《语义与翻译》PPT课件.pptVIP

语义与汉英翻译（一）,汉语与英语的构词法差异,汉语：ideographic script 表意文字 determiner+ generic word 如售票员、列车员、运动员 英语：alphabetic script拼音文字 superordinate ; 上位词 hyponym /subordinate/下位词 如rain: (superordinate) torrent; drizzle/ mizzle; sleet (hyponym),Examples:,葡萄grape； 葡萄干raisin 宗教religion； 邪教cult/heresy 酿酒厂brewery；炼油厂refinery 座谈会symposium； 招商会investment promotion fair； 博览会expo； 残运会Paralympics； 记者招待会press conference; news release； 人才招聘会job fair； 贸易洽谈会trade fair； 拍卖会auction,专业major；辅修/二学位minor 博士点；Ph. D. programme 联合国难民署The UN Refugee Programme 英语专业：English programme (major) 上游、中游、下游 the upper/middle/lower reaches 上游企业upstream industry,中国国务院以及下属部委 the State Council; the Ministry of Education; the minister of Education 美国国务院以及各部 the State Departments; the Department of Education; the Secretary Education,鸡，公鸡rooster，母鸡hen，小鸡chicken 鸟bird，小鸟fledgling 猪pig, 小猪gruntling 猪肉pork 牛cow 小牛calf 牛肉beef 老虎tiger，虎崽cub 洒水车sprinkler；垃圾车garbage truck,如何查询下位词,关于下位词、具体词汇的查询，可以使用 朗文英语联想活用词典（Longman Language Activator）上海外语教育出版社 以及google、句库等网站,汉语的构词法往往是自由语素+不自由语素，翻译时要仔细辨认。,药材medical material； 药方recipe; prescription； 药房drugstore, pharmacy； 药店drugstore； 服药take medicine； 汤药decoction； 耗子药rat poison； 制药厂pharmaceutical factory,字面意义与语用意义,“饭桶” “good- for-nothing” “吃不开” “be unpopular” 吃不了兜着走 “land oneself in serious trouble” “吃不消” be unable to stand,“吃”,“吃不住be unable to bear or support”、 “吃老本” live off ones past gains、 “吃软不吃硬” be open to persuasion、 “吃闲饭” lead an idle life “吃香” be very popular,“苦”,1、我喜欢吃苦瓜。I like (eating) balsam pear. 2、他不怕苦和累。He is not afraid of hardships. 3、她脸上露出一丝苦笑。She forced a wry/bitter smile. 4、他苦苦哀求。He entreated piteously. /implored bitterly.,“菜”,小菜一碟 as easy as ABC 面有菜色 look famished/hungry/sallow 多吃荤菜对身体健康不好。Too much meat and fish does no good to the health.,注意词汇的深层逻辑,养成早起的习惯 in the habit of (raise the habit 括号内错译，下同) 他们采取摇摆不定的政策。 They are taking a policy of vacillation (wrong). They are taking vacillating measures. or: vacillating attitude/actions 享受公费医疗 Be entitled to free medical care (enjoy free medical care),发展是硬道理。 Development is of top priority. 力争上游：strive to be the best 心里闷得慌 be stifled (bored) beyond endurance; be awfully stifled (bored),分辨字面意义和语用意义,1、他舍己救人的精神使我深受感动。 Im greatly touched by his deeds of risking his life to save people. 2、你穿这件夹克衫很精神。 You are full of life / vigorous in this jacket.,答应,1、台湾想从祖国分裂出去，中国人民决不答应。 Chinese people will never allow the splittists separation of Taiwan from the motherland. 2、我喊了一声，他没有答应。 I called him, yet he did not reply /answer. 3、我答应不讲秘密泄露出去。 I promise not to let out the secret.,毛毛雨,天正下着毛毛雨。 Its drizzling now. 我给学生下了点毛毛雨，期末考试将会很难。 I dropped my students some hints that the final exam would be somewhat difficult.,“备课”,备课要做好三件事情：备学生，备教材，备教法。 Preparing a lecture requires doing three things well: getting to know the students; arranging suitable teaching material, and choosing effective /optimal teaching methods.,手脚,慌了手脚。in a confusion; be flustered 他手脚不干净。Sticky-handed 手脚麻利。Agile/nimble 做了手脚。Juggle with,请分辨下列词语/词素在不同语境/词汇中的翻译：,1好： a.他是祖国的好儿子。He is a worthy son of our country. b.庄稼长得真好。The crops are growing well. c.他们对我真好。They are really kind to me. d.楼的质量不好。The building is not well built. /jerry-built e.这个问题很好回答。This question is easy to answer. f. 啊，好票！Oh，a good seat！,2学习：,a.学习知识acquire knowledge b.学习技术master/learn a skill c.学习外语study/learn a foreign language d.学习成绩academic records/grade e.学习别人的长处emulate others strong points f.互相学习learn from each other g.以雷锋为学习的榜样follow the example of Lei Feng,3水平：,a.他的英语水平比我高。 He knows more English than I do. b.把军政素质提高到一个新水平。 Raise the military and political quality to a new height. c.各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。 Leaders of various ranks must improve their art of leadership.,4送：,a.送某人一本书 give somebody a book b.送礼 present a gift to somebody c.送信 Deliver/send a letter d.送客 see a visitor out e.送行 see somebody off f.送雨伞 bring somebody an umbrella,g.送命 lose ones life（get killed） h.送孩子上学 take a child to school i.送某人回家 escort / walk/accompany somebody home j将卫星送上天 launch a satellite k.送葬 take part in a funeral procession 1.送罪犯上法庭审判 hand the criminal over to the court for trial,5馆：,博物馆museum 图书馆library 旅馆hotel 宾馆guest house 大使馆embassy 领事馆consulate 茶馆tea house 饭馆restaurant,理发馆barbers shop 体 育馆gymnasium 展览馆exhibition hall 文化馆cultural center 美术馆art gallery 科技馆science and technology center /museum 天文馆planetarium 水族馆aquarium 照相馆photo studio,6机：,收音机radio set 电话机telephone 电视机TV set 拖拉机tractor 推土机bulldozer 搅拌机mixer 起重机crane,7、书,申请书Letter of application 报告书report 协议书Agreement 成绩通知书Grade report 使用说明书Directions 成交确认书Sales confirmation 冰箱操作说明书Refuge operation guide 白皮书White book,8、单,名单List 菜单Menu 帐单Bill 保险单Policy 订阅单Subscription form 床单Bed sheet 传单Leaflet 节目汇报单A program of entertainment,9、表,履历表Resume 病历表Case history form 时间表Time table 日程表Schedule 价格表Price list,汉英词义的五种关系,1、对等(equivalence) 桌子table； 回扣commission; rebate； 尾灯tail light； 尾追某人tail after sb.； 法人实体legal entity； 民族自尊national dignity； 打白条pay sb. IOUs； 自费出版vanity press/publication 形象工程vanity project 路Ave. /boulevard (Blvd.). 街Rd.; 巷 St.,2、包孕(inclusion),风wind： 坐在风口draught 大风gust/gale 台风cyclone 微风breeze 考试exam 面试interview 小测验quiz 巡视inspection,酒wine： 白酒liquor/spirits 葡萄酒wine 糯米酒glutinous rice wine 杜松子酒gin 啤酒beer 汤soup ： 番茄汤tomato soup 牛肉汤beef broth 人参汤ginseng decoction 那妇人烧好了热汤hot water,Scholar：包蕴“学者”,学者 访问学者 奖学金 Scholar; visiting scholar; scholarship,知识分子 包蕴 “Intellectual”,知识分子 （教授、中小学老师） Intellectual：an intellectual person is well-educated and interested in serious ideas and subjects such as science, literature etc.,Thick（包蕴“厚”）,a thick book; a thick head of hair ; thick porridge; thick soup; a thick crowd; be thick with; a thick attendance; a thick speech（口齿不清的讲话）; the thick of winter（隆冬）; thick silence（沉寂）,3、交叉(overlap; intersection),骑 & ride 骑马ride a horse； 骑自行车ride a bike； 骑墙to sit on the fence；straddle 乘公共汽车ride in a bus； 乘风破浪的船a ship riding the waves； 御风飞行的雁a wild goose riding (on) the wind；,治国administer a country； 治家manage a household； 治山治水to transform mountains and tame rivers； 治沙sand control； 治愈战争的创伤to heal the wounds of the war； 天下大治to achieve great order across the land,4. 空缺(gap; zero),钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。 When Qian was one year old, he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others, he picked up a book of all things. Thereupon his father very gladly gave him the name: Zhongshu which meant book lover.,我姓李，十八子的李。 My surname is Li. 耳东陈。 忍字心头一把刀。 You have to bear and forbear.,我属鸡。鸡年是我的本命年，所以我从来不吃鸡。 I was born in the Year of Rooster. As this year may bring me good or bad lucks, I never eat chicken.,5. 冲突（假朋友，假对应）,批准200多个项目 approve 200 projects (items括号内为错误，下同) 南京冷冻机总厂Nanjing Refrigeration Plant/Factory （Nanjing General Refrigeration Factory） General Motors, ”general “是指“通用的”用于一般用途的。-general hospital 指“综合医院” 从上海至北京的飞机每天一班There is a flight (shift) from shanghai to Beijing.,有朋自远方来Friends have come from remote places. (wrong) Friends have come from distant places /afar. 上海中百一店设有客户问讯处、休息处、深受群众的称赞。The Shanghai No.1 Department Store has set up an inquiry service and provided a lounge (resting room), much to the customers appreciation. “三级医院“Third Grade (class) hospital Top grade hospital Level 1 Grade A hospital,一位高级编辑起身祝酒A senior editor (high ranking )stood up and proposed a toast. 高速公路Expressway (high way) 食言 fail to honour ones promise (eat one words) 儿戏trifling affair （childrens play） 休息室lounge（rest room）,他对此事很有意见。 Contrary opinions; different views; objections; criticism; complaints 谢谢！ 别客气，这是我的责任！ It is my pleasure! (This is my duty! wrong),我们一小时内免费送机票上门。 误译：We give you tickets free of charge within one hour. 一小时内送免费机票上门。 We offer free delivery of your air tickets within one hour after your booking confirmation.,摸着石头过河,误译crossing the river by feeling the stones wading across the stream/brook by feeling the way,春运,不能简单地说成是spring transportation(春季的运输) 而是the rush / peak season of passenger transportation during the Spring Festival holiday(春节期间的客运高峰),请勿疲劳驾驶,翻译成英语不是Dont drive tiredly 按照交通法规术语应该翻译为Drowsy driving is dangerous 或Drive alert, arrive alive。,以外贸为龙头,不能直接翻译为with foreign trade as the dragon head，这样翻译是很难让外国人明白的，因为以为龙头这个说法是源自耍龙灯的习俗，而多数外国人不一定熟悉中国人的这一习俗。 为了取得好的翻译效果，最好是用能够跨越文化障碍的表达方法，如火车头或旗舰：with foreign trade as the locomotive / flagship。,新北京，新奥运 New Beijing, New Olympics (inappropriate) New Beijing, Great Olympics 培养了大量的医学人才 Train large number of medical personnel (talents, wrong),特区是个窗口，是技术的窗口，管理的窗口，知识的窗口，也是对外政策的窗口。,误译：The special zone is a window. It is a widow for introducing technology, management and knowledge. It is also a window for foreign policy. 这样的翻译外国人是无法理解的，我们必须把那些被省略了或被隐藏起来的信息都翻译出来：,The special economics zones are a window opening onto the outside world. They are a window through which to bring in from abroad sophisticated technology, advanced managerial expertise and up-to-date know-how. It is also a window through which to disseminate Chinas external policies.,项籍，字羽polite name (Watson) literary name （林语堂） school name (Hawkes) courtesy name（杨宪益） 鼓励社会力量办学 Encourage non-government （social) sectors to run schools 住房公积金public housing fund 心理疗法用于治疗心理有毛病的人。 误译：Psychotherapy is used in the treatment of people who are mentally ill. 改译：Psychotherapy is used in the treatment of mental illness. 海外归来学子returning (returned有胁迫归来之意) scholars,徐霞客（1587-1641），名宏祖，号霞客，又号霞逸，江阴人（今属江苏）。他的好友陈继儒因他酷爱旅行，经常餐霞宿露山林野泽之间，为他取号“霞客”。 Xu Xiake(1587-1641),whose given name is “Hongzu”, and who styled himself as “Xiake” and “Xiayi”, was a native of Jiangyin (present Jiangsu Province). As he was very interested in traveling and liked to spend outdoors to savor the dew and enjoy the first morning rays, his friend Chen Jiru named him “Xiake”, the guest of the morning rays.,练习,科技成果市场化、产业化 commercialization and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements 辐射面广，带动力强的企业 leading enterprises that play the role of a powerhouse over a large area,唐装Tang-styled apparel 廉政建设construction of a clean government 网民netizen 网吧cyercafe 暴利windfall profit 磁悬浮列车magnetic levitation train 合同工contract labour 一站式办公one-stop service 孔雀奖Peacock Award 让利空间profit-sharing space 暴走族flash mob 经济适用房affordable house,1) 毛入学率 the gross enrollment rate 2） 对口支援 a unit-to-unit supporting program 3） 国有资产管理、监督和运营机制 the mechanism for management, supervision and operation of state-owned assets 4） 高新技术产业化示范工程 hi-tech industrialization model projects 5）科教兴国战略 the strategy of cou