语法与词汇的学习策略.ppt

英语专业四级考试题型 分析与策略,语法与词汇,语法与词汇部分共有30道题，语法与词汇的比例相当，基本各占50%，每道题的平均做题时间为30秒。,一、语法部分 根据大纲规定的一级至四级的语法内容，TEM考查的具体语法包括以下6大项： 名词的数与格 限定词 代词 动词的时态、语态、虚拟语气、非谓语形式 从句（定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句） 直接引语、间接引语、比较级、最高级、介词固定搭配、倒装等,20002007语法考点分析,分析说明：以上统计并非完全精确，有时一道题不止考查一个知识点。譬如一道题可以同时考查“省略+从属分句”、“虚拟与倒装”或“省略+非谓语动词”等。本文归类的方法是看哪一个知识点是决定解答该题的最基本的知识点。,20002007年词汇考点分析,统计分析：根据2000-2007年近8年来TEM语法与词汇部分的词汇题考点分析统计，词义辨析题的比例（77%）远远大于固定搭配题的比例（23%），其中对动词考查力度最大。词汇测试题既是对考生词汇量的测试，更重要的是对考试词汇掌握质的检验。 专四考试要求考生掌握并能正确运用大纲规定的基础阶段认知词汇约55006000个，此外，还要求能正确、熟练地运用其中的30004000个单词及其最基本的搭配。,语法核心考点一：从属分句,从属分句和复合句息息相关，密不可分。复合句有一个主句和一个或一个以上的从属分句构成，也就是说，从属分句是复合句必不可少的组成部分。 从语法功能来分类，从属分句可分为状语从句、关系分句（即定语从句）和名词性从句。 状语分句的考点集中在方式、条件、让步、和时间状语从句上；关系分句的考点集中在关系代词的选择，限定性和非限定性定语从句的区别；名词性分句的考点集中在宾语从句和同位语从句。,从属分句考点一：状语从句,1. _ dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive. (2006-51) A. Although B. Whatever C. As D. However 2. He asked me to lend him some money, which I agreed to do, _ that he paid me back the following week. (2005-64) A. on occasion B. on purpose C. on condition D. only if 3. _, Mr. Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class. (2005-52) A. Although he is a socialist B. Even if he is a socialist C. Being a socialist D. Since he is a socialist 4. _ I like economics, I like sociology much better. (2003-49) A. As much as B. So much C. How much D. Much as,5. Does Alan like hamburgers? (2003-45) Yes. So much _ that he eats them almost every day. A. for B. as C. to D. so 6. The experiment requires more money than _. (2002-49) A. have been put in B. being put in C. has been put in D. to be put in 7. She did her work _ her manager instructed.（2002-41） A. As B. until C. when D. though 8. Barry had an advantage over his mother _ he could speak French. (2001-49) A. since that B. in that C. at that D. so that,状语从句重点小结：,条件状语从句通常由以下连词及分词引导： if、unless、 as long as、 so long as、 on condition that、 provided that、 given that。还有一些不常用的条件状语从句：suppose/supposing that assuming that、 in the event that如果，在的情况下、 say假如,例如： In the event that she can not arrive on time, we will go first. Suppose it snowed, we would still go. Say what he said were true, what would you do about it?,祈使句也可以表示条件,Hurry up, or youll be late.,让步状语从句含有：“虽然、尽管、即使”之意，其主要引导词有：though/although、 even if/even though、 no matter+疑问词、疑问词 +ever、 (much) as、 while等。另外几种不常用的表达法： In spite of the fact that he was deaf and dumb, he had a genius for music. While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them. Much as she needed the job, she had to refuse. Young as (though) he was/Child as (though) he was, he could do some housework for his mother. For all that there were a lot of difficulties, he finally entered the final competition and won the first prize. Granted (that) he has ability, it does not mean that he can do the work well.,for all (that),for all (that)表示让步概念， “that”可以省略，其后可接短语或从句。 For all your explanations, I understand no better than before. For all (that) he has made mistakes, he is still a noble man. 此外，介词短语也可表示让步概念。 With all our advice, he insisted on going there alone.,no matter+疑问词、疑问词 +ever,请判断下列句子正误： No matter what he says has nothing to do with me. Whatever he says has nothing to do with me. The old man believes no matter what his son tells him. The old man believes whatever his son tells him.,no matter+疑问词引导状语从句，不能引导主语从句和宾语从句，可用疑问词 +ever来引导主语从句和宾语从句。,时间状语从句,通常有以下引导词： 表示“当的时候” when, while, as, just as, next time, the last time, each time, every time, whenever 表示先后 after, before 表示“一就” as soon as, once, hardlywhen, scarcely when, no soonerthan, the moment(second, minute, instant), instantly, immediately, directly, and so on. 其它 by the time, it is the first(last) time, not until, till, (ever) since,注意：,几种不常用的时间状语从句，如： They went into action directly/immediately/instantly/the moment they heard the alarm. 几种需用完成时态的时间状语从句： by the time, it is the first time, hardlywhen, scarecelywhen, no soonerthan, (ever）since， now that 否定词放在句首时要倒装,比较方式状语从句,比较状语从句可分为同级和不同级比较，同级比较通常由引导，不同级比较通常由引导。实际情况比较复杂，有一些特殊形式： the more/lessthe more/less“越，越” just as, so“正如，也” A is to B what C is to D “A之于B就如C之于D一样” no(not any) more than“与都不” no（not any)lessthan“与一样都” not so muchas“与其说不如说”,例如：,You were on time and so was I. Food is to men what oil is to machine. As food is important to men, （so) oil is to machine. He is no more a teacher than we are. It is not so much the actual population of the world as its rate of increase that catches my attention. The secret of success is not so much money as a strong will.,注意：,1.有时要到装，如上面第一个例句。 2. 需注意比较从句中的省略结构，尤其注意根据省略的主语来选择谓语动词的单复数及时态语态。 He has paid more money than has been estimated before. These proposals attach greater importance to creativity than exist in traditional media.,方式状语从句,通常由这些引导词引导：as 、as if、 as though、 the way（相当于as ）、 (just) as so。例如：Treat others the way you want others treat you. I shall do the work the way my father did. 此外， as if、 as though引导的状语从句既可用虚拟语气也可用陈述语气，依情况而定。例如: He talked as if he had been to America. He treats me as if I were a stranger. It looks as if it is going to rain.,原因状语从句,原因状语从句的引导词如下：because、 as、 since、 now （that）、 considering that（鉴于、顾及到）、 seeing that（鉴于）、 in as/so much as、 in that等。请看以下例句： Now (that) you are old enough to judge things, you should start your own business. Seeing (that) she was seriously ill, they sent for the doctor. A gas differs from a solid in that it has no definite shape. Theory is valuable in that it can provide a direction for practice. 另外， seeing也可用作介词，后接名词，表示原因。如： She is not fit for the position seeing her youth and inexperience.,because的特殊之处,在由because引导的主从复合句中，如果主句中含有否定词not，则可能是否定because引导的从句。如： She didnt marry you because you had money. 本句可改写为： She married you not because you had money (but because she loved you). I dont teach because teaching is easy.,以下这些也可引导宾语从句：on the ground（s） that、 for the reason that、 in as much as（inasmuch as)等。 In as much as (Inasmuch as) we have gone so far, we might go a little further. 我们既然已经走了这么远，还可以再走远一点儿。,从属分句考点二：定语从句,1.The party, _ I was the guest of honour, was extremely enjoyable. (2006-53) A. by which B. for which C. to which D. at which 2. He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man _ he was twenty years ago. (2003-52) A. which B. that C. who D. whom 3. Have you ever been in a situation _ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him. (2002-44) A. by which B. that C. in where D. where 4. She managed to save _ she could out of her wages to help her brother. (2002-47) A. how little money B. so little money C. such little money D. what little money 5. Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff _ is needed for quality control can be substantially reduced. (2000-50) A. whose B. as C. what D. that,What 的用法,what 可引导定语从句，what = the thing(s) which 或 the person (s) that。what 既可以指物，也可以指人。指物时相当 the thing(s) which，指人时相当于 the person (s) that。值得注意的是，这种用法的 what 本身已包含先行词，故前面不能再有先行词。也就是说，前有先行词时，视具体情况用 that, which 或 who, 没有先行词时，就用 what。 What在其所引导的从句中可以作主语、宾语、和表语。例如：,This is exactly what he told me. What has been done can not be undone. Never pretend to be what you are not. She is what you call a snob. (=She is the woman that you call a snob.) 请判断正误 That is the furniture what we want to buy. That is the furniture that/which we want to buy.,特别要注意的是PPT 25中的第4题的情况：“what + 名词” 相当于 “all the + 名词 + that”。在其所引导的从句中作定语。 I have given you what help I can. = I have given you all the help that I can. The father gave what money he had to his son. He shared what little water he had with his companions. (all the little water that),请看下面两个句子：,The main facts in human life are five: birth, food, sleep, love and death. One could increase the number breathing for instance but these five are the most obvious. Let us briefly ask ourselves _ our lives. A. they play in what part B. they play what part in C. what part they play in D. in what part they play Gail Shelleys “Passage”, what discusses the continuing psychological development of normal adults, is a most profound and important book.,But 在定语从句中的用法,but 作为关系代词也可以引导定语从句，同具有否定意义的主句连用，其先行词可以是人，也可以是物。but 在意义上等于“thatnot”，“whonot”，“whichnot”。只用于限制性定语从句。例如： There are few of them but admire your achievement.他们几乎每个人都羡慕你的成就。 There is nothing in the world but is influenced by the sun.世界上没有任何东西不受到太阳的影响。 Not a day went by but (which did not ) brought us bad news at that difficult time.在那段艰难的岁月里，我们每天都有坏消息。,名词性从句,1.The government has promised to do _ lies in its power to ease the hardships of the victims in the flood-striken area. (2004-43) A. however B. whichever C. whatever D. wherever 2. There is no doubt _ the company has made the right decision on the sales project. (2002-44) A. why B. that C. whether D. when 3. After _ seemed an endless wait, it was her turn to enter the personal managers office. (1999-41) A. that B. there C. what D. it 4. Hes _ as a “bellyacher” hes always complaining about something.(1999-50) A. who is known B. whom is known C. what is known D. which is known 5. The teamcan handle whatever_. (1997-47) A. that needs handling C. it needs handling B. which needs handling D. needs to be handled,名词性从句重点小结,名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、同为语从句、表语从句。引导词如下： 连接词：that, whether, if 关系代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever 关系副词：when, where, how, who,what 在名词性从句中的用法,关系代词 what 有时作疑问代词表示“什么”；有时作关系代词，相当于 “the thing that/which”。例如： I can recognize his face but I cant remember what his name is. His remarks reminded me of what I saw the other night in that old mans house.,主语从句,顾名思义，主语从句在句中作主语，通常位于句首，一般都可用形式主语 it 代替, 但what 引导的主语从句除外。 That he survived the car accident is a miracle. Whether he comes or not makes no difference. How the prisoner escaped is a mystery.,同位语从句,同位语从句位于名词的后面，对名词作进一步的解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由 that 引导。常见后接同位语从句的名词有：fact, belief、 opinion、 hope、 idea、 doubt、 news、 rumor、 suggestion、 advice、 problem、 order、 answer、 conclusion、 discovery、 evidence、 prooof、 explanation、 information、 message、 knowledge、 truth、 principle、 report、 thought、 statement、 assumption、 rule、 law、 possibility、 probability、 likelihood 等。 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。 He got a message from Mr.Johnson that the manager could not see him that afternoon. An idea came to him suddenly that it might be his uncle that had been helping with this project all the time. 有时同位语从句还放在句首，后要用破折号。 What he should do , when he should do, how he should do these questions puzzled him all day long.,敬请注意,表示命令、建议、请求、希望等意义的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语要用“（should） + 动词原形”，should 可省略。此类名词有： order, advice, demand, motion（动议), proposal, suggestion, recommendation, request, requirement, desire 等。 What do you think of her recommendation that Peter (should) be chairman of the committee? He issued the order that the troops (should) withdraw at once. 表示命令、建议、请求、希望等意义的名词后所跟的表语从句中，谓语要用“（should） + 动词原形”，should 可省略。 The demand is that manuscripts (should) be written on one side only. 按照要求，手稿单面誊写 。 表示命令、建议、请求、希望等意义的动词后跟的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，谓语应为“（should） + 动词原形”，should 可省略。此类动词有： order, command, advice, demand, move（提议), propose, suggestion, recommend, request, require, ask, insist 等。,whether与 if 在引导名词从句时的区别,主语从句只能由 whether 引导； whether or not 可以连用，而if or not 不可以连用，需将其分开使用且 or not 要放在句末，即： if or not； whether 可以引导宾语从句，if 则不能； 在question, ask 后面一般只能用 whether 来引导； 后接不定式时，只能用 whether； whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式，而 If 引导的从句可以有否定式； 当宾语从句提到位于前面时，只能用 whether 引导。,语法考点二：虚拟语气,1. If only the patient _ a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now. (2007-54) A. had received B. received C. should receive D. were receiving 2. He would have finished his college education, but he _ to quit and find a job to support his family. (2007-60) A. had had B. has C. had D. would have 3. It is absolutely essential that William _ his study in spite of learning difficulties. A. will continue B. continued C. continue D. continues,4. If only I _ play the guitar as well as you. (2006-52) A. would B. could C. should D. might 5. Its high time we _ cutting down the rainforests. (2006-54) A. stopped B. had to stop C. shall stop D. stop 6. It is imperative that the government _ more investment into the shipbuilding industry. A. attracts B. shall attract C. attract D. has to attract,7. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he _ able to advise you much better than I can. (2005-51) A. would be B. will have been C. was D. were 8.That was not the first time he _ us. I think its high time we _ strong actions against him. (2005-60) A. betrayed, take B. had betrayed, took C. has betrayed, took D. has betrayed, take,9. _, Ill marry him all the same. (2004-42) A. Was he rich or poor B. Whether he rich or poor C. Were he rich or poor D. Be he rich or poor 10. _ if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand? (2004-44) A. Would you be surprised B. Were you surprised C. Had you been surprised D. Would you have been surprised,11. It is imperative that students _ their term papers on time. (2004-46) A. hand in B. would hand in C. have to hand in D. handed in 12. “What courses are you going to do next semester?”(2002-51) “ I dont know. But its about time _ on something.” A. Id decide B. I decided C. I decide D. Im deciding 13. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there _ quite such a crowd of people there. (2002-49) A. werent B. hasnt been C. hadnt been D. wouldnt be,虚拟语气重点小结,1. 用于条件句 与过去事实相反 If + 主语 + had done, 主语+ would/could/might have done (been done),与现在事实相反 If + 主语 + 过去时（be 动词通常用 were）， 主语+ would/could/might do (be done),与将来事实相反 If + 主语 + 过去时（be 动词通常用 were）， If + 主语 + should do, If + 主语 + were to do, 主语+ would/could/might do (be done） 特别要注意错综虚拟语气的用法。例见PPT38 的第一题。“ If ” 省略时条件句要倒装。 此外，象 but for, with, without, in case (of) 等，其意思相当于条件句所表达的意思时，句子也要用虚拟语气。如： But for his fathers encouragement, he wouldnt have won the first prize. With better equipment, we would have succeeded.,It + be + 形容词 + that 主语 + (should) do,形容词: imperative, necessary, urgent, essential, advisable, surprising, important, obligatory ( 必须履行的，强制性的）, desirable 等。 例见PPT38、39的第3、6题。,主语 + wish +从句（主语+过去时） 主语 + wish +从句（主语+过去完成时） 主语+ would rather +从句（主语+过去时） 主语 + would rather +从句（主语+过去完成时） If only +主语+过去时 If only +主语+过去完成时 注意：在以上几句中 be 动词的过去时都用 were If only I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.,It is (high) time + 主语+谓语（过去时） for fear that, lest 引导的从句也要用虚拟语气 for fear that +主语+谓语（should / could/might 动词原形） lest + 主语+谓语（should + 动词原形） 可省略,whether it (he) beor结构,whether it (he) beor，意为“不管（不论）是还是”，表示让步，为虚拟语气的一种表示方法，其省略结构为be itor, be he or等，必须倒装。例如： Every day he takes a walk in the park in the evening, whether it be fine or raining. Be they common people or high-ranking officials, they stand equal before the law.,语法核心考点三：非限定动词（非谓语形式）,非谓语形式可分为不定式、动名词、分词、独立主格结构。,不定式真题剖析,1. Linda was _ the experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute. (2007-55) A. to start B. to have started C. to be started D. to have been starting 2. Its not uncommon for there _ problems of communication between the old and the young. (2007-63) A. being B. would be C. be D. to be 3. His remarks were _ annoy everybody at the meeting. (2005-53) A. so as to B. such as to C. such to D. as much as to,4. The Minister of Finance is believed _ of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue. (2004-48) A. that he is thinking B. to be thinking C. that he is to think D. to think 5. The opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential _ for that. (2003-47) A. for us to be prepared B. that we are prepared C. of us to be prepared D. our being prepared,6. AIDS is said _ the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region. (2002-46) A. being B. to be C. to have been D. having been 7. _ him tomorrow? (2001-43) A. Why not to call on B. Why dont call on C. Why not calling on D. Why not call on,不定式的形式如下： to do/to be done to be doing to have done/to have been done to have been doing Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. Im glad to have been given a chance to visit your country. He is said to be collecting folk songs in India.,*注意*,不定式一般式可表示将来，不定式的完成式可用来表示先于谓语动词发生的动作或状态，也可用来表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待、计划等。用来表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待、计划等时，常跟在以下动词的一般过去时后：intended, hoped, wanted, expected, meant, promised, planned, wished, desired, was, were等。例见PPT50 的第一题。,To see is to believe. To love is to be loved.爱别人就是被人爱。 要特别注意区分句中出现的 to 是不定式的to 还是介词 to 。,不定式作主语时位于用单数。,下列动词适合跟不定式作宾语,agree consent decline refuse choose attempt fail want wish seek prepare prefer,offer decide intend tend pretend promise determine manage hope long desire plan men dare afford,有些动词既可以跟不定式也可以跟动名词，但有差别。 need doing/need to be done forget, remember, regret try stop like,省略 to 的不定式,1. 在以why引导的疑问句中。 Why not tell him about it right now? Why worry about him? 2. 句中前面部分出现do时，to 要省略。 We can do nothing but wait. Th