《写作基本功》PPT课件.ppt

,第一章 写作基本功遣词造句,第一节遣词造句的基本原则,选词 1. 选用朴素、易懂的词 不少学生往往有种错觉：以为使用华丽的辞藻可以体现作者的水平。其实不然，这样的作文反而显得不伦不类，效果适得其反。高级词汇常常内容抽象，意义晦涩，不如普通词汇直截了当，容易理解。就大学生的英语作文水平而言，应该尽量选用小词，常用词和习语，把文章写得通俗易懂，亲切朴实。在下面的两组词中，在可能的情况下，应选用（A）组词，而避免使用（B）组词： （A）组 （B）组 finish accomplish do perform form constitute enough sufficient choice alternative look into investigate on time punctual proper appropriate buy purchase,上面（A）组的词适合通俗的描写、议论、记叙和说明。（B）组的词适合口气庄重的文章。我们来对不下面几组句子和段落： A：After working laboriously for three hours, they felt exhausted. B；After working hard for three hours, they felt tired. A：John possessed sufficient equipment for a small laboratory. B：John had enough equipment for a small laboratory.,A：It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are requested to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and returning of the books, and to bear in mind the need of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced. B：The number of books in the library has been going down. Please make sure you know the rules for borrowing, and dont forget that the library is for everyones convenience. So from now on, were going to enforce the rules strictly. Youve got to pay fines for overdue books. You have been warmed. 在上面表达中，A组口气庄重，句子结构严谨，抽象名词和大词较多，适合正式文体如法律文书、政府报告、商业书信、历史哲学及各们学科，也包括风格严谨的散文、小说等。B组文字浅显，结构简单，通俗易懂，适合于通俗的描写、议论、记叙和说明。一般情况下，不要把文章写得不伦不类，就学生英文水平来说，应该选择B组写法。,2. 选用词义确切的词 确切的词是针对词的外延和词的内涵而言的。词的外延式词的直接意义，词的内涵是词的联想意义。如statesman，politician的外延相同，但内涵不同，statesman是褒义词“政治家”，politician是贬义词“政客”。又如refuse表示直截了当的拒绝，而decline表示委婉、含蓄的拒绝。外延相同而内涵不同的词在英语中数量很多，它们的细微差别表现在以下几个方面： （1）意义上的细微差别 escape 一般意义上的逃跑，逃避 flee 在紧急情况下仓皇逃脱 characteristic 指容易辨认的具体“个性、特性、特征” character 指区别于其他人、物、地方的整体“性质、特性、特色” feature 多指显著的引人注意的外部“细节特征、特色”,（2）文体不同 can not属于非正式表达 cant是口语体 cannot属于正式书面体 dismiss属于正式文体 fire属于非正式文体 （3）程度强弱不同 deal with 处理一般的事物 cope with 处理棘手的事物 accident 一般事故 disaster 灾难、不幸 catastrophe 异常的大灾祸 （4）抽象与具体 walk stroll，rush，run，stride，tiptoe，. good kind，generous，friendly，skillful，. eat chew，swallow，taste，.,以上每行第一个词属于抽象、笼统的词，它们有着较强的概括力，但是给人以空泛的感觉，而后面具体的词富于表达力，给人以确切的概念。一般来说，抽象笼统的词常放在文章的开头、结尾，以及段落的主题句中，而具体有个性的词往往用于对细节的刻画和对事物的描写。 学生在学习写作中常犯的一个毛病就是随意用一个笼统的词来描写一个具体事物，这样容易给读者造成模糊不清的感觉。,（5）形似意近与形似意异的词 affect，effect Smoking affects health. Some films have a misleading effect on him. alternate，alternative He came on a alternate day. There are alternative ways of expressing the same idea. 做形容词时，alternate days 相当于every other day每隔一天；alternative ways指that can be chosen。,amount，number We need a sufficient amount of flour. He must often memorize large amounts of material. We have lived here quite number of years. amount修饰不可数名词，number修饰可数名词。 continual，continuous The child continually disturbed the class. The brain needs a continuous supply. continual表示动作过程中有间断，尤指令人不满的行为。 continuous表示一直没有间断。,differ from，differ with Wisdom differs from cunning. I differ with you in this matter. differ from 后加物，differ with 后接人。 economical，economic He was honest, and painful, and industrious and economical. We bought a small car for economic reasons. economical 表示“节约、节省”，economic指“经济上的”。,industrial，industrious Italy is becoming an industrial nation. I know that he is an industrious man. industrial意为“工业的”，industrious意为“勤劳的”。 practical，practicable He was weak and backward in practical matters. . The paper seems to have no practical importance. Is it practicable to grow crops in desert、 practical指“现实的，讲求实际的，实用的”，practicable指“可行的，行得通的”。,principle，principal You dont follow your own principles. He studied the principles of psychology. Drinking is a principal cause of highway deaths. principle意为“原理，原则”，principal意为“主要的”，做名词时，表示“校长”。 precede，proceed The days that preceded will filled with activity. After drinking a cup of tea, mother proceeded to cook the dinner. precede：vi.或vt.相当于go before，表示“在之前，在前面”，proceed相当于“move forward”，意为“接着（做某事），继续进行”。,repeatable，respectful，respective My parents are respectable people. I wish you would be more respectful to your father. Its time you and I came to an understanding about our respective duties. respectable意思是“受人尊敬的，正派的，正当的”，respectful意思是“尊敬，恭敬”，而respective意思是“各自的”。,3. 英文习惯用语 所谓习惯用语是指那些不可逐词理解，而必须从整体上来解释其意的表达方式。习惯用语是一种语言所特有的。在英语中，例如： derive from，appeal to，pass away ，be fed up with be bound to do，be absent from 英语中，不少动词有其相应的“动词+名词+介词”结构，例如： study make a study of look take a look at sight catch sight of try (to do) make an effort to,4. 选词力求变化 文章中重复使用同一词语，是学生写作中的一个通病。这样写出的文章枯燥乏味。其实，英语中同义词极其丰富，准确实用同义词可以给读者以清新的感觉，从而增强了文章的可读性。试比较下面两个句子： A：Lenin knew German very well. He also knew French and English well. B：Lenin knew German very well. He also had a good knowledge of French and English. 当然，寻求词汇的变化不应当损害文章的简洁和影响信息传递的准确性，而是以此为前提，力求使文章产生更好的效果。,造句 造句要遵循以下几条原则： 1. 简洁 所谓简洁就是精炼，或者说是言简意赅。简洁要求我们把很复杂的一样东西，一件事情或者一个过程，经过提炼，用简短的文字概括出来。试比较下列几组句子： A：The process was performed in two steps. The first of these consisted of drying the sample, and the second consisted of weighing it. B：The process was performed in two steps: Drying the sample and weighing it. A：During the three years when I was studying at college, I witnessed many persecutions of black students by white racists. B：During the three years at college, I witnessed many persecutions of black students by white racists.,2. 多样化 单一的句式读起来给人以单调的感觉，而句子变化多样则可以给文章增色，从而有助于把握住读者的兴趣。句子多样化包括结构的变化和长度的变化两种。 （1）结构的变化 句子结构单一主要表现为：1）用主语开头，2）用相同的词、词组开头，3）使用相同的句型，特别是“主谓”结构。例如下面这段话就是用单一的句子结构写成的。 Mr. Black is a good farmer. He understands the science of farming. He knows the various kinds of soil. He can tell which kinds of soil are suitable for different corps. He also knows that he must help his soil, and feed his plants. He also reaps heavy and good corps. I am going to learn the modern methods or cultivation from him someday.,通过适当添加连接词、修饰语，把一些简单句变成介词结构或并列句、复合句的办法，上面的文章可以改写为： A good farmer, Mr. Black understands the science of farming. With a knowledge of the various kinds of soil, he can tell which kinds of soil are most suitable for different crops. He also knows that he must help his soil and feed his plant. As a result, he always get heavy and good crops. Someday, I am going to learn the modern methods of cultivation from him. 需要注意的是，寻求句子结构的多样化并不意味着句子结构的复杂化。一般来说，句子结构还是越简单越好。句子结构简单和句子结构单一并不是一回事。,（2）长度的变化 一片好的文章不仅要有多变的句子结构，还应该有多变的句子长度。 试分析下面的文字，注意作者是如何通过句子的结构和长度的变化，使文章具有较强的可读性： The new century is upon us. All our sights are turned toward the future. Now your country has known more millennia than the United States has known centuries. Today, however, China is as young as any nation on earth. This new century can be the dawn of a new China, proud of your ancient greatness, proud of what you are doing, prouder still of the tomorrows to come. It can be a time when the world again looks to China for the vigor of its culture, the freshness of its thinking, the elevation of its human dignity that is apparent in its works. It can be a time when the oldest of nations helps to make a new world.,第二节 如何写出生动的句子,生动的句子一定是表达多样化的句子，这里就如何写出多样化的句子列举主要表达如下： 1. 以数词和表示数量的词开始的句子 1. Many other job opportunities are available for college students. 2. Several factors should be taken into account when a company hires an employee. 3. Over nine-tenths of Chinas inhabitants belong to the Han nationality. 4. Few politicians realize the importance of solar energy.,二、there be及类似的结构 1. There appear to be several reasons for changing our plans. 2. There has been more Americans killed in road accidents than in all the wars since 1900. 3. In a small town in Germany, there once lived a rich merchant who had a beautiful daughter.,三、以介词和介词短语开始的句子 1. With the rapid development of our society, every individual is confronted with more and more fierce competition. 2. Apart from that, it is still important for a mother to be kind. 3. Concerning the point raised by the last speaker, I can add nothing to what I have already said. 4. In conclusion (or in short), we have to pay great attention to this problem.,四、从句 1. Although many people have realized the lack of energy, therere still lots of cases of wasting them. 2. While it can do lots of things for man, a computer cant work without mans help. 3. When it comes to using a computer, I fell just like a babe in the woods. 五、强调句式 1. It is increasingly acknowledge that foreign schools can provide their students with practical sills, which makes them more competitive in the job market. 2. It is because he has behaved so badly that he must be punished. 3. It is not so much the cold as the rain which make s the climate unpleasant.,六、以副词或短语开头的句子 1. Most importantly, there is going to be a massive increase in the number of retired people. 2. To sum up, it is better for one to say no in some particular situations. 3. Therefore, we mustnt give up half way. 4. Usually we dont go out in such weather. 七、反问句或设问句 1. Who cares about the poverty-stricken students? 2. Should we read selectively or extensively? Different people may respond to it in different ways.,八、非谓语动词的使用 1. Having being completely destroyed, the city will take at least five years to clean up and rebuild. 2. To do his best, he could not fulfill his task in time.（不定式短语作让步状语） 3. All things considered, it is rather rational for us to reach such a conclusion. 4. When making a decision to completely give up smoking, one should have sufficient determination. 5. With all the children being at home during the holidays, she has a great deal of work to do.,九、插入语 1. Solving problems in the dorm will, in the long run, help students understand how to communicate with others. 2. Students who have part-time jobs can relieve, to some extent, the economic burden of their parents. 十、倒装 1. Only yesterday did I realize what was going on. 2. Under no circumstances can we accept cheques. 3. On a hill in front of them stood a great castle. 4. Hardly did I think it possible. 5. Had I known what was going to happen, I would never have left her alone. 6. She traveled a great deal, as did most of her friends.,十一、平行结构 1. The products are advanced in technology, novel in structural design, superior in steel quality, fine in workmanship and strict in quality control. 2. To read, to understand, to listen and to writethese four functions of the mind are different from each other. 十二、被动句 1. Every effort was made to make me understood. 2. It is known to all that there is a clear link between smoking and some kinds of serious diseases. 十三、It用作形式主语 1. It goes without saying that there must be some inconvenience brought about by raising pets. 2. It is not easy to get him to change his mind.,十四、虚拟语气 1. If I knew English, I should be able to read these English books. 2. If you had come here yesterday, you would have seen him. 3. Had she been given some information, she could answered the questions. 4. He might live quite comfortably were it not for such troubles. 5. But for you, I should lost my way. 6. Life could not have occurred without water, air, and the element carbon.,第三节 英文写作常见错误分析,主谓不一致 误：But there is always some problems and difficulties on our way to success. 正：But there are always some problems and difficulties on our way to success. 病句分析：在there be结构中，be的单复数形式应与其后的名词的单复数保持一致。,误：Making on-line friends are very popular among young people today. 正：Making on-line friends is very popular among young people today. 病句分析：非谓语动词作主语，谓语动词用单数。 误：The manager, not the employees, were to be punished for the accident. 正：The manager, not the employees, was to be punished for the accident. 病句分析：主语和谓语之间插入了由with，as well as，except，along with，in addition to，not等引导的名词词组，谓语动词应与主语保持一致。,逐词翻译 误：In modern society, we cant leave knowledge just like fish cant leave water. 正：In modern society, knowledge is to us what water is to the fish. 或 In modern society, knowledge is as important to us as water is to the fish. 病句分析：本句的错误显然是句型的使用错误，应使用的句型是“A is to B what C is to D”或“as.as”这一结构。 误：Work and play are same important. 正：Work and play are equally important. 病句分析：same是形容词，不能修饰important。正确表达法应用副词equally或as.as结构。,误用词语 It is very harmful to our eyes if we sit before computers for too much times. You can get all kinds of informations on Internet. People can communication with one another by sending and receiving e-mails. There are a lot of unhealthy things on Internet, for example, crimes,