,不定式时态,2. 不定式的完成进行式强调其所表示的动作在主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生之前发生，而且一直进行。 e.g. She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. e.g. He looked to young to have been publishing books for six years. 他看上去很年轻，不像是已经出版了六年书的人。,不定式的完成式,1. 用在intended, expected, meant, hoped, wanted, promised, planned, wished, thought, desired, was, were等后，表示过去没有实现的愿望，计划或期待等。也可用来表示先于谓语动词发生动作或状态，to have +过去分词表示动作，to have been表示状态。,Examples,I intended to have come to see you. (我本打算来看你的) He was to have fetched you here他本该去把你带来的。 They were to have been married in May but had to postpone the wedding until June. She has to have passed Advanced Level in two subjects before she goes to university. (必先通过，才能) You are lucky to have won the girls heart(You have won) The girl was reported to have been missing for a month(She has been) I am sorry to have lost your key把你的钥匙弄丢了，我很抱歉。 She was reported to have died据报道她已经死了。 He was impatient to have finished the job他渴望已经完成了工作。,不定式的完成式,2.用在seem, appear, think, consider, believe 等后，不定式的完成式所表示的动作（状态）发生在主要谓语动词或特定的某时间之前，它一般强调事情的完成或结果。 e.g. Judging from his manners at the party, he doesnt seem to have received much education. He was believed to have been a reporter.,不定式的完成式,3. 在should/would like或should/would have liked后用不定式完成式表示没有实现的愿望。 I should like to have gone with her. (但没有去) I should have liked to have seen her face when she read the letter. (我真想见到她读信时的表情。),真题,1. AIDS is said _ the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region. (2002-46) being B. to be C. to have been D. having been 2. Professor Johnson said _ some significant advance in his research in the past year. (1999-43) having made B. making C. to have made D. to make 3. At three oclock this morning, I seemed _ someone scream in the street. (1990-39) hearing B. having heard C. to have heard D. to hear,C,练习,1. The Vikings are believed_ America. A. to have discovered B. in discovering C. to discover D. to have been discovered 2. The students were to_ at the auditorium before 1:30 p. m. , but the lecture was cancelled at the last minute. A. assembled B. have assembled C. assembling D. be assembled 3. He was to_ the new ambassador, but he fell ill. A. having telephoned B. have telephoned C. has telephoned D. telephoning,A B B,be+动词不定式,1. 表示最近，未来的计划或安排（相当于be going to） You are to see him today at six oclock. 2. 表示该做或不该做的事（相当于should/must/ought to/have to等）。 e.g. You are to explain this. 3. 表示能不能发生的事（相当于can/may等） e.g. Similar conditions are to be found in all other Latin American countries. 4. 表示不可避免将要发生的事。 e.g. They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again. 5. 用于条件从句，表示如果想，设想（相当于ifshould, 或ifwant）。 e.g. If we are to be there in time, well have to hurry up.,真题,I _ writing the paper as scheduled, but my mothers illness interfered. I hope you will excuse me. (1993-54) A. am to have finished B. was to have finished C. was to finish D. ought to finish,B,动词疑问句+带to的不定式,用于此结构的常见动词：advise consider decide discuss explain find out forget hear inquire know learn regard remember see settle show teach tell think understand wonder e.g. Please show me how to do that.(做宾语) e.g. When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.（做主语） e.g. The problem is how to get there in time.（做表语） e.g. I had no idea which to read first.（做名词同位语）,真题,The Clarks havent decided yet which hotel_. (1998-49) A. to stay B. is to stay C. to stay at D. is for staying,C,不定式的特殊句型,1. such as to, suchas to, soas to表程度 e.g. His story was such as to deceive everyone. e.g. It was such an accident as to claim 20 lives. e.g. Who could be so mean as to do a thing like that? 2. so as (not) to, only to, in order to, so (such) as to(如此以便)表目的 We have got so plenty of food as to treat our guests. e.g. He kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. e.g. I come here only to say goodbye to you.,真题,His remarks were _ annoy everybody at the meeting. (2005-53) A. so as to B. such as to C. such to D. as much as to His strong sense of humour was_ make everyone in the room burst out laughing. (1998-50) A. so as to B. such as to C. so that D. such that,B B,不定式的特殊句型,3. tooto结构: 1) 太以至于 2) 当too前面有only, all, but时，意思是“非常”，too等于very。 e.g. He was but too eager to get home. 3) 当too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时，too等于very。 e.g. He is too wise not to see that. 4) 当too后是glad, pleased, happy, delighted, satisfied, ready, willing, kind, apt, good, true, east, near, careful, well, early, delicious, eager, anxious等形容词或副词时，too等于very。 e.g. They are too ready to help others. 5) too与cannot连用，表示无止境。 e.g. You cannot be too careful.越仔细越好。无论怎么仔细也不过分 6) 当不定式在句中做定语或真正的主语时，表示so (many/much)。 e.g. There are too many problems to be solved.,不定式的特殊句型,4) only to +动词原形（不料竟会，没想到会）表示不好的结果。 e.g. They hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.,真题,The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country, _ by the police each time. (1999-42) A. had been captured B. being always captured C. only to be captured D. unfortunately captured,c,动词不定式的复合结构,1. 强调不定式的行为属性，可用“It is +形容词for somebody+不定式”句型。静态形容词多用于此句型。 Easy difficult hard important possible impossible better necessary comfortable not enough essential the first the next the last the best too much too little e.g. It was very difficult for me to learn Spanish. 间或也可用“for + there to be”表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是to be) e.g. Its a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company. e.g. Would you like there to be a meeting to discuss the problem？,动词不定式的复合结构,2. 强调任务的性格和特征，则用“It is +形容词of somebody+不定式”句型。动态形容词多用于此句型。 Kind nice stupid rude clever thoughtful brave considerate silly selfish careless impolite good naughty bold honest sensible wrong right bad,真题,The opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential _ for that. (2003-47) A. for us to be prepared B. that we are prepared C. of us to be prepared D. our being prepared,A,省略to的动词不定式,e.g. Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast. Id sooner stay at home. I would as soon do it by myself. Since its a fine day we might as well walk. He would rather listen to others than talk himself. I would just as soon stay as go.,A 在情态成语之后,在would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon (宁愿), may/might (just) as well (不妨，可以), cannot but/ cannot help but (不能不，不由得不)之后，接不带to不定式。,Note: 在否定句中，not放在would rather, had better后，但在否定疑问句中，not放在had, would 后。 I would rather not drink anything. Hadnt you better make haste? Had I not better do it tomorrow?,真题,That man has a bad reputation. You_ anything to do with him. (1991-10) A. had better not have B. have better have C. have better not have D. had better not to have,A,They did nothing except work. Theres no choice but to wait. What he will do is to spoil the whole thing. All you do now is to complete the form. The only thing I can do now is to go on by myself. The thing to do now is to clear up this mess.,B. 在介词except /but 之后,如果except/but之前有动词do的某种形式，其后通常用不带to的不定式，否则带to。 如果主语是由all, what等词引导的从句，或者是主语受only, first, one, least或形容词最高级修饰，主语部分有实义动词do的某种形式，则作主语补语的不定式也是既可带to，也可不带to。,Why argue with him? Why not give Mary some flowers?,C. 在“why./ why not.?”之后,Why表示不满，或者是委婉的批评； why not表示建议，二者都不带to,_ him tomorrow? (2001-43) A. Why not to call on B. Why dont call on C. Why not calling on D. Why not call on,D,必须带to的特殊情况,1. know better than后的不定式必须加to e.g. He knows better than to lend her the money. 他很明智，不会把钱借给她。 He knew better than to argue with such a rascal.,必须带to的特殊情况,2. “比较级+名词+than”后的不定式要加to e.g. She had more sense than to be deceived by him.她有理智，不会上当。 He has a better heart than to betray his country. 他有良心，不会叛国。,动名词,动名词时态和语态意义,动名词的时态,动名词和不定式一样，没有独立的绝对的时态意义，其时态意义从属于句中谓语动词的时态。 一般式：表明动名词动作与谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生, 或表示一般情况。使用doing. Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 完成式: 表明动名词动作在谓语动作前发生, 使用having done. He was praised for having made a great contribution to his country. His having been elected chairman of the club surprised us greatly.,真题,I never regretted _ offer, for it was not where my interest lay. (1993-53) A. not to accept B. not having accepted C. having not accepted D. not accepting,B,动名词的语态,被动式:表明动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者 He did it without being asked. They insisted on being given the task. Being taken advantage of is not a good thing. 但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require, repay, bear, take需要，brook忍受，stand等表示“需要、值得、忍受”等动词及形容词worth后, 尽管表示的是被动的意思, 却用动名词的主动形式. My pen needs filling. The point deserves mentioning. This problem requires studying with great care. Her method is worth trying.,在need, want后用主动态动名词表示被动意义，与用被动态的不定式意义并无差别，但以用动名词较为普遍。 The door is cracking. It needs oiling / to be oiled. The room wants cleaning / to be cleaned. require, deserve也能这样用，但不及need, want普通。,动名词的复合结构,如动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动作的主语，则需有自己的逻辑主语。 两种形式： 1)人称代词所有格+动名词 He insisted on my going with him to the party. Compare: Tom insisted on going with them. Tom insisted on my going with them. 2)名词所有格+动名词 She dislikes her husbands coming back home late. Compare: He hates working late. He hates his wifes working late. 若动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语相同，则不应再有主语。,练习,Though her father never approved of _ to drama school, she became a well-known actress. (1991-16) A. going B. her to go C. her going D. her go She regrets _ idle when young. a. to have been b. her being c. her having d. having been Key: C D,动名词和不定式的比较,1）动名词通常是泛指；不定式通常是特指。 2）动名词通常指持续、反复的动作；不定式通常指一时、一次的动作。 3）动名词通常用于书面语；不定式则倾向口语。,作主语的动名词与不定式在意义上的区别,动名词通常表示抽象动作，而不定式通常表示具体动作，特别是将来的未完成动作。 Its no use crying over spilt milk. （抽象动作） His mother had advised him, however, that it was no use to argue with Selma. （具体动作）,（指抽象动作, 泛指）,（指具体的一次动作）,Spitting everywhere is not polite.,To spit here will be punished,随地吐痰是不礼貌的,在这里吐痰要受惩罚。,动名词和不定式的比较,动名词和不定式都可以作主语和表语。一般来说，在表示抽象的、一般的行为时，多用动名词;在表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。 但在Its no use (good)，its useless后面常用动名词作主语。 Her present job is teaching music. = Teaching music is her (泛指) To teach music to Grade One is her present job. =Her present job is to teach (特指) Its difficult for him to finish the job in a week. Its no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收,分词,分词的形式,现在分词表示主动的意义；表示一般性的或正在进行的动作；在表面形式上有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分。,过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作，只有一种形式。,去分词与现在分词被动式的区别,现在分词的被动形式是being done，表示某一动作在讲话时下在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生。 Who is the patient being operated on? 正在被做手术的病人是谁？ You will find the matter being talked about all over the town. 你会发现城里到处都在谈论这件事。 而过去分词表示的意义除了被动以外，还表示这个动作已经完成。如 The patient operated on yesterday is a famous scientist. 昨天被做手术的病人是一个著名科学家。,真题,1. He noticed the helicopter hovering over the field. Then to his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder _ out and three men climbing down it. (1995-52) A. throwing B. being thrown C. having thrown D. having been thrown