Reading-Skill阅读技巧1.ppt

阅读技巧 Reading Skill, 阅读技能介绍（Introduction of Reading Skill）,人们总是为了一定的目的而阅读的。虽然阅读的目的各种各样，但总的来说有以下两种情况： （1）为消遣而阅读，如看小说，读剧本等； （2）为获得信息而阅读，如读信件、通告、报 纸、杂志、看论文、参考书和教科书，看说明书等。 那么怎样才能达到有效理解从而获得准确的信息呢？, 阅读技能介绍（Introduction of Reading Skill）,阅读技能的训练是提高阅读理解能力的有效的方法。阅读技能 是指运用各种方法和手段，准确而流利地阅读各种语言材料的能力。阅读技能主要有： 辨认、理解和推测单词及词组的含义； 理解句子的含义：包括句面意思，句子隐含的意思，句 子在上下文 中的含义及句子之间的关系； 理解段落的意思：包括段落大意、段落的要点和重要信息，段落内部的逻辑关系以及段落之间的关系； 掌握全文的中心思想和大意，以及用以说明中心思想和大意的事实、 例证和论点； 了解作者的态度、意见、意图和感情等，并且对全文做出判断和推论 迅速浏览全文，了解大意或找出特定的信息。,1）提高辩词速度 对于有效阅读来说，训练你对英语单词和词组的外形做出迅速而准确反应的能力尤为重要。假如你读错了单词，你便很快会如坠云中的感觉。不得不浪费时间，重新阅读。 单词误读，尤其是在速读中，通常有两种情况： 你或许会混淆一些看起来相象的词，如 water和 waiter, science 和 silence. 读音相同或相似的词容易被混淆，如 meet和 meat, see和sea。这种情况在那些喜欢出声阅读的人身上尤为明显。 因此，训练辩词能力和速度是快速阅读必不可少的环节。, Reading Skill: Word-Recognition and Word Comprehension 辩词 和 理解词义,2）提高理解词义的速度 在快速阅读中，不但要训练辩词的能力和速度，而且还要训练对英语词义做出较快反应的能力和速度。在做题时，不必停下来考虑问题中的单词，更不必把它们译成你的母语。应尽力提高自己对所见单词的词义做出自动反应的能力。,Word-Recognition and Word Comprehension 辩词 和 理解词义,Practice Exercise Word Recognition(A),Direction: In each of the following groups of words, the “Test Word” is followed by five words, among which only one is exactly the same as the “Test Word Find which one it is and underline it.,Example: has / hat has have half hen Test Word 1.winter / winner waiter winter water vender 2.bottom / button butter burton bottom bunion 3.sheer / shear sheer snare share sneer 4.organ / again organa orange organ argon 5.store / store stare stone stern stereo 6.scientist / scenarist sentient sincerest scientism scientist,Direction: Underline the word that is exactly the same as the “Test Word”.,Practice Exercise Word Recognition(B),Test Word 1.part / port past trap dart part 2.know / knew no know now known 3.done / dome poem done bone dune 4.saw / sew saw was law sat 5.lack / lock luck lark lack look 6.taste / toast tossed test task taste,Practice Exercise Recognition of Phrase,Direction: Read the following phrases. Sometimes both phrases in a pair are exactly the same；sometimes they are different. If the two phrases are the same, underline the letter S. If the two phrases are different, underline the letter D.,Example: doesnt know doesnt show S D have time have time S D 1. sure food sour food S D 2. silk umbrella silk umbrella S D 3. round the corner round the corner S D 4. his worn trousers his brown trousers S D 5. try again dry again S D 6. a quick mind a quick mind S D,Practice Exercise Word Comprehension,Direction : In each of the following groups of words, the “ Test Word “ is followed by four words, among which only one has the same meaning. Underline the word that means most nearly the same as the “ Test Word “,Example : shut / watch close hill seat Test word 1. chair / paper truth hill seat 2. little / small brave same late 3. receive / cry get wonder mean 4. amusing / straight real anxious funny 5. imagine / tie suppose wait obey 6. center / peace middle path view 7. scientist / scenarist sentient sincerest scientist 8. radium / radian radial radium radiant 9. power / powder power pourer poorer 10.honor / horror hammer hour honor,Practice Exercise Comprehension of Phrase(A),Direction : The two phrases in each pair are either approximately the same or quite different. If the two phrases have about the same meaning, underline the letter S. If they are quite different, underline the letter D.,1. in fact at once S D 2. the fine meal the delicious food S D 3. take the place of in spite of S D 4. ready to leave eager to go S D 5. sign the bill send the list S D 6. a terrible disease a frightful sight S D,take care of look after S D once in a great while long time ago S D stay away from keep distance from S D unexpected result surprising outcome S D even though at last S D a few days later for several days S D keep on with the task continue the task S D no longer not any more S D help one another depend on others S D at the moment as long as S D no doubt of course S D,Comprehension of Phrase,Comprehension of Phrase(B),Direction : The two phrases in each pair are either approximately the same or approximately the opposite. Underline the letter S, if the two words have about the same meaning. If they have opposite meaning, underline the letter O.,1. dirty / clean S O 2. journey / trip S O 3. late / early S O 4. rough / smooth S O 5. hurt / injure S O 6. narrow / wide S O 7. gift / present S O 8. find / lose S O 9. never / always S O 10. joy / happiness S O,Comprehension of Phrase(B),11. certain sure S O 12. distant near S O 13. dine eat S O 14. sell buy S O 15. war peace S O 16. work rest S O 17. tale story S O 18. succeed fail S O 19. cease stop S O 20. difficult easy S O,III. Reading Sill : Context Clues 上下文线索,学会猜测生词词义是阅读技巧的重要组成部分之一。你常常会在句子里碰到一个你从未见过的词，或者是以前见过的词，但一时又想不出它的意思，或者是你知道的词，的该意思在你所读的句子里又不通。在阅读过程中，所有的读者，即使最有经验的读者都会碰到这种词。当遇到生词时，尽量不要查字典（除非猜不出词义），你可以通过上下文所提供的线索来猜测词义。 那么什么是上下文呢（context）呢？,“上下文 是指一个词或词组的前后出现的与之有关的词语或句子，也就是一个词或词组所处的具体的语言环境。,运用上下文线索来猜测“pillory一词的意思 (1)An early form of punishment in America was the pillory. (2) A wooden framework with holes for the hands and head, the pillory stood in a central place for everyone to see. (3) A person who committed a crime was locked in the structure so that people could make fun of the criminal. (4) Even now, when we say that a person is pilloried we are saying that the person is exposed to score or ridicule.,“pillory 是什么意思呢？ 你或许会猜出“pillory的意思：许多年前美国用来惩罚罪犯的一种木制刑具。用这种刑具可以套住罪犯的脖子和手，使其受公众的嘲笑。 那么怎样猜出“pillory一词 的意思呢？ 当你读到“pillory一词是，千万不要停止阅读。句子(1)告诉你它是一种早期的刑具，剩余的句子进一步给你一些其他的线索。通过阅读句子（2），你会得知“pillory 是一木制的架子，其上面的洞可以套住人的脖子和手，句子（3）告诉你罪犯可以被囚禁在这种刑具里，以便使众人嘲笑他们的罪行。 由此看来，通过上下文线索猜测词义是阅读必不可少的一种技巧。,几种上下文线索: How to Use Sentence Hints for Word Meanings,Hint: Some sentences set off the definition for a difficult word by means of punctuation. Example: The principal- money he put in his savings account to earn interest- was safe event though the bank was closed by the police. Explanation: The pair of dashes sets off the definition of principal, here it means “ sum of money”. Punctuation that may set off meanings includes commas , parentheses ( ) and brackets ,How to Use Sentence Hints for Word Meanings,Hint: Sometimes helping words, along with punctuation, provide important clues. Example: Carlos looked dazed, that is, stunned, as if someone had shocked him with bad news or with a heavy blow to the head. Explanation: Helping words: that is, such as ,or, is called, meaning .,How to Use Sentence Hints for Word Meanings,Hint: some sentences tell the opposite of what a new word means. From its opposite, you can figure out the meaning of the word. Example: During office hours he looked very tense and anxious, but on the weekends he was quite relaxed. Explanation: The word but helps you understand that relaxed is the opposite of tense . If you know that relaxed means “ at ease” , you can figure out that tense means “ tight” or “ attention”,How to Use Sentence Hints for Word Meanings,Hint: Sometimes you use your experience to figure out the definition of a word. Example: Marthas husband and mother died within a month of each other, and she cried often at her terrible sorrows . Explanation: You know that family tragedy would fill a person with “ great sadness”, the meaning of sorrow.,How to Use Sentence Hints for Word Meanings,Hint: Sentences before or after a sentence containing a difficult word sometimes explain the meaning of the word. Example: The lovely wooden tray had grown brittle. It was dry and hard and cracked easily. Explanation: Anything dry , hard, and easily cracked may be called brittle.,How to Use Sentence Hints for Word Meanings,Hint: Some sentences are written just to give the definitions of difficult words- words that readers will need to know in order to understand what they are reading. Example: She wanted baked clams for her appetizer. An appetizer is the first course of a meal. Explanation: The second sentence defines the word appetizer.,How to Use Sentence Hints for Word Meanings,Hint: Because some sentences give examples for a new word, you can build a definition. Example: Legumes, like string beans, lima beans, and green peas are important in your diet. Explanation: The sentence doesnt say that legumes is a name for a group of vegetables with pods, you figure out some of that meaning from the examples.,How to Use Sentence Hints for Word Meanings,Hint: Some sentences use a word that you do know to help explain a word that you do not know. Example: The mayor wanted privacy because he knew that being alone would help him solve his problems. Explanation: You can tell from the sentence clues that privacy means “ being alone”.,Practice Exercise 1 Synonyms Context Clues (A),Direction : A synonym is one type of context clue that helps us to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words. Determine the meaning of the underlined word by identifying its part of speech and by locating its synonym.,Example: Even as a child Thomas Edison had a very inquisitive mind; at the age of three he performed his first experiment out of curiosity. In this sentence, inquisitive is a(an) adjective. Part of speech Inquisitive means curious.,Synonyms Context Clues (A),1.The football player was penalized for unnecessary roughness and the punishment was a good lesson for him. In this sentence, penalize is a(an) _. Penalize means _. 2.He replied quickly. But after he considered the problem more carefully, he regretted having made such a hasty decision. In this sentence, hasty is a(an) _. Hasty means _. 3.You must bathe the wound with clean water, and after you wash it, put some medicine and bandage it carefully. In this sentence, bathe is a(an) _. Bathe means _. 4.He developed a cynical attitude after years of frustration. He was always in low spirits because of this negativeness. In this sentence, cynical is a(an) _. Cynical means _.,v.,punish,adj.,quick,v.,wash,adj.,negative,Synonyms Context Clues (B),Direction: Make a best choice to complete each sentence. Then from the statement find out the synonym clue of the underlined word and put it into blank place.,Example: _Many amateur theater groups produce benefit plays for the purpose of raising (funds). They may be interested in the theater for its own sake, but their principal interest is _. A. profit B. reputation C. excitement D. creativeness,A,Synonyms Context Clues (B),1. _Frost is very harmful to vegetation because it causes the moisture within the plants to freeze and expand, thus breaking the delicate tissues. A killing frost is harmful to even the hardest_. A. plants B. animals C. life D. people 2. _Although the bite of such spiders is usually fatal and some people have been killed, this time it did not result in _. A. recovery B. poison C. pain D. death.,A,D,Synonyms Context Clues (B),3. _ Large chunks of ice and snow melt very slowly. Once they begin to thaw, several weeks of warm weather may be required before they are totally _. A. increased B. melt C. frozen D. warm 4. _ He had always envied others who excelled in athletics, and he longed to join them in games；but he was too slow. Even though he had been elected class president, he still longed to be _. A. a sports hero B. the best student C. a respected person D. a club member,Practice Exercise 2 Antonym Context Clues (A),Direction: Each of the following sentence contains an antonym clue for the underlined word. Locate the word/ phrase which means the opposite of the new word and then put it into brackets. Finally, select the best meaning for the underlined word.,Example: Professor Englishs attitude showed his (concern). The students attitudes, on the other hand, were very casual. Casual means _. A. attitude B. concerned C. indifferent,C,Antonym Context Clues (A),1.She has a love of routine work, but no fondness for creative jobs. Routine means _. A. creative B. mechanical C. fondness 2. Some students were unintentionally late for class while a few were purposely late. Unintentionally means _. A. purposely B. accidentally C. always 3. In many nations there are two financial extremes, from penury to great wealth. Penury means _. A. wealth B. poverty C. middle income 4. It is better to be reflective about problems than to be thoughtless. Reflective means _. A. thoughtful B. uncaring C. problems,Antonym Context Clues (B),Direction: Make a best choice to complete each statement, and then write down the antonym clue which helps you make the choice.,Example: In the treatment of his disease, complete calm is necessary for recovery. The doctor has warned that under no circumstances must the patient be allowed to become _. A. inactive B. better C. hungry D. excited Antonym clue of _ is calm,D,Antonym Context Clues (B),1. Collectors of stamps, coins, or other objects should collect common specimens as well as unusual ones. Not only are they often more attractive, but also one can never tell when some common object may suddenly become _. A. attractive B. rare C. less valuable D. duplicated Antonym clue of _ is _. 2. Every excess causes a defect , every defect an excess . Every sweet has its sour , every hardship its _. A. good B. penalty C. comfort D. disaster Antonym clue of _ is _.,rare common,comfort hardship,Antonym Context Clues (B),3. Most people like Ellen because they know she is frank with them . On the other hand , they distrust her sister because she is always _. A. secretive B. impolite C. inactive D. unreliable Antonym clue of _ is _. 4. Mystery waits on the other side of every door . Any room , regardless of its familiarity , may contain _. A. pleasures B. memories C. surprises D. friends Antonym clue of _ is _.,secretive,frank,surprises,familiarity,Practice Exercise 3,Direction : The word in italics (slanted type) may be unfamiliar to you . Try to use hints in the sentence to make up a definition . Then select the letter of the word that you feel is closest to the meaning . Write the letter in the blank space .,_ 1. In writing footnote researchers rarely use Ibid . any longer . Ibid . is a Latin abbreviation for Ibidem that means “ in the same place”. Ibid means _. A.the Latin alphabet B. Ibidem C . in the same place D . research,_ 2. The speaker used colorful illustrations - drawings and photographs - to help us understand her points about how to raise cactus plants indoors. Illustrations means _. A. growing indoor cactus plants B. a drawing or photograph C. a speaker before an audience D. gardening _ 3. If you stand in the doorway and dont let anyone pass , you will obstruct the exit . Obstruct means _. A. block B. doorway C. pass D. stand without doing anything _ 4. When you trade one object or service that you do not need or want for another one that you do need or want , you are part of a barter system . Barter means _. A. trade B. system C. unneeded goods and services D. dividing line,Practice Exercise 4 Content clues of words association,Sentences are composed of words or groups of words that are put together to express certain ideas . Those words or groups of words are expected to “ go together” on account of their logical connections, as : grass- green , school - students , hit - ball , swim - pool , etc.,Direction : Make a best choice to complete each sentence. Then underline the word you use as a context clue.,Example : I was surprised to meet Marys husband , for I did not know that she had been _. A. educated B. married C. happy D. retired,B,Content clues of words association,1. Water is a vital necessity of life. Long before a man starves , he will die as a result of _. A. malnutrition B. hunger C. thirst D. disease 2. The forces of nature are not always helpful to man . Sometimes the wind and rain destroy his home and damage his harvest . At such time , nature appears to be humanitys _. A. creator B. enemy C. servant D. helper,Content clues of words association,3. Sometimes pioneers struck oil when they were digging a well . To them this meant extra work , because now they would have to start all over again to dig for _. A. water B. gold C. petroleum D. treasures 4. One small drop of the poisonous milk contained in the leaves and stems of desert plant will cause total blindness . Those who handle the