《Maxwell超级电容》PPT课件.ppt

特卡特培训,By: 麦克斯维尔技术 - 圣地亚哥,About Maxwell,电容器制造始于1965 生产设施：欧美及亚洲,麦克斯维尔是创新、高能效储存及能源输送解决方案的领先开发者及生产者,什么时候我可以用超级电容? 什么事超级电容? 超级电容市场 超级电容应用 规范你的系统Sizing your System Sizing Examples 超级电容系统设计指引 摘要,什么时候我可以用超级电容?,需要高度可靠后备电力的应用。 1-60秒短时桥接电力，用于转换到第二个电源或顺序关闭 很好地补偿瞬时严重电压凹陷的优质电力 针对大瞬时高峰或电能浪涌的电力缓冲器,电力 vs 能量,电力和能源有什么不同?,应用模型,Peak Power Shaving,超级电容提供尖峰电力 .,削减尖峰电力,Back-Up Power Support,超级电容提供尖峰电力 .还有后备电力.,后备电力,什么是超级电容?,超级电容的性能特性,超级电容的表现在传统电容器和电化学单元之间. 快充快放能力 高可逆过程, 10万个周期 能力比单元低 仅有单元能力的10% 能量比电解电容更高 出色的低温表现,什么是超级电容?,C = er A/d d最小化 A最大化 E = 1/2 CV2,超级电容是: 100年的老技术, 因现代材料而加强 基于电解质的极化、高表面积电极及极小的充电点和分离 也就是电化学双层电容,技术比较,技术比较 (page 2),燃料单元,超级电容 vs 单元技术,超级电容市场,超级电容市场,已有产品 Available Products,含水电解质: ESMA, Elit, Evan, Skeleton Technologies and Tavrima 优势: 高电解导电率 不需紧密密封以隔离 低环境影响 弱势: 低分解电压 (1.23V) 窄的工作区间(水的冰点) 有机电解质: Maxwell Technologies, Panasonic, EPCOS, Ness Capacitors, ASAHI GLASS 优势: 高分解电压 宽的工作电压 弱势: 低电解导电率 需要紧密密封，隔离湿气,超级电容应用,应用,汽车 14/42 V系统 HEV 电力子系统,牵引Traction 回复制动 电压稳定 柴油机启动,工业 电力质量 Pitch systems Actuators,消费电子 AMR PDAs 数码相机 对讲机 扫描器 玩具,小单元,大单元,电力机车包 制动能源收集 柴油机启动,今日市场,风电厂风浆系统 突发电力Burst power,牵引,工业,消费者,储能系统: 基站或在车上,SITRAS SES - 解决方案,优势: 通过减少一次能源消耗降低成本,应用: 交替送出储存的刹车能量，用于车辆再加速,解决方案: 可以提供基站式或车上储存系统,SITRAS SES - 益处,庞巴迪运输系统的MITRAC,MITRAC energy saver,柴油发动机的启动 by Stadler,柴油引擎车辆用的超级电容模块 电压平衡的结实构造 容易放大以适应额外的启动电力 容易与现有机壳集成 容易使用，免维护,风力发电机变桨系统,现代风力涡轮机 由三叶可变速 涡轮构成 独立的机电 推动装置 控制和调节 旋翼桨叶 最新技术 uses the wind not only to produce wind energy but also for its own safety,变桨系统储能装置,每个变桨系统配有一个超级电容紧急供电装置 超级电容因如下原因代表着一个理想的应急供能系统： 提高了安全水平 高可靠性 效率 可扩展性,75 V, 81 F 超级电容模块 4 模块串联驱动 300 V 3-5 MW风电场的变桨距系统,开关盒 包含2600F的 超级电容,能量单元驱动的叉车,装有能量单元的叉车 单元系统级超级电容模块,BOOSTCAP module: 48 BCAP0010 112 V, 55 F 40 kW 尖峰电力,超级电容在汽车上的应用,Distributed energy modules are located at the actuator level in the vehicle control hierarchy in close proximity to the actuator power driver (should be within 18”).,带超级电容的能量单元,超级电容已被接受为燃料单元普通储能方式之一,每一个 全球主要车厂都在测试燃料单元 作为传动动力系统的替代方案之一。 所有值得关注的 燃料单元公司正在用或在试验采用超级电容作为系统的集成部分. 多家 主要汽车厂声明了将带超级电容的燃料单元作为他们的基本系统架构。本田和现代已经公开，其它和我们合作的还没有。,“利用超级电容使我们获得了能效优势，油门响应and throttle responsiveness over competitors that are pursuing the hybrid batteryfuel cell model” 本田汽车公司,Sizing Your System,数据表,数据表,如何检测超级电容,检测超级电容你需要: 双向电源 (supply/load) OR separate power supply and programmable load (constant current capable) voltage vs. time measurement and recording device (digital scope or other data acquisition) 电容和电阻Capacitance and Resistance: 电容Capacitance = (Id * td)/(Vw - Vf) = (Id * td)/Vd ESR = (Vf - Vmin)/Id Vw = initial working voltage Vmin = minimum voltage under load Id = discharge current Vf = voltage 5 seconds after removal of load. td = time to discharge from initial voltage to minimum voltage,基本公式,电容的定义: C = Q/V (1) Charge = current * time: Q = I*t C = I*t/V (1a) Solving for voltage: V = I*t/C (2) 动态电压: dV/dt = I/C (3) 储存能源 E = C*V2 (4) At initial voltage Vo, Eo = C*Vo2 At final voltage Vf, Ef = C*Vf2 Delivered energy = Eo Ef E = C*(Vo2 Vf2) (5),电压 & 电流 vs. 时间,C = 15 farad; Resr = 100 milliohm Vo = 48V; I = 30A,V = Q/C,dVesr = I*Resr,dV/dt = I/C ; dV = I*dt/C,dVtotal = I*dt/C + I*Resr,E = C*(Vo2 Vf2),基本模型,Series/Parallel configurations Changes capacitor size; profiles are the same 串联配置Series configurations Capacitance decreases, Series Resistance increases Cs=Ccell/(#of cells in series) Rs=Rcell*(# of cells in series) 平行配置Parallel configurations Capacitance increases, Series Resistance decreases CP=Ccell*(# of cells in parallel) RP=Rcell/(# cells in parallel) 受控电流 Use output current profile to determine dV/dt dV = I * (dt/C + ESR) 受控电力 Several ways to look at this: Pterm = I*Vcap I2*ESR (solve quadratic for I) I = Vcap - sqrt(Vcap2-4*ESR*Pterm)/(2*ESR) Solve for dV/dt as in current-controlled J=W*s=1/2CV2 Solve for C.,带单个储能装置的应用,Applications in which little total energy is required (i.e. memory backup) Possibly used with other energy sources Short duration, high power (i.e. pulse transmit) Long duration, low power (i.e UPS backup) Opportunities for high charge rates (i.e toys),带两个储能装置的应用,Power vs. Energy design trade when using two components 单原件与双原件的比对 Engines/Fuel cells/Batteries/Solar Arrays are energy rich/power poor (or poor response) Size these components for enough energy, system may be limited in power Size these components for power, system may have surplus of energy Ultracapacitors are power rich/energy poor Size an ultracapacitor for enough energy, system may have a surplus of power Size an ultracapacitor for power, system may be limited in energy 双元件Two components A primary source for energy; Ultracapacitor for power Requires appropriate definition of peak power vs. continuous power,超级电容的老化,Unlike batteries, Ultracapacitors do not have a hard end of life criteria. Ultracapacitors degradation is apparent by a gradual loss of capacitance and a gradual increase in resistance. End of life is when the capacitance and resistance is out of the application range and will differ depending on the application. Therefore life prediction is easily done.,电容和 ESR vs 频率,C and ESR Temperature Dependency,BCAP 自放电,BCAP 循环能力,BCAP Cycling,500000 cycles between 1.8 and 2.7 V, 100 A ESR (1 Hz) increase 140 % (0.49 to 0.79 mOhm Capacitance decrease 38 % (2760 to 1780 F), 30% compared to rated capacitance,BCAP 直流寿命 DC Life,Capacitance and ESR variation at U, T = 40 C,BCAP DC Life,Capacitance and ESR variation at U, T = 65 C,选型举例,Example sizing,1) 定义系统需要 15 W delivered for 10 seconds 10V max; 5V min 2) 确定总能量需求: J=WS=10W*10sec=150J a) Determine Capacitance based on: J=1/2CV2 b) Substitute the energy from above: 150J=1/2C(Vmax2-Vmin2) c) Solve for C: C=300/(102-52)=4F 3) 加20-40% 安全余量以覆盖I2R 损失 Csystem = 4.8F 4) 计算串联组中需要多少个单元 (因为最高单元电压 = 2.5V) 10V/2.5V = 串联组中需要4个单元 5) Calculate cell-level capacitance C = Csys * # of series cells = 4.8F* 4 = 19.2F per 2.5V “cell” 6) 计算并联单元的数量 (我们将假定一个10F单元) # in parallel = 19.2/10F = 2 x 10F cells in parallel,产品策略,可提供的产品组合,Enhance application cost effectiveness by filling the product portfolio ladder - Initial focus: MC Series,3000 F,2600F,2000 F,1500 F,1200 F,650 F,电力梯级,3000 F,2600F,2000 F,1500 F,1200 F,650 F,能源梯级,11个新的超级电容单元,MC系列用新产品组合,能源Energy,电力Power,29个新产品,设计一个超级电容系统的指引,超级电容单元的平衡,为什么要有单元平衡? Achieve cell to cell voltage balance Accounts for variations in capacitance and leakage current, initial charge and voltage dependent on capacitance, sustained voltage dependent on leakage current Reduces voltage stress on an individual cell Increase overall reliability of the individual cells,超级电容单元的平衡,如何进行单元平衡? Resistor method, resistor placed in parallel, resistor value calculated at 10x leakage current for slow balance, 100x for faster balance, good for low cycle when efficiency or stand by loss not an issue,Surface Mount Resistor for low duty cycle application,超级电容单元的平衡,Active method, use semiconductors to limit or balance voltage between cells, best for high duty cycle or when efficiency and stand by loss from leakage current are important, highest cell reliability option,Active cell to cell balance circuit,单元平衡,低成本 Scalable balance current 10mA, 300mA circuits 很低的quiescent current (20A) No on/off required 模块化安装 N cells requires N-1 circuits 电压独立,2600F cells; 4 in Series,300mA balancer for 50 & 60mm cells,10mA balancer for 5F & 10F cells,单元平衡,Three cells with one cell balancing resistor removed:,超级电容的并组,为什么要并组? Ensure proper mechanical stress Ensure robust low resistance interconnect Ensure proper electrical isolation Ensure proper thermal considerations Ensure agency compliance Increase overall cell reliability Reduce or eliminate maintenance requirements,电容单元的并组,如何并组单元? Care should be taken for the electrical interconnect, a few key guidelines to follow: Do not over torque. Over torque at the terminals may cause internal failure of contact points. For example, the Maxwell BCAP specification is 100 in.-lbs Use similar conductor metal interconnect bus bars to eliminate galvanic corrosion. Good surface to surface contact will reduce inter-cell resistance, reducing voltage drop and temperature stress,How to Package Cells? Cell to cell spacing should take into consideration two key points and can be accomplished by the design of the interconnect or the cell balancer: Depending on the cell some part of the outer case may be electrically the same as one of the terminals, ensure electrical isolation and watch for rubbing components that may wear through ultracapacitor insulation, do not remove the factory instal