国际会议交流英语pptUnit6PreparingaSpeech.ppt

Unit 6 Preparing a Speech,Topical Highlights,1 General Requirements for Preparing a Speech: planning delivery, paraphrasing key points, considering the audience, practicing speaking 2 Ways of Preparing a Speech: speaking without references, speaking with short notes, speaking with audio-visual aids, speaking from the text, reading the full text 3 Points for Attention in Preparing a Speech: easy to remember, complete and balanced, considerate, complete,Theme Presentation 1. General Requirements for Preparing a Speech,1) Planning Delivery Careful planning and preparation will help guarantee that a speakers message is clearly presented and is easy to follow. When preparing a speech, the speaker should keep in mind that it is often not easy for listeners to follow the structure of oral presentation and to keep track of what has been said. So the speaker should try to use an organizational pattern that is suitable for his purpose.,2) Paraphrasing Key Points When preparing a speech, the speaker should anticipate points where his listeners will need special guidance. Forecasting and summarizing key points will help listeners focus on his ideas. Think about concepts that may be especially difficult for listeners to understand. Try to present those concepts repeatedly using different wording each time so that the listeners can better identify with the materials and ideas. Paraphrasing (i.e., highlighting key points in various ways) in this case is a useful tool.,3) Considering the Audience During planning, the speaker should keep listeners in mind. If the audience is expecting a fifteen-minute speech, he should tailor his presentation to that expectation. If he knows the environment is going to be uncomfortable for the audience, he should try to adapt his speech topic and length to accommodate2 the physical situation.,4) Practicing Speaking With his outline or draft completed,the speaker should be ready for the final step in preparationpracticing his speech for oral presentation. He probably will find that the best method is to talk through the outline aloud, following the planned sequence of ideas. He should do this until he has been familiar with this sequence thoroughly and can express each idea clearly and fluently. Then, putting the outline aside, the speaker should think through the speech silently, point by point, to make certain that the ideas are fixed in his mind.,When he can go through the speech without forgetting any point or without hesitating unduly5 in putting his thoughts into words, his preparation is done. As he practices speaking from his outline, however, the speaker should preserve a mental image of his listeners and project his speech as though he were actually talking to them. The good speaker talks with audience, not at them.,2. Ways of Preparing a Speech,Different speakers adopt different ways in the delivery of a speech. On the basis of international academic conference practice, and according to the language competence of speakers, some effective ways of preparing a speech can be summarized as follows.,1) Speaking without References This is an ideal way of presentation in which the speaker can use the working language as fluently as he uses his mother tongue. This kind of speech is one delivered on the spur of the moment without lengthy preparation. The speaker relies entirely on previous knowledge and skills.,2) Speaking with Short Notes In this type of delivery, the speaker makes a brief outline of his speech that lists the sub-titles and the topical sentences of each paragraph as the guide to presentation, which is also called speech program. For example, if a speaker is going to give a 15-minute speech concerning writing papers on economics, then he might need such an outline with the time allocation for each part of the speech.,Ex. 6-1 A Speech Program for Writing Papers on Economics,Ex. 6-2. Summary (1 min.) Thanks to the chairman purpose of the presentation process shifting to the major subject Part 1 (4 min.) Common phenomenon in the ionosphere over Southeast Asiaillustration overhead projector Part 2 (5 min.) Changes in the seasons and the ionosphere in the east and the west changing patterns of the ionosphere of Wuhan Part 3 (5 min.) Patterns of f f of Wuhan area in the past 30 years data processing method (mid-term value, maximum value year, stable year, which is higher?) empirical formula conclusion projector Results and Conclusion (30 sec.) Discussion and Defense (4 min. and 30 sec.),Another example is the program of a speech using “time sequence.“ Central Idea: The development of paper has paralleled the development of technology (15 minutes),Cx.6-3 Central idea: see the above (30 sec.) In A.D. 105, the Chinese Tsai Lun conceived the idea of making paper by hand from tree bark. (3 min.) In 1694, the Bank of England not only printed money but also built a machine for watermarking and engraving its bills. (3 min.) In 1789, the first paper-making machine was invented by Nicholas-Louis Robert, finally moving paper making into the modem era. (3 min.) Conclusion: the development of paper-making has paralleled the development of technology. (2 min. 30 sec.) . Discussion (3 min.),The following is a 30-minute program of the presentation on the Development of the Donghu High-tech Products, Enterprises and Industries.,(Ex. 6-4 Greetings (1 min. 30 sec.) Thanks to the chairman Greetings to the delegates present Thanks to the organizing committee Introduction to the Donghu Developing Zone Shifting to the major subject Part 1. Developing functions of the Donghu Developing Zone (5 min. 30 sec.) Developing functions summed up as: nurturing, catalyzing, bringing up (large characterized transparencies) (1) nurturing high-tech enterprises (table and transparencies) (2) catalyzing high-tech products (table and transparencies) - (3)bringing up a group of entrepreneurs 3 (display 3 sites) summarize and turn to another topic Part 2. Measures for strengthening the developing functions (5 min.) Present measures in the transitional part (1) strengthen the attractions (transparencies listing favorable policies and measures to attract capital and personnel) (2) improve the environment (transparencies listing contents of the “software“ and the “hardware“ of the environment) summarize and shift to another topic,Part 3. Discussions on several aspects in the strengthening of the developing functions (5 min.) Raise further questions (1) create favorable environment (transparencies listing policies, supporting “software“ of the environment, “The Torch Project and the Plan for the Project of the Science Park“) (2) increase input to high technology (transparencies listing four channels of raising funds from the state, financial institutions, society, and enterprises) * (3) introduce new operation system (transparencies listing the competitive system, personnel system, management system) Conclusion (2 min. 20 sec.) Summarize the major points in the above three parts declare the ending of the presentation, hope for any suggestions from the participants wait for questions Discussions (10 min.): Omitted,3) Speaking with Audio-visual Aids,Oral presentation of professional papers is one of the most important activities at an international conference. In performing this kind of “paper presentation“, the author does not have to read the full text of a paper, but to orally present the paperthat is, to orally introduce the research work, display the professional achievements, and the like. This “oral presentation“ is in verbal form regarded as an important means of academic exchanges in a conference.,Generally speaking, academic exchanges are comparatively abstract and theoretical, and the time allocated for oral presentation is usually limited. In order to make the delivery, analysis, induction, deduction, reasoning, and other abstract thoughts more objective, specific, and imaginal; and in order to save time to achieve the effect of “a picture being worth ten thousand words“, speakers at a conference, in the process of their oral presentation, often take advantage of such audio-visual aids as overhead projectors, lantern slides, videotapes, recordings, as well as figures, tables, graphs and models as a supplement to the oral presentation.,the following expressions and utterances can often be heard in the process of oral presentations, oral defenses and discussions., . What Im going to talk about today can be summed up into the following three points. First of all, lets see No. 1 slide. Slide please. using lantern slides . It would be very interesting to take a look at its basic characteristics, which are shown in this transparency, using an overhead projector, . Well, our remote control system is illustrated in this schematic diagram. Look here, we can collect the data from the power plant over there, by means of remote control terminal units. And from this point, well be able to control the system, on the basis of the collected information. using figures . All right, the results of our investigation are listed in this table; We can see from the table that these results are very similar to those obtained by professor William Happen using tables . Im very much interested in your presentation about Heart Trouble and Death. Could you kindly play the videotape of the heart operation again? using videotaped programs,The above-mentioned audio-visual demonstration is of course non-verbal, and together with oral presentations, will form a complementary feature of language use in international conferences, i.e., alternated modes-oral vs. audio-visual. With the development of electronic technology, audio-visual aids have been extensively used in the presentation of scientific research. Some academic conferences even contains “slide session“ in which slides are the major means of presentation. Therefore, using audio-visual aids has become an essential means of professional exchanges at an academic conference.,The following suggestions build on and in some cases, reinforce those already presented in the previous discussion of specific aids. (1) Design abstract symbolism representations with care. Use contrasting colors (red on white, black on yellow) to highlight the information in an organizational chart or table. Using contrasting colors can differentiate segments of a pie graph. A bar graph can use the same color for two or more bars, or it can be designed so that each bar is highlighted by using a new color.,(2) Keep charts and other graphic aids clear and simple. Research has demonstrated that plain bar graphsprobably because they offer not only numbers but also a visualization of those numbersare the single most effective method for displaying statistical comparisons. Make sure that the essential information the presenter wants his audience to focus on stands out clearly from the background.,(3) Make prepared visuals-especially those with materials that must be read or scrutinized closelylarge enough to be seen clearly and easily. Listeners get frustrated when, in the middle of the speech, they find themselves having to lean forward and squint6 in order to see a detail on a sketch or graph. Make the figures and lettering large enough.,(4) Spend enough time in preparing visuals to make them presentable. Draw neatly; spell correctly; make bar graph lines proportional; make all letters the same size. Such advice may seem juvenile, but the fact remains that beginning speakers often throw together visual materials at the last minute, forgetting that everything they present to an audience contributes to the assessment of their credibility. The presenter may be sure that misspelled words and sloppy graphs lower listeners estimation of his competence.,(5) Be prepared to compensate orally for any distraction the visual aid may inadvertently create. (6) When using slides, films, overhead projectors, or videotapes, be prepared to make the verbal and physical adjustments necessary to coordinate the visual materials with the spoken materials.,With these aids, a presenter often darkens the room, thereby compelling his audience to concentrate on a source of light: the silver screen in the case of slides and films, the 19-inch screen in the case of a TV monitor. At such times, the presenterthe oral communicator must compete with the mechanical or electronic communicator. If, as often happens, his audience begin to concentrate harder on the flow of light than on the flow of words, he defeats his own purpose.,Therefore, when using projected materials as visual support, either (a) talk more loudly and move more vigorously when communicating simultaneously with the machine or (b) refuse to compete with it at all. That is, the presenter should show the film or the slides either before or after he comments on their content. Whatever strategy he uses, however, he should make sure that the projected visual materials are well integrated into the rest of his presentation.,(7) Hand the listeners a copy of those materials the presenter wishes them to think back on or carry away from his speech. If, for example, the presenter reporting the results of a survey, the most pertinent statistics will be better understood and remembered if he gives each listener a copy of them. Few people can recall the seven warning signs of cancer, but they could keep a list of it in a handy place if the presenter gives a copy to each member of his audience. Obviously, the presenter will not put everything he has to say on a photocopied page, but select only elements or items that will have lasting value.,Although more could be said about choosing and using the various types of visual media, the foregoing suggestions should enable presenterswith careful planningto take advantage of their communicative potential. Good visual material is not distracting. If it “fits,“ it is essential to the verbal message, thus leaving the audience with a feeling of completeness.,4) Speaking from the Text,A speaker who has difficulty in expressing his/her ideas in a foreign language may adopt this method. The reason is that he can pick out the major arguments, results of experiments, conclusion, and important equations and write them down in the form of cards or slides or transparencies so as to remind himself of the content of the text. This way of speech delivery ensures that the essential information will not be lost and in the meantime, the listeners may resort to the written segments when they cannot follow the speaker.,For example, in a presentation entitled Pragmatic Studies on International Communication: A New Branch of Study on Language Use, the speaker illustrates the theme with the following transparencies.,(Ex. 6-5 ) Transparency No. 1 Definition: a specialized study of how language is used in international contexts Research Object: the basic features, mechanisms, strategies and tactics of language use in specified cross-cultural settings Research AspectsCLISF: contextual categories; language features; interplay between context and language use; strategy employment; and failure remedy (acronymized as CLISF) Research Method: “language + communication“ approach,Transparency No. 2 Practical Significance: theoretically, having widened the field of linguistic studies; practically, raising communicators pragmatic ability and competence of language use; pedagogical! extending teachers conceptual world for materials development, and preparing students ability for future international communication Theoretic Props: General Pragmatics/International Communication Studies The following two transparencies are for another oral presentation on Chinas Gold Market:,Ex. 6-6 Transparency No. 1 The target mode of Chinas gold market (1) a regional market with the center being domestic; (2) a combined market of spot and future; (3) a consolidated market of the tangible and the intangible., Three steps toward the target mode Step 1: price mechanism transition The gold price has been state-set since 1993 as 90% of that in the international market in the corresponding period. 9/19938/1995 96.46 yuan/gram 8/19952/1996 92.72 yuan/gram 2/1996present 95.73 yuan/gram A price system in accordance with the international market is essential for the opening of the gold market and limited control and adjustment may avoid some risk for our immatured gold industry.,It is suggested that during the Ninth Five-Year Plan the control be loosened gradually, and by the end of the 20th century, the domestic gold price correspond with that of the international market. Transparency No.2,Step 2: establishment of a harmonious domestic market The major problem today is the imbalance between the demand and the supply, which leads to the black market and smuggling. The domestic market should be opened to move the demand pressure and gold production should be standardized. The specific form of this period could be a wholesale gold market with the national banks and gold companies as the dominant participants. It is suggested that a supervision institution organized by the PBC, Metallurgy Industry Department and the National Trade Department monitor the operation of the gold market.,Step 3: development of an open market Conditions for a, completely open market: (1) free-exchange of foreign currencies; (2) corresponding legislation. When the gold and jewelry market is opened, gold and silver products will enter the market freely, and inhabitants can buy and sell easily. The speculation risk in the future open market will be enormous. Therefore the future open market should be established on the basis of a certain amount of spot trading and a sophisticated financial market.,5) Reading the Full Text Like the memorized (or prepare