高考英语句子成分和句型课件.ppt

句子成分与结构,明其重要性,句子是写作的基本单位，只有写好句子才有可能写好文章。英语的句子成分有八种：,主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、 状语、同位语, 主语补足语和宾语补足语。,学会判断句子成分对以后学习难句奠定了基础。 英语句子的构成也有其特定的规律，掌握了句子 的基本句型、常见句式和词语的习惯搭配， 就能写出完整、正确的句子。,一，回忆英语的词性分类 二，句子的成份 三，句子的结构 四，句子的种类,一，回忆词性分类：,名词(nouns) n. 代词(pronoun) pron. 实词 数词(numeral) num. 形容词(adjective) adj. 或a. 副词(adverb) adv. 动词(verb) v 冠词(article) art 虚词 介词(preposition) prep. 连词(conjunction) conj. 助词(auxiliary) aux.,二，句子的成份,一） 主语：是一个句子所叙述的主题， Walls have ears. He will take you to the hospital. Three plus four equals seven. To see is to believe. Smoking is not allowed in public places. Whether or not they will come depends on the weather. 二）谓语：由_担任。助动词或情态动词加其他动 词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。说明主语所做的动作或状态.动词有着各种时态的变化 Action speaks louder than words. The chance may never come again. Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994.,动词/动词短语,名词,代词,数词,to do不定式,doing动名词,句子,动词常分为实义动词,连系动词,情态动词和助动词. 情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.,They can speak English well. They are playing over there.,（三）宾语 表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在_之后。_词后也会跟宾语。,She covered her face with her hands. We havent seen her for a long time. Do you mind opening the window? Give me four please. He wants to dream a nice dream. We need know what others are doing. We should care more about our friends.,动词/动词短语,介词,名词 n,代词 pron,动名词,代词和数词,to do不定式,句子,介词+名词,宾语种类：,（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语） You lend me your dictionary. My mother bought my brother a computer. （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语） They elected him their monitor. I find the homework difficult to finish.,宾语种类： （1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）， A.直接宾语:表示动作的承受者或结果,通常指物. B.间接宾语:表示动作所向的或所为的人或物,通常指人. 例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. My parents bought me a birthday present. 间接宾语 直接宾语 有时，间接宾语可以放在直接宾语之后，不过，在间接宾语前要加一个介词to或for。 如： My parents bought a birthday present for me. 直接宾语 介词间接宾语 跟to: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如 He sent the novel to William yesterday. 跟for: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.,（四）表语 它的位置在_之后。是用来说明主语的_,_, _的.,My father is a professor. Whos that? Its me. Everything here is expensive. The match became very exciting. The story of my life may be of help to others. Three times five is fifteen. His plan is to seek work in the city. My first idea was that you should hide your feelings.,系动词、连系动词,性质,特征,状态,名词 n,代词 pron,形容词 adj,adj,介词短语,数词,to do不定式,句子,常见的系动词有: be(am,is,are,were,was), look,seem,feel,smell,taste,sound, keep,stay,become,get,grow,come,go, .,The cake tastes nice. The water feels cold. These stories sound interesting.,1）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有be一词 He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。,系动词,3）表像系动词，用来表示“看起来像“这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He looks tired. He seems (to be) very sad. 4）感官系动词，主要有feel, smell, sound, taste This flower smells very sweet.,5）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come He became mad after that. 6）终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。,（五 定语 是修饰_词.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之_；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之_。,They are woman workers. Toms father didnt write home until yesterday. Mary is a beautiful girl The play has three acts. This is her first trip to Europe. China is a developing country. I have nothing to eat. Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.,名,前,后,名词,名词所有格,形容词 adj,数词,形容词 /序数词 /to do 不定式,现在分词 doing,to do 不定式,从句,(六 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态的特征状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、伴随情况等。,The best fish swim near the bottom. I left the village five years ago. I arrived late because of the traffic jam . Well send a car to fetch you. The fish can eat a person in two minutes , leaving only bones The students came into the classroom, singing and dancing. If he goes, so will I . Though he is a child, he knows a lot.,地点状语,时间状语,原因状语,目的状语,结果状语,伴随状语,条件状语,让步状语,(七 宾语补足语。英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。,They elected me captain of the team. We try to make our country strong. We found everything in good order there. I should advise you to get the chance. I saw him going upstairs. They found the house broken in.,名词,形容词,介词短语,to do 不定式,现在分词 doing,done 过去分词,宾语和宾语补足语一起构成动词的复合结构,(八 主语补足语 如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语,I was elected captain of the team. Our country will be made strong.,与宾语补足语一样,(九同位语：,当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分（1）用来说明和解释另一个句子成分（），这个句子成分（）就叫做另一個句子成分（2）的同位语。 We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生） We all are students. (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）,Exercises,I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday., 主语, 谓 语, 定语, 宾 语, 同位语, 状 语,一) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? The old man sitting at the gate said that he was ill.,一个完整的句子做宾语， 那么这个句子叫宾语从句。,(二) 挑出下列句中的表语 - The old man was feeling very tired. - The leaves have turned yellow. - Soon They all became interested in the subject. - My dream is that I can be admitted into a key university.,一个完整的句子做表语， 那么这个句子叫表语从句。,(三) 挑出下列句中的定语 1. What is your last name? 2. I am afraid some people forgot to clean the floor. 3. The man in the gym was trying to sleep. 4.Gym is a place where you can exercise and have fun.,一个完整的句子做表语， 那么这个句子叫表语从句。,(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.,(五) 挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. He began to learn English when he was eleven.,一个完整的句子做状语， 那么这个句子叫状语从句。,(六) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me? 直宾指物 间宾指人,三.句子结构,5种简单基本句型,主语+谓语+宾语 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语,动词,系动词,不及物动词,及物动词,主语+系+表语,主语+谓语,1）Our city is at the crossing of some important railways. 主语 系动词 表语 2）The city will become rich. 主语 系动词 表语 在这类结构中最常用的系动词是： “变化”类：_. “感官”类: _. “持续”类：_. 其他：（似乎）_ _ (证明是)_,get/ become/ turn/grow/go,taste/ smell/ feel/look/sound,stay/ keep/remain,seem appear,turn out/ prove(to be),1主语 + 系动词 + 表语,Exercises,你的故事听起来很有趣。 _. 把鱼放在冰箱里，否则它会变坏的。 _. 这种炎热的天气将会保持几天。 _. 这个计划证明是可行的。 _.,Your story sounded very interesting.,Put the fish into fridge, or they will go bad.,The hot day will remain/stay/ keep a few days.,The plan turned out/proved （to be) practical.,2主语 + 谓语,1）Building has started. 主语 谓语 2）The train leaves at 7:40. 主语 谓语 搭配：The teacher teaches well. The child walks very slowly. 搭配：The girl looked at the picture. The children ran to the forest.,动词副词,动词介词,3主语 + 谓语 + 宾语,1）The boss employed five more workers. 主语 谓语 宾 2）My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. 3）Few students like taking exams. 4）He forgot to close the door. 5）I hope I can speak English fluently.,可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, buy, promise,顺便问一下，她把钱付给你了吗？_. 下学期谁教你们生物？_. Mr. White告诉我为什么他要出国。_.,By the way, has she paid you money?,Who will teach you biology?,Mr. White told me why he went abroad.,4主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语,1）He has fetched us some new textbooks. 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 2）Grandma cooked us a nice meal. 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 3）The man told the girl that he wants to test her the subject. 4）The boy asked me if I could speak Chinese.,5主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语,1）The villagers didnt allow them to do this. 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语 2）I will keep the box in the shade. 3）We found him a very good pupil. 4）She let me stay in the company.,分析下列句子基本结构,1.Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you. 3. All of us considered him honest. 4.My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 5. He broke a piece of glass. 6.He made it clear that he would leave the city.,按句子的结构分,简单句 并列句 复合句,只有一个主谓结构,有两个或两个以上主谓结构,一个主句加一个或几个从句,简单句由一个主语（或者并列主语）和一个谓语（或者并列谓语）所构成的句子叫简单句。简单句分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四种。 1. 陈述句 凡是说明一件事情,指出看法，或者表达一种心情的句子是陈述句。陈述句分为肯定句和否定句。尤其注意由否定词构成的否定句;两者全部否定用neither或nor；两者的部分否定用not+both；三者以上的否定用none, nothing, nobody, no one等。,简单句,Neither John nor Mary is here. 约翰和玛丽都不在这里。 Nobody agrees with what you said. 没有人同意你所说的话。 同时还要注意否定转移的情况，这类动词主要有think, believe, suppose, feel, expect等，但是hope不发生否定转移。 I dont think he has time to play with me. 我想他没有时间和我玩。 I hope you werent ill. 我想你没生病吧。,2. 疑问句 疑问句用以提出问题，按结构分为四类：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，反义疑问句和选择疑问句。 (1) 一般疑问句：对某一情况是否属实提出疑问，一般用yes或no来回答，有两种形式： be/have+主语+其他？ 助动词（情态动词）+主语+行为动词+其他？,(2) 特殊疑问句：用疑问词（what, who, how, why, when, where .）提问，一般有两种结构:疑问词+一般疑问句型结构。 What are you doing? 你正在做什么？ 疑问词作主语或主语的定语时用陈述语序。 What is your name? 你叫什么名字。 (3) 反意疑问句：表示提问者有一定的主观看法，但没有把握，希望对方来证实;有四种形式：前肯定后否定、前否定后肯定、前后都肯定、前后都否定，较为常用的有两种：前肯定后否定、前否定后肯定。,注意： 反意疑问句的回答应该以事实为依据，而不能依照中文的习惯回答。 He isnt a student, is he? 他不是一名学生，是吗？ No. He isnt.(是啊，他不是学生。) /Yes. He is.（不，他是个学生。） 注意反意疑问句否定提前时的情况。 I dont think he is honest, is he? 我认为他不诚实，是吗？ 一般来说句子里包含表示否定的副词，反意疑问部分选用肯定式; 如果包含的是表示否定的动词则不遵循此规则。 He has never been to the US, has he? 他从来没到过美国，是吗？ He dislikes such a man, doesnt he? 他不喜欢像这样的人，是不是？,在并列句中，反意疑问句部分要和第二个分句保持一致。 She isnt a diligent student, for it is the third time that she has been late for school, isnt it? 她不是一个勤奋的学生，因为这是她第三次迟到了，是不是？ 反意疑问句的构成形式为：主语+表示想法的状态动词+宾语从句，如果主句主语为第一人称，反意疑问的为宾语从句的主语；如果主句的主语为二、三人称，那么反意疑问的为主句的主语。 I dont think he is lazy, is he? 我认为他不懒惰，是吗？,You all know that he is honest, dont you? 你们都知道他诚实，是不是？ 注意：英语口语中常用句型: （主语）祈使句 .等+will you?往往表示一种建议、命令、恳求等，与反意疑问句有点相似。 You clean the floor today, will you? 今天你擦地，好吗？ Those boys over there please come here, will you? 那边的那些男孩来这里，好吗？ （4） 选择疑问句：形式上与一般疑问句相似，但里面包含两个答案，用“or”连接，不能简单地用yes/no回答。 Are you from Scotland or England? 你是来自苏格兰还是英格兰？,3. 祈使句 祈使句表示请求、命令、叮嘱、号召等，谓语动词用原形。当说话对象是第二人称时，一般省略主语，但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种情绪时可以有主语或加称呼语。若说话对象是第一人称或第三人称时，常用“Let+宾语+动词原形”。 Dont be careless! 别粗心大意