如何撰写中英文摘要研究生院第二次课程.ppt

如何撰写英文摘要,崔金钟 任胜利,中国植物学会出版专业委员会副主任 中国科学院植物研究所文献信息中心主任 国家标本资源共享平台办公室执行主任 中国化石植物志系列丛书 主编 生命世界主编 电话 (传真)Email：cuijz QQ: 2819451761,自我介绍,中国化石植物志编写,4,5,物种名称页面：多源数据关联显示,植物研究所主办的刊物 Journal of Integrative Plant Biology Journal of Systematics and Evolution Journal of Plant Ecology 植物生态学报 植物学报 生物多样性 生命世界,3个英文期刊均被SCI收录,SCI影响因子为3.335 植物学科排名第31,SCI影响因子为1.488 植物学科排名第90,SCI影响因子为2.646 植物学科排名第47,SCI数据库收录植物学期刊204种 平均影响因子2.719 （JCR 2014）,影响因子为1.695 植物学期刊排名第一 （植物类11种 0.56）,影响因子为0.932 植物学期刊排名第五 （植物类11种 0.56）,影响因子为1.017 生物类期刊排名第一 （生物类 27种 0.465）,3个中文期刊国内生物类前5之内,中国科学技术信息研究所2014年版中国科技期刊引证报告(核心版),生命世界,主 编：崔金钟 社 长：林金安 副社长：林月惠 主 任：桑新华 于2004年由植物杂志更名为生命世界，月刊，是国内唯一一家以“生命”为主题的大型科学人文杂志。目的是传递与生命相关的科学信息, 普及与生命相关的科学知识, 报道与生命相关的科学事件, 引发读者对生命的思考, 唤起读者对生命的珍惜。2009年被北京市科委命名为科普传媒基地。2014年入选优秀科普期刊前30名单，并在网上投票，进入公众最喜欢的科普期刊前10名单。,如何撰写中英文摘要,摘要概念 摘要基本类型和内容 摘要特点 摘要时态 摘要人称和语态 摘要常用句式 摘要写作和编辑步骤 关键词,科技论文的结构 the structure of a scientific paper,题目 Title 作者 Author 作者单位和地址 Affiliation and address 摘要 Abstract 关键词 Key words 引言 Introduction 材料与方法 Materials and methods 结果 Results 讨论 Discussion 致谢 Acknowledgments (optional) 引文 References 附录 Appendices (optional),The IMRAD article: Introduction, Methods, Results And Discussion,Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion,The IMRAD article: Introduction, Methods, Results And Discussion,如何写科技论文的题目,立论式：题目揭示了文章的中心论点 “翻两番”要靠科学技术 地球及类地行星起源于天体大爆炸 非立论式：题目表明了论文作者研究的 问题或论述的范围，但没有表达出作 者的基本观点和见解。 “翻两番”的关键问题 地球及类地行星起源的新假说,What is an abstract?,What is the problem? Introduction How did I solve the problem? Materials and Methods What did I find out? Results What does it mean? Discussion What did I do in a nutshell? Abstract,What is an abstract?,What did I do in a nutshell? Abstract,nutshell 坚果壳,果壳,坚果,in a nutshell adv. 简单地，简约地;极其简括地说,an abstract vs a paper a nutshell vs a tree,What is an abstract?,An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, and reviews the writings contents in abbreviated form,What is an abstract?,国家标准GB 644786对摘要的定义为: “以提供文献内容梗概为目的, 不加评论和补充解释, 简明、确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文.”,Abstract: Why is it important?,通常是你文章最先被阅读到的部分； 如果你的摘要不好，你就无法吸引审者和读者的注意； 论文审者通常仅仅根据你的摘要就对你的论文作出了初步判断； A good Abstract is usually followed by a good paper. A bad abstract often indicates a bad paper.,Beijing 10/11 December 2008,How to get published,Abstract: Why is it important?,英文摘要作为科技论文的重要组成部分, 有其特殊的意义和作用, 它是国际间知识传播、学术交流与合作的“桥梁”和媒介. 尤其是目前国际上各主要检索机构的数据库对英文摘要的依赖性很强, 因此, 好的英文摘要对于增加期刊和论文的被检索和引用机会、吸引读者、扩大影响起着不可忽视的作用.,What is an abstract?,摘要的基本特点： 通常为一段（偶多段）， 应统一、连贯、简明、独立； 应顺序体现论文的目的、方法、结果、结论和建议等； 各个部分之间联系和转换逻辑上要严谨； 不添加论文涉及范围以外的新信息，但可以总结本文,What is an abstract?,摘要的基本特点： 能被更加广泛的读者理解； 通常用被动语态，弱化作者，强化信息; 格式要规范 不用非共知共用的符号和术语 一般不出现插图、表格，参考文献序号 一般不用数学公式和化学结构式,What is an abstract?,An effective abstract has the following qualities: uses one or more well developed paragraphs: these are unified, coherent, concise, and able to stand alone. uses an introduction/body/conclusion structure which presents the papers purpose, results, conclusions, and recommendations in that order. provides logical connections (or transitions) between the information included.,What is an abstract?,An effective abstract has the following qualities: adds no new information, but simply summarizes the paper. is understandable to a wide audience. oftentimes uses passive verbs to downplay the author and emphasize the information.,What types of abstracts are typically used?,报道型摘要 （Informative abstract） 指示型摘要（Indicative/Descriptive abstract） 报道-指示型摘要（Informative/Descriptive-indicative abstract）,Informative abstract,报道型摘要 也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要, 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。 通常, 这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文。 该种摘要不但包含研究目的、方法，同时还提供给读者研究结果、结论和建议,Informative abstract,报道性摘要分为传统型或非结构式（non-structured）和结构式(structured)两大类型。,报道性摘要,传统型或非结构式,结构式,半结构式,全结构式,Informative abstract,无论何种形式的摘要，都应包含以下几个基本要素： 主题（Main topic as in title) 目的（Purpose of research） 材料（Materials）和方法（Methodology） 结果（Results) 结论（Conclusions）,Informative abstract,非结构式摘要或传统型，上述要素以一定的逻辑关系连续写出，不分段落或以明显的标识加以区分。比较而言，段落不够分明，给编辑、审稿、阅读及计算机处理带来诸多不便。,基于模型数据融合的长白山阔叶红松林碳循环模拟,充分、有效地利用各种陆地生态系统碳观测数据改善陆地生态系统模型, 是当前我国陆地生态系统碳循环研究领域亟待解决的重要问题之一。该研究以20032005年长白山阔叶红松林的6组生物计量观测数据和涡度相关技术测定的碳通量数据为基础, 利用马尔可夫链-蒙特卡罗方法对陆地生态系统模型的关键参数(即碳滞留时间)进行了反演, 进而预测了长白山阔叶红松林生态系统碳库、碳通量及其不确定性。反演结果表明, 长白山阔叶红松林叶凋落物和微生物碳的平均滞留时间最短, 。马尔可夫链-蒙特卡罗方法是反演模型参数、优化模拟结果和评估模拟结果不确定性的有效方法, 但今后仍需在惰性土壤碳滞留时间的估计、驱动数据和模型结构的不确定性分析、模型数据融合方法方面进行深入研究, 以进一步提高碳循环模拟的准确性。,基于模型数据融合的长白山阔叶红松林碳循环模拟,充分、有效地利用各种陆地生态系统碳观测数据改善陆地生态系统模型, 是当前我国陆地生态系统碳循环研究领域亟待解决的重要问题之一。该研究以20032005年长白山阔叶红松林的6组生物计量观测数据和涡度相关技术测定的碳通量数据为基础, 利用马尔可夫链-蒙特卡罗方法对陆地生态系统模型的关键参数(即碳滞留时间)进行了反演, 进而预测了长白山阔叶红松林生态系统碳库、碳通量及其不确定性。反演结果表明, 长白山阔叶红松林叶凋落物和微生物碳的平均滞留时间最短, 。马尔可夫链-蒙特卡罗方法是反演模型参数、优化模拟结果和评估模拟结果不确定性的有效方法, 但今后仍需在惰性土壤碳滞留时间的估计、驱动数据和模型结构的不确定性分析、模型数据融合方法方面进行深入研究, 以进一步提高碳循环模拟的准确性。,Informative abstract,结构式摘要，上述要素分段或以一定的标识给予区分。段落清晰、明了，便于编辑、审稿、阅读和计算机检索。 结构式摘要根据包含上述要素的多少，可分为全结构式和半结构式摘要。,Informative abstract,全结构式（full-structured）摘要： 1974年4月，加拿大McMaster 大学医学中心的Dr R Brian Haynes首先提出建立临床研究论文的结构式摘要。在 Dr Edward J Huth创导下，美国Annuals of Internal Medicine 在国际上率先采用了全结构式（full-structured）摘要。,Informative abstract,Haynes所提出的全结构式摘要包含8个要素： 目的（Objective）：说明论文要解决的问题 设计（Design）：说明研究的基本设计，包括研究的性质 地点（Setting）：说明进行研究的地点和研究机构的等级 对象（Patients, participants or subjects）：说明参加并完成研究的病人或受试者的性质、数量及挑选方法,Informative abstract,Haynes所提出的全结构式摘要包含8个要素 5，处理（Interventions）：说明确切的治疗或处理方法 6主要测定项目（Main outcome measures）：说明为评定研究结果而进行的主要测定项目 7结果（Results）：说明主要客观结果 8结论（Conclusion）：说明主要结论，包括直接临床应用意义。,Informative abstract,全结构式摘要观点更明确（more explicitness），信息量更大（more information），差错更少（fewer errors），同时也更符合计算机数据库的建立和使用要求。但其缺点也是显而易见的，即烦琐、重复、篇幅过长, 而且不是所有研究都能按以上8个要素分类的。于是更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结构式（semi-structured）摘要。,Informative abstract,半结构式(semi-structured)摘要： 半结构式摘要也称为四要素摘要，包括： 目的（objective/purpose/aim） 方法（methods） 结果（results） 结论（conclusion） 采用何种摘要形式要根据各杂志的具体要求而定。 目前国内许多杂志正从非结构式摘要向半结构式摘要过渡。,Indicative abstract,指示型摘要 也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要(descriptive abstract)或论点摘要(topic abstract), 一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等。该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文。 该种摘要通常包含研究目的、方法，但不提供研究结果、结论和建议等，只有阅读全文才能得知具体的结果和结论。,Informative-indicative abstract,报道-指示型摘要: 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。,Parts of an Abstract,The abstract is a very brief overview of your ENTIRE study. It tells the reader： WHAT you did, WHY you did it, HOW you did it, WHAT you found, WHAT it means.,Parts of an Abstract,The abstract should briefly state： the purpose of the research (introduction), how the problem was studied (methods), the principal findings (results), what the findings mean (discussion and conclusion). It is important to be descriptive but concise say only what is essential, using no more words than necessary to convey meaning.,Parts of an Abstract,因为摘要本质上就是一篇高度浓缩的论文, 所以其构成与论文主体的IMRAD结构是对应的. 因此, 摘要应包括以下内容梗概： 目的: 研究的前提、目的和任务, 所涉及的主题范围。 方法: 所用理论、条件、材料、手段、装备、程序等。 结果: 观察、实验的结果, 数据, 得到的效果, 性能等。 讨论: 结果的分析、比较、评价、应用, 提出的问题, 今后的课题, 假设, 启发, 建议, 预测等。 其他: 不属于研究、研制、调查的主要目的, 但具有重要的信息价值。,Tense of Abstract,说法一：从理论上讲 一般现在时 通过科学实验取得的研究结果、结论，揭示自然界的客观规律。 一般过去时 在一定范围内所观察到的自然现象的规律性认识，这种认识也许有一定的局限性。 现在完成时 表明过程的延续性，虽某事件（或过程）发生在过去，但强调对现实所产生的影响。 以一般现在时为主，也使用一般过去时和现在完成时,Tense of Abstract,说法二： EI 数据库建议： 用过去时态叙述作者工作； 用现在时态叙述作者结论 说法三: 论文是通过科学实验揭示客观真理。所取得的结果，无论是过去，还是现在或将来都是如此。故常用现在时表达,Tense of Abstract,非结构式摘要或传统型，下列要素： 背景介绍 研究目的 材料与方法 研究结果 结论和建议 以一定的逻辑关系连续写出，不分段落或以明显的标识加以区分。 摘要写作时所采用的时态应视情况而定, 力求表达自然、妥当. 写作中可大致遵循以下原则,Tense of Abstract 背景介绍: 普遍事实 研究趋势,Tense of Abstract,介绍背景资料时, 如果句子的内容为不受时间影响的普遍事实, 应使用现在时 Agrobacterium rhizogenes causes hairy root disease in plants. Among plant secondary metabolites terpenoids are a structurally most diverse group Synthetic genetic approaches often reveal potential interacting partners for any given target protein,Tense of Abstract,介绍背景资料时,如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述, 则使用现在完成时 The advances in molecular biology have greatly improved our understanding of plant responses to stresses. DNA microarrays have long been the established technology for measuring gene expression levels It has been known that the transverse orientation is essential for normal cell morphogenesis,Tense of Abstract,介绍背景资料时,如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述, 则使用现在完成时 4, Water deficit-induced ABA accumulation is one of the most important stress signaling pathways in plant cells. Redox regulation of cellular signaling has currently attracted particular attention, but much less is known about its roles and mechanisms in plant signaling.,Tense of Abstract 研究目的: 论文导向 研究导向,Tense of Abstract,在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时, 如果采用“论文导向”, 多使用现在时 (如: This paper presents) This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors. The paper aims to establish a feasible and meaningful method to describe . This review focuses on the contribution of electron techniques to our understanding of cellular processes,Tense of Abstract,在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时, 如果采用 “研究导向”, 则使用过去时(如: This study investigated) This study investigated whether captopril could reduce morbidity and mortality in patients . Our aim was to explore the relationship between the response of antioxidant enzymes and temperature in the two invasive weeds The present study investigated whether NO activity is involved in the signaling of drought-induced protective responses,Tense of Abstract,概述实验程序、方法时, 通常用现在时 We describe a new molecular approach to analyzing . We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a detector We report here that immature thymocytes lacking .,Tense of Abstract 材料与方法: 材料和方法介绍 具体行为动作,Tense of Abstract,概述实验程序、方法时, 通常用现在时,但描述的是具体已经发生的行为和动作时,用过去时 To investigate the mechanisms controlling flowering time, we screened for Arabidopsis mutants with late-flowering phenotypes. One mutant was identified with delayed flowering time. A plant that is highly susceptible to this fungus was analyzed.,Tense of Abstract 研究结果: 一般用现在时 部分刊物主张用过去时,Tense of Abstract,概述主要结果时, 通常用现在时 Our results indicate that p21 may be a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. The results we obtained demonstrate that this technique . We present the results of two analyses of DNA sequences from .,Tense of Abstract,概述主要结果时, 但是也有相当的刊物用过去时 The results showed that childrens material needs and basic requirements . Multivariate analyses revealed very high genetic correlations among the variables.,Tense of Abstract 研究结论: 一般用现在时 部分刊物主张用过去时 特定情况下可以使用,Tense of Abstract,叙述结论或建议时, 一般用现在时，特定情况下可以使用臆测动词或may, should, could等助动词 We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have delayed the meting of . Our data suggest that overexpression of the HbNHX1 gene could improve the tolerance of transgenic tobaccos to salt,Tense of Abstract,在结论中阐述自己的观点通常有如下5种情况 (1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的，通常要用We confirm that (2)对于自己很自信的观点，可用We believe that (3)通常，由数据推断出一定的结论，用Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that (4) 在极其特别时才可用We put forward(discover, observe) “for the first time“来强调自己的创新 (5) 如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定，可用 We tentatively put forward (interprete this to ) The results may be due to (caused by) This is probably a consequence of It seems that can account for (interpret) this It is posible that it stem from 如果通篇是类型1)和5)，那这篇文章的意义就大打折扣。如果全是2)，肯定会遭到置疑。所以要仔细分析自己成果的创新性以及可信度。,摘要的人称和语态,有相当数量的作者和审稿人认为， 科技论文的撰写应使用第三人称、过去时和被动语态。但调查表明， 科技论文中被动语态的使用在19201970年曾经比较流行， 但由于主动语态的表达更为准确， 且更易阅读，因而目前大多数期刊都提倡使用主动态，国际知名科技期刊Nature、 Cell等尤其如此， 其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。,摘要的常用句式,引言部分 回顾研究背景, 常用词汇有: review, summarize, present, outline, describe等 We review evidence for this view of . This paper outlines some of the basic methods and discusses related theoretical and practical issues. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as . We present estimators for several . We describe the conceptual background and development of .,摘要的常用句式,引言部分 阐明写作或研究目的, 常用词汇有: purpose, attempt, aim等; 另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达 We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2s effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins. For comparison purposes we present some . With the aim to provide observational constraints on the evolution of the galactic disk, we have derived .,摘要的常用句式,引言部分 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围, 常用的词汇有: study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等 This paper presents basic methodology of MCMC, emphasizing the relationship with . This paper focuses on the promise of artificial neural networks. We emphasize the following points . The paper lays particular emphasis on the calculation of . We draw attention to two problems associated with .,摘要的常用句式,方法部分 介绍研究或试验过程, 常用词汇有: test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等 We tested this hypothesis in various human T cells . This paper examines how the molecular shapes of . This paper discusses a class of models for . This article considers the role of the hippocampus in memory function.,摘要的常用句式,方法部分 说明研究或试验方法, 常用词汇有: measure, estimate, calculate等 This study presents estimates of lifetime . We assume a standard reddening law and use the colors of elliptical galaxies to measure the reddening per unit flux density of 100 m emission. We provide a analytic procedure to calculate the equilibrium profiles,摘要的常用句式,方法部分 介绍应用、用途, 常用词汇有: use, apply, application等 Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach. As an application, we implement a compact image coding algorithm. We apply the network to the source separation problem.,摘要的常用句式,结果部分 展示研究结果, 常用词汇有: show, result, present, demonstrate等 We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of . Our results show that p53 exerts a significant in . The results we obtained demonstrate that this technique will contribute to .,摘要的常用句式,结果部分 介绍结论, 常用词汇有: summary, introduce, conclude等 We introduce a procedure that suppresses noise. We conclude that PQL is of practical value for . We give a summary of the main physics component of .,摘要的常用句式,讨论部分 陈述论文的论点和作者的观点, 常用词汇有: suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等 The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development . In this study, we described a psychobiological model of . We present the derivation of a new molecular mechanical force field for . Exciting new research has elaborated several important findings that . We expect the uncertainties in the relative ages to be about 25%, although the absolute errors may be larger.,摘要的常用句式,讨论部分 阐明论证. 常用词汇有: support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等 We showed that it is possible to identify constituents which represent . These results demonstrate that p53 is required for radiation-induced cell death in . Our conclusions are supported by a statistical analysis of . Here we provide evidence from direct experiment of diversity by .,摘要的常用句式,讨论部分 推荐和建议, 常用词汇有: suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等 The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategies for . We suggest that information maximization provides a unifying framework for . For the gene, we recommend that the italicized root symbol CYP for human . We propose that the formation of these materials takes place by means of .,The Abstract is always the last section written. This is because you wont know what to include until you have completed a full version of the paper.,Steps for writing abstracts,在准备一篇论文时，什么时候着手写摘要？,Steps for writing abstracts,在准备一篇论文时，通常是全文基本撰写完之后才着手准备摘要。撰写摘要应按照下列步骤完成： Step 1: Reread the paper with the goal of abstracting in mind. Step 2: After youve finished rereading the paper, write a rough draft without looking back at what youre abstracting. Step 3: Revise your rough draft to correct weaknesses in organization. Step 4: Print your final copy and read it again to catch any glitches that you find.,Steps for writing abstracts,Step 1: Reread the paper with the goal of abstracting in mind.,Look specifically for these main parts of the paper: purpose, methods, scope, results, conclusions, and recommendation. Use the headings, outline heads, and table of contents as a guide to writing your abstract.,Steps for writing abstracts,Step 2: After youve finished rereading the paper, write a rough draft without looking back at what youre abstracting.,Dont merely copy key sentences from the paper，youll put in too much or too little information. Dont rely on the way material was phrased in the paper, summarize information in a new way.,Steps for writing abstracts,Step 2: After youve finished rereading the paper, write a rough draft without looking back at what youre abstracting. Use one or two concise sentences to summarize the most important aspects of your project for each section listed below. Project Title (the same as the title of your scientific paper) Introduction (What is this project about? Why is this project interesting or important?) Hypothesis (What did you think you would find? Why?),Steps for writing abstracts,Methods (Briefly explain your procedure.) Results (What did you find when you performed your experiment?) Discussion (Are your results consistent with your initial hypothesis? Why or why not?) Conclusion (What is your interpretation of what these results mean? Why should anyone become excited about or interested in your findings?),Steps for writing abstracts,Motivation: Why do we care about the problem and the results? If the problem isnt obviously “interesting”, it might be better to put motivation first But if your work is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the problem statement first to indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on. This section should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful.,Steps for writing abstracts,Problem statement: What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work (a gene