新课标2020届高考英语一轮复习专题一语法基础考点十二词性转换.docx

考点十二词性转换限时25分钟一、单句语法填空1My English improved a lot; more importantly, I gained much _ (confident) 答案：confidence句意：我的英语提高了许多；更重要的是，我的自信心增强了不少。所填词涉及形容词变为名词的后缀：ence。句中的much为限定词，后应接名词，作宾语。根据派生法规则，confident的名词形式为confidence。2Smoking during pregnancy _ (danger) your babys life答案：will endanger句意：孕期抽烟会危及胎儿生命。所填词涉及名词转化为动词的构词法：en。句中所填词应为谓语动词，意为“危及”；根据派生词构词法规则，可在名词前加前缀en，转化为相应意义的动词，即endanger；另外，本句表示叙述在某种情况下有可能发生的事，应用情态动词will，故填will endanger。3It was a _ (fog) cold morning when he set off for the remote village答案：foggy句意：在一个寒冷的起雾的上午，他向那个遥远的村庄进发了。句中所填词修饰morning，作定语。根据派生法规则，fog的形容词形式为foggy。4People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is, no knowledge is _ (use)答案：useless句意：对于重返学校，人们当然有各种理由，但是有一点需要知道的重要的事是，知识是有用的。所填词涉及否定意义的后缀：名词less构成形容词。所填词作系动词is的表语，且根据语境，此处应填表示否定意义的形容词，构成双重否定。useless “无用的”。5The _ (protect) and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects all the people and economic development throughout the world答案：protection句意：人类环境的保护和改善是一个影响全世界人民和经济发展的大问题。根据“and improvement”可知，所填词为protect的名词形式。根据派生法规则，在protect后加后缀ion变为名词。6The meeting supposed to be _ (success) turned out to be a failure in the end 答案：successful句意：那场本应该成功的会议最终被证明是失败的。所填词作be的表语，应填形容词。根据派生法规则，在success后加后缀ful，构成形容词。7Customs officials _ (cover) a plot to smuggle weapons into the country答案：uncovered句意：海关官员发现了一个走私武器入境的阴谋。所填词涉及表示相反意义的前缀：un。句中所填词应为谓语动词，根据后面的宾语a plot可知，此处应表示“发现，揭露”；根据派生词构词法规则，在动词前加前缀un，转化为相反意义的动词，故填uncovered。8Ann will be remembered for her ability and her _ (warm) 答案：warmth句意：安因为她的能力和热情友好，将被铭记。所填词涉及形容词转化为名词的后缀：th。所填词位于形容词性物主代词her之后，应填名词。根据派生法规则可知warm的名词形式，即在词尾加后缀th。9One person was killed, several were _ (serious) hurt and taken to hospital, and a number of other people received small hurt答案：seriously句意：一个人丧生，几个人严重受伤，被送往医院，并且数名其他人受了轻伤。所填词涉及形容词转化为副词的后缀：ly。所填词在句中修饰动词hurt，作状语，应填副词。根据派生法规则，serious的副词形式只要在词尾加后缀ly即可。10It has a highly _ (regular) shape, covered with bumps and indentations答案：irregular句意：它的外形极不规则，满是凸块和凹陷。所填词涉及表示相反意义的前缀：ir。句中为形容词作定语，修饰名词shape，根据后面的过去分词短语可知，所填词表示“不规则的”；根据派生词构成法规则，在形容词前加前缀ir，转化为相反意义的形容词，故填irregular。11It is _ (legal) to sell tobacco to someone under 16答案：illegal句意：出售烟草给16岁以下者是非法的。所填词涉及表示否定或相反意义的前缀：il。所填词在句中作表语，且根据“to someone under 16”可知，此处表示“非法的”。根据派生法规则，应加前缀il。12Extracurricular activities _ (able) the students to know how to apply the knowledge learned in the textbooks答案：enable句意：课外活动可以使学生们知道怎样运用在课本上学到的知识。所填词涉及形容词转换为动词的前缀：en。所填词在句中作谓语动词，根据派生法规则，able的动词形式，只要在词首加前缀en即可，enable 意为“使能够”。13You can rely on him because he is quite _ (rely)答案：reliable所填词涉及动词转换为形容词的后缀：able。所填词用在系动词is后，作表语，根据句中的“rely on him”可知，所填词表示“值得信赖的”，根据派生法规则，rely的形容词形式，须将字母y改为i，再加后缀able。14People on welfare are wrongly seen as lazy or _ (honest)答案：dishonest句意：靠福利救济的人被误认为懒惰或不诚实。所填词涉及表示否定意义的前缀：dis。根据语境可知，应填形容词，并表示否定意义，即 “不诚实的”；根据派生法规则，只需在词首加前缀dis。15You may find to your _ (amaze) that there is more kindness in your community than you ever believe possible答案：amazement句意：你可能会惊奇地发现，在你的社区，洋溢着难以置信的友爱。所填词涉及动词转化为名词的后缀：ment。所填词位于your之后，应用名词形式；根据派生法规则，只需在词尾加后缀ment即可变为名词。16I can not control my body well My legs become _ (pain)答案：painful句意：我无法很好地掌控我的身体。我的双腿变得疼痛。所填词涉及名词转化为形容词的后缀：ful。所填词位于连系动词之后，应用形容词作表语；根据派生法规则，只需在词尾加后缀ful即可构成painful “疼痛的”。17Late last year the Thompsons took part in a television documentary (纪录片) to prove that not all gifted children are the result of extremely _ (ambition) parents答案：ambitious根据空格位置，后面是名词parents，应该使用形容词作定语，故填ambitious。18Under her _ (encourage), I would spend hours burying myself in novels, even if my friends just laughed at me答案：encouragement句意：在她的鼓励下我总会花几个小时埋头看小说，即使朋友们嘲笑我。这里需用名词，指的是“在她的鼓励下”。 19The _ (grow) number of Chinese tourists traveling to Spain has in recent years offered opportunities for local companies答案：growing该空格处后面的词“number”是名词，名词受形容词修饰限制，grow为动词，动词转化为形容词时，常用ving表示主动进行，ved表示被动完成。此处表示大量中国游客去西班牙旅行，这个数量一直在增长中，表示进行，故答案为growing。20China has once again showed its ability to change the world with its “new four great _ (invent)”答案：inventions句意：中国用“新四大发明”再次展示了改变世界的能力。前面有形容词性物主代词修饰，且作介词的宾语，故这里用名词形式invention，且为可数名词，故用复数形式。 21I _ (firm) believed I could learn lots of words, phrases, translation skills, news stories and even amazing knowledge by reading it答案：firmly空格后的believed为动词，动词受副词修饰，故答案为firmly。22In most _ (develop) countries, like America and the Great Britain, teaching is a profession答案：developed句意：在美国和英国等发达国家中，教书是一种专业。develop的形容词变体有developing和developed两种形式，句中修饰美国和英国，故答案应为developed。23_ (luck), native English speakers can understand each other even if they dont speak the same kind of English答案：Luckily句意：庆幸的是，英语为母语者能够彼此理解，即使他们不讲同一种类的英语。所填词修饰整个句子，因此使用副词，故答案为Luckily。24Being _ (happy)is like an infectious disease It causes people to stay away from the sufferer答案：unhappy句意：不快乐就像传染病一样，会使得人们对于不快乐的人退避三舍。根据此空后面的“like an infectious disease”(像一个传染病一样)可知，此处应该使用happy的反义词，故填unhappy。 25She carried her left arm at an awkward angle, as if it were causing her _ (comfort)答案：discomfort根据上文，说明她“不舒服”。句意：她的左胳膊很不自然地抬着，好像它让她不舒服似的。26It was _ (extreme) difficult to build such a wall in the ancient days without any modern machines答案：extremely此空并不是系动词was后的表语，作表语的是difficult，空格处所填词修饰difficult，故填副词。27Your ideas are very interesting, but we need _ (practice) suggestions to get us out of trouble答案：practical此处表示可是我们需要切实可行的建议帮我们脱离困境，故用practice的形容词形式practical。28Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the_ (assume) youve made答案：assumption句意：试着去理解实际发生的事情，而不是按照你所做的假设行事。前面是定冠词the，后面跟名词形式，故填assumption。29Alice, the sales manager of the company, is doing a course to _ (sharp) her business skills答案：sharpen句意：这家公司的销售经理Alice正在学习一门课程来提高她的业务技能。sharpen “加强，提高”。Alice学习课程的目的是提高技能。30A television series is fast gaining its wordofmouth _ (popular) among not only Chinese households but also some foreigners 答案：popularity根据空格位置，前面有形容词性物主代词its和wordofmouth，后面应该为名词。popular为形容词，它的名词变化为后面加ity，故填popularity。二、单句改错1The teachers in our school are all kind and helpfully_答案：helpfullyhelpful本句中，系动词are后应接形容词作表语。由派生法规则可知，ful可作形容词的后缀，而ly为副词的后缀，故将helpfully改为helpful。2That little act of kind made everyone who saw it feel goodbut it made me feel the best of all!_答案：kindkindness本句中，介词of后应该接名词；根据派生法规则，在形容词后加后缀ness可变为相应意义的名词，故将kind改为kindness，act of kindness意为“善举”。3As far as I am concerned, my suggest is that we should always have a notebook and a ChineseEnglish dictionary within easy reach_答案：suggestsuggestion本句中，系动词is前的名词短语作主语，且my后应接名词；根据派生法规则，在动词后加后缀ion，可变为相应意义的名词，故将suggest改为suggestion。4If you deep your knowledge or understanding of a subject, you will learn more about it and become more interested in it_答案：deepdeepen本句中，从句中应用实义动词作谓语；根据派生法规则，在形容词后加后缀en，可变为相应意义的动词。故将deep改为deepen。5A lot of people became homely owing to the terrible earthquake_答案：homelyhomeless本句中，became为连系动词，后应接形容词作表语，且根据语境可知，此处应接表示否定意义的形容词；根据派生法规则，在名词后加后缀less，可变为表示否定意义的形容词。故将homely改为homeless。6The good working conditions in this company are attract _答案：attractattractive本句中，应用形容词作are的表语，描述该公司的工作条件吸引人；根据派生法规则，在动词后加后缀ive，可变为相应意义的形容词。故将attract改为attractive。7Try your best to memory these new words _答案：memorymemorize本句中，to是动词不定式符号，后接动词原形，构成不定式短语，表示目的；根据派生法规则，ize可作为动词的后缀。以y结尾的，去掉y，再加ize，故将memory改为memorize。8My close friend Jack understood me, which made me upset _答案：understoodmisunderstood根据句中的非限制定语从句可知，“我”很伤感的原因是朋友误会了“我”。根据派生法规则，在动词前加前缀mis可变为表示相反意义的词。故将understood改为misunderstood。9I dont think it a reason practice for them to behave that way in our society _答案：reasonreasonable本句中，修饰名词practice，应用形容词作定语。根据派生法规则，在名词后加后缀able，可变为相应意义的形容词。故将reason改为reasonable。10After waiting for about half an hour, I was beginning to get impatiently_答案：impatientlyimpatient句意：等了半个小时后我开始变得不耐烦了。get为系动词，后接形容词，故将构成副词的后缀ly去掉。11Unfortunate, I wont be able to meet you at the airport because I have classes in the afternoon_答案：UnfortunateUnfortunately位于句首修饰整个句子应用副词。12If you feel nervous or stress, try to do some relaxation exercises like deep breathing_答案：stressstressed句意：如果你感到紧张或有压力，试着做一些放松练习，比如深呼吸。stressed意为“感到有压力的”。13She found someone was following her, so she felt very frightening_答案：frighteningfrightened句意：她发现有人在尾随她，所以她感到非常害怕。描述人的心理感受应该用过去分词形式的形容词。14It is our belief to further expand markets and be satisfied with existing achievements_答案：satisfieddissatisfied句意：进一步开拓市场，不满足于现有成绩是我们的信念。 根据上文“开拓市场”，说明“不满足于现有成绩”。15What makes qigong special is that it can be done lying, sitting, or standing; thus it is access to disabled persons, seniors, and people recovering from injuries _答案：accessaccessible句意：气功的特殊之处在于它可以躺着、坐着或站着去做。所以残疾人、老年人和伤后恢复的人都可以做。系动词is之后应用形容词作表语，故将access改为形容词accessible，其意为“易接近的；容易理解的”。构词法(一)英语中的构词法主要可以分为派生法、合成法和转化法。正确运用构词法知识，有助于学生辨识阅读中遇到的生词的能力，更有助于考生解答语法填空和短文改错题中关于词性转换的设题。一、名词的后缀 1动词ion/tion/ation/sion(表示动作或动作过程)名词correctcorrection 纠正；改正 expectexpectation 期望 considerconsideration 考虑concludeconclusion 结论 2动词er/or/ee/ar/ess/ian/ist(表示从事某种职业或进行某种活动的人，即具体表示某种“人”)名词conductconductor 指挥；售票员teachteacher 教师 lieliar 说谎者employemployee 员工 artartist 艺术家musicmusician 音乐家3动词ment(表示行为状态、过程、手段或结果)名词punishpunishment 惩罚achieveachievement 成就 4动词/形容词th名词 warmwarmth 温暖；热情 5形容词 y/ty/ity名词 honesthonesty 诚实 cruelcruelty 残忍 responsibleresponsibility责任6形容词ness(表示状态或性质)名词 carelesscarelessness 粗心 7动词ance/ence名词performperformance 表演；业绩 preferpreference 偏爱8名词ship(表示身份、关系或资格)名词membermembership 成员；会员 9动词ure/ture名词failfailure 失败 mixmixture 混合物10形容词dom名词 freefreedom 自由 11动词al名词arrivearrival 到达12名词ful名词mouthmouthful 一口；一满口(的量)handhandful 一把；一把的量二、形容词的前缀与后缀 1名词al(表示“有属性”或“与有关”)形容词 agricultureagricultural 农业的nationnational 国家的 2动词/名词able/ible形容词 acceptacceptable 可接受的 accessaccessible 容易达到的3动词ive形容词actactive 积极的instructinstructive 具有教育意义的 4名词ful形容词 carecareful 仔细的；认真的 5名词y/ly形容词 wealthwealthy 富裕的 friendfriendly 友好的 6名词ous形容词dangerdangerous 危险的 mountainmountainous 多山的7以some结尾的形容词tiretiresome 令人厌烦的 8以a为首构成的形容词livealive 活(着)的wakeawake 醒着的三、动词的前缀与后缀 1前缀en 形容词动词richenrich 使丰富 largeenlarge 变大；扩大2前缀en名词动词dangerendanger 危及；危害courageencourage 鼓励3形容词/名词后缀en动词shortshorten 缩短 sharpsharpen 使尖锐 4以ify结尾的动词simplesimplify 使简化 beautybeautify 使美化5以ize结尾的动词realrealize 意识到 memorymemorize 识记；记忆四、副词的后缀 变化形式例词直接加ly(表示以某种方式)slowslowly 缓慢地extremeextremely 极端以辅音字母加y结尾的单词，改y为i，加ly happyhappily 高兴地merrymerrily 快乐地去e加lytruetruly 真正地以le结尾的形容词去e加ysimplesimply简单地gentlegently温柔地五、表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀1表示否定或相反意义的前缀(1)un/dis/in/im/ir/il/non 不，非 ableunable 不能够 coveruncover 揭露honestdishonest不诚实的activeinactive 不活跃的 patientimpatient 不耐烦的 regularirregular 不规则的 logicalillogical 不合逻辑的 (2)mis 错误地leadmislead 误导 2less表示否定或相反意义的后缀useuseless 无用的 hopehopeless 毫无希望的限时25分钟一、单句语法填空1(2017全国卷)However, be _ (care) not to go to extremes答案：careful句意：然而，谨防走极端。所填词涉及名词转化为形容词的后缀：ful。动词be后应接形容词作表语；根据派生法规则，在名词后加后缀ful，可转换为形容词，故填careful。2(2017全国卷)Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been _ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise答案：fairly句意：那时候，使用蒸汽机牵引车厢，乘客们肯定会因为烟和噪音而极为不舒服。所填词涉及形容词转化为副词的后缀：ly。所填词修饰后面的形容词unpleasant，应用副词；根据派生法规则，在形容词后加后缀ly，可转换为相应意义的副词。故填fairly，意为“相当地”。3(2017全国卷)This development was only possible with the _ (introduce) of the electricpowered engines and lifts答案：introduction句意：只有随着电力机车和升降机的引进，这种发展才有可能。所填词涉及动词转化为名词的后缀：tion。所填词位于定冠词the之后，of之前，应填名词形式；根据派生词规则，可在动词后加后缀tion，变为相应意义的名词，故填introduction。4(2017全国卷)The Central London Railway was one of the most _ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900答案：successful句意：中部伦敦地铁是这些新线路中最成功的线路之一，在1900年开放营运。所填词涉及名词转化为形容词的后缀：ful。所填词位于表示最高级的“the most”之后，应填形容词；根据派生词的构成规则，可在名词后加后缀ful，构成相应意义的形容词，故填successful，意为“成功的”。5(2017全国卷)She is determined to carry on with her _ (educate)答案：education句意：她决心继续接受教育。所填词涉及动词转化为名词的后缀：ion。所填词位于形容词性物主代词her之后，应填名词作宾语；根据派生词的构成规则，可在动词后加后缀ion，构成相应意义的名词，故填education。6(2017全国卷)It is _ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal答案：certainly句意：这的确有趣，但这种生活方式有一点不真实。所填词涉及形容词转化为副词的后缀：ly。所填词在句子中修饰形容词fun，应用副词形式；根据派生词的构成规则，可在形容词后加后缀ly，构成相应意义的副词。7(2017天津高考)The hospital has recently obtained new medical _ (equip), allowing more patients to be treated 答案：equipment句意：这家医院近来已经获得了新的医疗设备，使得更多的病人可以获得救治。所填词位于形容词new medical之后，应填名词；根据派生词转化规则，在动词后加后缀ment可转化为相应意义的名词，故填equipment。 8(2017天津高考) I had a very poor _ (relation) with food: I used it to kill bad feelings, to make myself feel better, and to celebrate答案：relationship句意：我与食物的关系很不和谐：我利用它来消除糟糕的心情，让我自己感觉更好，并且用食物来庆祝。所填词涉及名词转化为名词的后缀：ship。故填relationship，意为“(抽象的或内在的)关系”。9(2017浙江高考)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a _ (hand) of small carrots and was about to throw them away 答案：handful句意：去年十月，Lena Pahlsson 在照料她位于瑞典莫拉的花园时，她拔出一把小胡萝卜，并且正要扔掉。所填词涉及名词转化为名词的后缀：ful。所填词位于冠词a之后，应填名词；根据派生词构词法规则，在名词后加后缀ful可转化为相应意义的名词，故填handful，意为“一把”。10(2017浙江高考)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a _ (shine) object 答案：shiny/shining句意：但是某样东西让她凑近了看，并且她注意到了一个闪光的物体。所填词涉及动词转化为形容词的后缀：y/ing。 所填词位于冠词a之后，名词object之前，应填形容词；根据派生词构成规则，可在动词后加后缀y/ing构成形容词，故填shiny/shining。11(2017江苏高考)Were it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her _ (difficult)答案：difficulty句意：如果没有老师们的支持，这名学生不可能战胜困难。所填词涉及形容词转化为名词的后缀：y。所填词位于形容词性物主代词her之后，应填名词；根据派生词构成规则，可在形容词之后加后缀y，转化为相应意义的名词，故填difficulty。12(2017江苏高考)The publication of Great Expectations, which was both widely reviewed and highly praised, _ (strength) Dickens status as a leading novelist 答案：strengthened句意：伟大前程这部小说的出版发行受到各界的评论和高度赞扬，它巩固了狄更斯作为顶尖小说家的地位。所填词涉及名词转化为动词的后缀：en。所填词作句子的谓语；根据派生词构词法规则，可在名词后面加后缀en，转化为相应意义的动词，且本句描述过去的事实，故填strengthened。13(2016江苏高考)He did not compromise easily, but was willing to accept any _ (construct) advice for a worthy cause 答案：constructive句意：他不会轻易妥协，但愿意为一项有价值的事业接受任何建设性的建议。所填词涉及动词转化为形容词的后缀：ive。所填词在句中修饰名词advice，作定语，应填形容词；根据派生词构词法的规则，可在动词后面加后缀ive，转化为形容词，故填constructive，意为“具有建设性的”。14(2016天津高考)The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, making air conditioning _ (necessary)答案：unnecessary句意：凉爽的风吹过卧室的窗户，使得空调都没有必要了。所填词涉及表示否定或相反意义的前缀。所填词在句中作宾语补足语，应填形容词，根据语境可知，此处表示“没有必要的”；根据派生词构词法的规则，可在形容词前加表示“没有，不”的前缀un，故填unnecessary，意为“没有必要的”。15(2018黄冈中学模拟)It is _ (danger) for a woman to walk alone at night答案：dangerous句意：女子一个人走夜路很危险。所填词涉及名词转化为形容词的后缀：ous。所填词位于系动词is之后，作表语，应填形容词；根据派生词构词法规则，在名词后可加后缀ous，转化为相应意义的形容词，故填dangerous，意为“危险的”。16(2018全国卷)In tonights Easter special, they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious _ (inspire) on a budget答案：inspiration根据前面的形容词“delicious”可知，后面跟名词，形容词作定语，故填inspiration。17(2018天津高考)Being the coach of the new team, I was excited because I knew we were going to win, but to my _ (disappoint) we were defeated答案：disappointment句意：作为新队的教练，我非常兴奋，因为我知道我们队要赢，但是令我失望的是，我们输了。根据空格前的my可知，应填名词形式，故填disappointment。18(2018衡水调研)Entrance to the museum is free on Sundays, but it would _ (normal) cost $325 to go in and see the film答案：normally根据空格位置可知，此处修饰动词cost，故填提示词的副词形式normally。19(2018全国卷)The most _ (hope) data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading 答案：hopeful句意：报告中所分享的最令人鼓舞的数据是：在阅读方面，父母是孩子的榜样和重要的楷模。使用形容词，修饰后面的名词data，作定语。20(2018全国卷)The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold _ (discover) in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come答案：discoveries句意：城里到处都是不想安家定居的失望的人们，并且当他们听说在阿拉斯加发现了金子的时候，他们像来的时候那样，迅速地离开了道森城。结合前面的“new gold”可知，后面跟名词形式，同时根据there were是复数，故填discoveries。 21(2018江苏高考)The sustainable success of small farmers, though, wont happen without _ (fundament) changes to the industry答案：fundamental句意：不过，如果产业没有发生基本变化的话，小农场主的可持续发展不会发生。结合后面的名词changes可知，前面使用形容词作定语。22(2018浙江高考)Cooking food can be fun You might also begin to notice the effects not only on