英美法各论-offeracceptanceconsiderationmisrepresentation.ppt

英美法各論,Prof. R.Y.FANG,Offer,Definition: 要約人(offeror)表達願與他方(offeree)進行交易的意願 Elements: 內容明確 depends on subject. i/e price, quality, quantity, time to fulfill. 到達被要約人: 要約效力發生採達主義,非要約的行為: 個人意見的表達 Ie. I want to sell my watch. Reply- OK, I would like to pay $26 for it. 要約的誘引 Invitation to offer Owen v. Tunison 廣告 Craft v. Elder Lefkowitze v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store (very specific: price, content and condition) 單純的提共意見 Dr.s opinion,保留的拍賣 (auction with reserve) 性質為要約之誘引 Compare to auction without reserve 事前協商 (preliminary negotiation) 詢價, 議價 (A wrote to B and ask “I want to buy 10 units of A4 size paper”) Fairmount Glass Works v. Crunden-Martin Woodenware Co. (Mason Jar case) clearly provide the condition, place and quantity of goods 預約 (reservation) Wells v. Holiday Inns, Inc. Glass Service Co. V. State Farm Mutual Auto. Insurance Co. Key: partys intention, elements of K- can be proven by deposit,法律效果: 承諾的權利 Power of Acceptance The termination of this power depends on whether there is: rejection, counter offer, lapse of time specified by the offeror, revocation by the offeror, loss of the legal capacity,英美法各論,Week2,承諾權力終止,被要約人拒絕或提出反要約(rejection/counter-offer) 逾指定時限 (lapse of time specified by the offeror) 要約人撤回要約 (revocation) 任何一造死亡或喪失行為能力,被要約人拒絕或提出反要約(rejection/counter-offer),Rejection Counter-offer 不滿意要約內容而加以修改 但若所增內容無礙於原要約內容則非反要約 Rhode Isalnd Dept of Transportaion v. Providence & Worcester R.R. Price v. Oklahoma College of Osteopathic Medicine & Surgery,逾指定時限(lapse of time specified by the offeror),指定期限 未指定期限-合理期限 (reasonable time) Face to Face- end of the conversation Akers v. J.B. Sedberry, Inc. (reasonable time is based on the case by case, the trading custom may be considered),要約人撤回要約(revocation),要件: 撤回須在承諾之前為之 撤回通知必須到達被要約人 撤回於被要約人收到通知時發生效果 撤回通知: Offerors behavior + the offerees knowledge Dickinson v. Dodds (trial court/ appeal court/ firm offer) 公眾邀約 (懸賞廣告)- 公告滿足撤回通知之到達 Shuey v. United States (John Surratts case, unless reliance) Long v. Chronicle Publishing Co. (specific participate),任何一造死亡或喪失行為能力,被要約人死亡v.要約人 Only apply the nature person Swift&Co. v. Smigel (K is still effective but the damage only limited to the reliance信賴賠償金 not the expectation damage期待賠償金) Most of cases (K is not effective):因該特定要約人得履行之行為 或僅對其本人有實益 其對嚴產管理人或監護人則無此益 Beal v. Beal 被要約人信賴+要約利於要約者 should be effective- Craswell 主張,不得撤回之要約 (irrevocable offer),約因已給付(consideration has been given) 允諾禁反言(promissory estoppel) 確定步改之要約(firm offer) 開始履行的單邊契約(beginning of performance of unliateral K) 未保留之拍賣(aution without reserve),承諾(Acceptance),Define: offeree expresses his willingness to accept the content of the offer 成立要件: 明確(unequivocal) 不附條件(unconditional) 不附加限制(unqualifed) 承諾效力僅及被要人- only offeree can accept the offer,承諾提出暨效果,提出方式 單邊契約 作為或不作為 (履行要約所要求的行為) Loss dog case- prevent unjust enrichment 雙邊契約 答覆方式- 發信主義 (mail-box rule) Authorize means-CL ; reasonable means- UCC 區別實益 Davis v. Jacoby Klockner v. Green,Silence as Acceptance,接受服務 (acceptance of service) 2elements: 被要約人有充分機會拒絕; 一般人相信該項服務是需要報酬的 Lowsville Tin Vogt v. Madden (trial ct, appeal ct- is based on Ks not on silence) 要約內容指明沉默即承諾,約因 Consideration,Concept: 對價的欠缺或不足-原則上無法成立有效契約 Hamer v. Sidway (keep good habit case) Carodzos Standard in Allegheny College v. National Chautauqua Count Bank 事實顯示被要約人遭受法律上損失 (offeree suffers a legal detriment) 法律上損失導致允諾做成 (detriment must induce the promise) 允諾誘使法律上的損失發生 (the promise must induce the detriment),Lack of Consideration/ invalid Consideration,欠缺約因 贈與的允諾(gift promise); 附條件的贈與(conditional promise) Kirksey v. Kirksey (maybe the promissory estoppel) 無效約因 過去約因(past condieration) Mills v. Wyman 道德約因(moral consideration)- court has changed its position 允諾償還時效已消滅得債務- prevent injustice Webb v. Mcgromin (契約於要約人所受利益範圍有效) Harrington v. Taylor 約因不足(inadequacy consideration) Judge on the time of the make of K not on the time of the accomplish of the performance Tuckwiller v. Tuckwiller case,約因,允諾的禁反言 (promissory estoppel) 對於所成的承諾 事後不得反悔 要件: 1.合理的信賴(justifiable reliance) 2.不執行將導致不公平(injustice would result without enforcement)injustice means substaintial economic loss Wheeler v. White; Pitts v. McGraw-Edison Co. 不法交易 (illegal bargaining) 從事違反法律或法律所禁止的行為 不生法律效果 違反公共制策(violate public policy) 限制商業行為(restraint on trade) 高利貸(usury) 阻礙司法契約(contract tending to interfere with the course of justice),英美法各論,Week3,防詐欺條例 Anti-fraud provision,概念: 藉由特定形式的契約訂定(書面要求) 防止詐欺行為發生 成為拒絕履行契約之由 適用anti-fruad provisions ks: Common Law: 遺囑管理人/執行人承擔死者生前義務(executor-administrator answers for a duty of his decedent) 擔保(suretyship) 與不動產有關之契約(land contract)- any interest in land 一年期以上之契約: one year from making of the K can not performce/ accomplish the K- measure on the time of the making UCC: Sales of goods over $500 2-201 Sales of securities any amount 8-319 Personal property other than merchandise, securities over $5000 (IP) Investment Ks Not hold by the creditors,Legal effect: 須以書面為之違反 K still effective but not enforceable 被告擁有確認抗辯權 affirmative defense 例外 (base on the equity principle): 以履行完成之契約 (completely executed) 兩項以上債權債務關係存在 (return but not specify which one) Equitable estoppel- partial performance K( Partial performed; court will favor the party who seeks the enforcement of K) UCC (價今已給付並收受;商品以寄送收受or被告以自行承認契約) 嗣後備忘錄 (subsequent signing of a memorandum): 書面文件 雙方簽署 文件顯示: 1. 契約標的 2. 契約訂立時間 3. 未履行的允諾事項,英美法各論,week5,Mistake,Type: 共同的錯誤(mutual mistake) 一方的錯誤(unliateral mistake) 抄寫的錯誤(mistake in transcription) 誤解(misunderstanding) Effect: 效力未定 得撤銷 契約未成立 無效,共同的錯誤(mutual mistake),撤銷要件: 錯誤為認知基礎 (basic assumption) 具重大影響 (material effect) 擁有撤銷權 (the right to rescind the K: belong to the adversely affected party) 不須承擔錯誤風險 (no assumption of the risk of mistake) 承擔錯誤風險: due to the negligence or other reasons the party needs to afford the adversely result of mistake Situations:1.契約中明定該方須承擔錯誤風險 2.訂定契約時 明知對契約相關事實認知不足 3.法院衡量該案例客觀條件 Dover Pool & Racquet Clubs, Inc. v. Brooking (build swimming pool and tennis court),一方的錯誤(unliateral mistake),要件: 錯誤為認知基礎 (basic assumption) 具重大影響 (material effect) 擁有撤銷權 (the right to rescind the K: belong to the adversely affected party) 不須承擔錯誤風險 (no assumption of the risk of mistake) 契約不公平(unconscienable)或 對方明知他方有認知的錯誤或錯誤為其造成 Drenan v. Star Paving Co.