初一英语重要知识点汇总.doc

初一英语知识点：重要语法重要语法1.人称代词的用法;2. 祈使句;3. 现在进行时的构成和用法;4.动词have的用法;5.一般现在时构成和用法;6.可数名词和不可数名词的构成和用法【名师讲解】1. Thats right./ Thats all right./ All right.Thats right意为对的，表示赞同对方的意见、看法或行为，肯定对方的答案或判断。例如：I think we must help the old man.我想我们应该帮助这位老人。Thats right.或 Youre right.说得对。Thats all right.意为不用谢、没关系，用来回答对方的致谢或道歉。例如：Many thanks. Thats all right.Sorry. Its broken. Thats all right.All right.意为行了、可以，表示同意对方的建议或要求。有时还可以表示身体很好Please tell me about it. 请把此事告诉我。All right.好吧。Is your mother all right?你妈身体好吗2. make/do这两个词都可以解释为做，但含义却不同，不能混用。make指做东西或制东西，do指做一件具体的事。Can you make a paper boat for me? 你能为我做个纸船吗?Hes doing his homework now.他正在做他的作业。3. say/speak/talk/tellsay：是最口语化的最普通的一个词，意为说出、说道，着重所说的话。如：I want to go there by bus , he said . 他说，我要坐汽车到那里去。Please say it in English .请用英语说。speak : 说话，着重开口发声，不着重所说的内容，一般用作不及物动词 (即后面不能直接接宾语 ) 。如：Can you speak about him? 你能不能说说他的情况?I dont like to speak like this. 我不喜欢这样说话。speak 作及物动词解时，只能和某种语言等连用，表达在对话中恰当使用词汇的能力。如：She speaks English well.她英语说得好。talk : 与 speak 意义相近，也着重说话的动作，而不着重所说的话，因此，一般也只用作不及物动词， 不过，talk 暗示话是对某人说的，有较强的对话意味，着重指连续地和别人谈话。如：I would like to talk to him about it . 我想跟他谈那件事。Old women like to talk with children.老年妇女喜欢和孩子们交谈。tell : 告诉，除较少情况外，一般后面总接双宾语。如：Hes telling me a story.他在给我讲故事。tell a lie 撒谎tell sb. to do sth. /tell sb. not to do sth.Miss Zhao often tells us to study hard.4. do cooking/ do the cookingdo cooking 作做饭解，属泛指。do the cooking 特指某一顿饭或某一家人的饭。cooking为动名词，不能用作复数，但前面可用 some, much修饰。从do some cooking可引出许多类似的短语：do some washing 洗些衣服do some shopping 买些东西do some reading 读书do some writing 写些东西do some fishing 钓鱼从以上短语可引申出另一类短语，不能用some, much或定冠词。go shopping 去买东西go fishing 去钓鱼go boating 去划船go swimming 去游泳5. like doing sth./ like to do sth.like doing sth. 与like to do sth. 意思相同，但用法有区别。前者强调一般性的爱好或者表示动作的习惯性和经常性;后来表示一次性和偶然性的动作。例如：He likes playing football, but he doesnt like to play football with Li Ming.他喜欢踢足球，但是他不喜欢和李明踢。6. other/ others/ the other/ anotherother表其余的，别的，Have you any other questions?你还有其他问题吗?others 别的人，别的东西In the room some people are American, the others are French.在屋子里一些人是美国人,其他的是法国人。the other表另一个(二者之中)one，the otherOne of my two brothers studies English, the other studies Chinese.我两个哥哥中的一个学习英文,另一个学中文。another表三者以上的另一个，另一些There is room for another few books on the shelf.书架上还可以放点书。7. in the tree/ on the treein the tree 与 on the tree.译成中文均为在树上但英语中有区别。in the tree表示某人、某事(不属于树本身生长出的别的东西)落在树上，表示树的枝、叶、花、果等长在树上时，要使用on the tree.如：There are some apples on the tree. 那棵树上有些苹果。There is a bird in the tree. 那棵树上有只鸟。8. some/ any(1)some和 any既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。但有以下两点需要注意。some常用于肯定句中，any常用于否定句和疑问句中。如：There is some water in the glass.Is there any water in the glass?There isnt any water in the glass.(2)在说话者希望得到肯定答复的一般疑问句中，或在表示请求，邀请的疑问句中，我们依然用some。如：Would you like some tea?9. tall/ high(1)说人，动物，树木等有生命的东西，主要用tall，不用high，例如a tall woman 一个高个子妇女a tall horse 一个高大的马(2)说一个不与地面接触的人和物的高时，要用high，而不用tall，比如人站在桌子上时，飞机飞上天时，例如：He is high up in the tree. 他高高地爬在树上。The plane is so high in the sky. 飞机在空中这么高。(3)指建筑物、山时要tall或high都可以，不过high的程度比tall高。(4)high可作副词，tall不能。(5)tall的反义词为short, high的反义词为low.10. can/ could(1) can表示体力和脑力方面的能力，或根据客观条件能做某种动作的能力。例如：Can you ride a bike? 你会骑自行车吗?What can I do for you? 要帮忙吗?Can you make a cake?你会做蛋糕吗?(2) can用在否定句和疑问句中时有时表示说话人的怀疑猜测或不肯定。例如：Where can he be?他会在什么地方呢?Can the news be true?这个消息会是真的吗?It surely cant be six oclock already?不可能已经六点钟了吧?You cant be hungry so soon，Tom，youve just had lunch.汤姆，你不可能饿得这么快，你刚吃过午饭。What can he mean?他会是什么意思?在日常会话中，can可代替may表示允许，may比较正式。例如：You can come in any time.你随时都可以来。- Can I use your pen?我能用你的钢笔吗?- Of course，you can.当然可以。You can have my seat，Im going now.我要走了，你坐我的座位吧。(3) couldcould 是 can的过去式，表示过去有过的能力和可能性(在否定和疑问句中)。例如：The doctor said he could help him.(能力)医生说他能帮助他。Lily could swim when she was four years old.(能力)当丽丽四岁的时候她就会游泳。At that time we thought the story could be true.(可能性)那时我们以为所说的可能是真的。could可代替can表示现在时间的动作，但语气较为婉转。例如：Could I speak to John，please?我能和约翰说话吗?Could you?在口语中表示请求对方做事。例如：Could you wait half an hour?请你等半个小时好吗?Could you please ring again at six?六点钟请你再打电话好吗?(4) can的形式只有现在式can和过去式could两种形式。能表示一般现在和一般过去两种时态，有时也能表示将来。所有其他时态(包括将来时)须用be able to加动词不定式来表示。例如：They have not been able to come to Beijing.他们没有能到北京来。11. look for/ findlook for 意为寻找，而find意为找到，发现，前者强调找这一动作，并不注重找的结果，而后者则强调找的结果。例如：She cant find her ruler. 她找不到她的尺子啦。Tom is looking for his watch，but he cant find it.汤姆正在寻找他的手表，但没能找到。12. be sleeping/ be asleepbe sleeping 表示动作，意思是正在睡觉;be asleep 表示状态，意思是睡着了。如：-What are the children doing in the room? 孩子们在房间里做什么?-They are sleeping.他们正在睡觉。The children are asleep now.现在孩子们睡着了。13. often/ usually/sometimesoften表示经常，sometimes表示有时候，在表示发生频率上often要高于usually，usually要高于sometimes。这三个词表示的是经常性，一般性的动作或情况，常与一般现在时连用，常位于主要谓语动词的前面，其他谓语动词(be动词，情态动词和助动词)的后面，有时也可位于句尾。如果要加强语气，则放在句首。We usually play basketball after school.我们通常放学后打篮球。Sometimes I go to bed early.有时，我睡觉很早。He often reads English in the morning.他经常在早晨读英语。14. How much/ How manyhow much常用来询问某一商品的价格，常见句式是How much is / are?How much is the skirt? 这条裙子多少钱?How much are the bananas? 这些香蕉多少钱?how much后加不可数名词，表示数量，意为多少，how many后加可数名词的复数形式。How much meat do you want? 你要多少肉呀?How many students are there in your class? 你们班有多少人?15. be good for/ be good to/ be good atbe good for 表示对有好处，而be bad for表示对有害;be good to表示对友好，而be bad to表示对不好;be good at表示擅长，在方面做得好，而be bad at表示在方面做得不好。Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.做眼保健操对你的眼睛有好处。Eating too much is bad for you health.吃的太多对你的身体有害。Miss Li is good to all of us.李老师对我们所有的人都很友好。The boss is bad to his workers.这个老板对他的工人不好。Li Lei is good at drawing, but Im bad at it.李雷擅长画画，但是我不擅长。16. each/ everyeach 和every都有每一个的意思，但含义和用法不相同。each从个体着眼，every从整体着眼。each 可用于两者或两者以上，every只用于三者或三者以上。We each have a new book.我们每人各有一本新书。There are trees on each side of the street.街的两旁有树。He gets up early every morning.每天早晨他都起得早。each可以用作形容词、副词和代词;every只能用作形容词。Each of them has his own duty.他们各人有各人的义务。They each want to do something different.他们每个人都想做不同的事情。17. 一般现在时/现在进行时一般现在时表示经常性的或习惯性的动作或存在的状态，也表示说话者的能力，还有自然现象;而现在进行时表示正在进行或发生的动作(构成方式为am/is /are/+doing)。I do my homework in the evening.我在晚上做作业。Im doing my homework now.我现在正在做作业。现在进行时常与now, these days, at the moment 或Look, listen等词连用;而一般现在时常与often, always, sometimes, usually, every day, in the morning, on Mondays等连用。We often clean the classroom after school.我们经常放学后打扫教室。Look! They are cleaning the classroom .看!他们正在打扫教室呢。初一英语知识点：句式二、句式1.陈述句肯定陈述句a) This is abook. (be动词)b) He looksvery young. (连系动词)c) I want asweat like this. (实义动词)d) I can bringsome things to school. (情态动词)e) Theres a computer on my desk. (There be结构)否定陈述句a) These arent their books.b) They dontlook nice.c) Kate doesnt go to No. 4 Middle School.d) Kate cant findher doll.e) There isnt a cat here. (=Theres no cat here.)2. 祈使句肯定祈使句a) Please go and ask the man. b) Lets learn English!c) Come in,please.否定祈使句a)Dont be late. b) Dont hurry.3. 疑问句1) 一般疑问句a) Is Jim astudent?b) Can I helpyou?c) Does shelike salad?d) Do theywatch TV?e) Is shereading?肯定回答:a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, sheis.否定回答:a) No, he isnt. b) No, you cant. c) No, she doesnt. d) No, they dont. e) No, she isnt.2) 选择疑问句 Is the table big or small?回答 Its big./ Its small.3) 特殊疑问句问年龄How old is Lucy? She is twelve.问种类What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.问方式How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.How do we contact you? My e-mail address is .问原因Why do you want to join the club?问时间Whats the time? (=What time is it?) Its a quarter to ten a.m.What time doyou usually get up, Rick? At five oclock.When do youwant to go? Lets go at 7:00.问地方Wheres my backpack? Its underthe table.问颜色What color are they? They are light blue.Whats your favourite color? Its black.问人物Whos that? Its my sister.Who is the boyin blue? My brother.Who isnt at school? Peter and Emma.Who are Lisaand Tim talking to?问东西Whats this/that (in English)? Its a pencil case.What else canyou see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.11问姓名 Whats your auntsname? Her name is Helen./Shes Helen.Whats your first name? My first names Ben.Whats your family name? My family names Smith.12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.13 问字母What letter is it? Its big D/small f.14 问价格How much are these pants? Theyre 15dollars.15 问电话号码 Whats your phone number? Its 576-8349.16 问谓语(动作) Whats hedoing? Hes watching TV.17 问职业(身份) What do you do? Im a teacher.Whats your father? Hes a doctor.初一英语知识点：时态三、时态1、一般现在时表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时，它有：Be 动词：Shes a worker. Is she aworker? She isnt a worker.情态动词：Ican play the piano. Can you play the piano? I cantplay the piano.行为动词：Theywant to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They dont want to eat any tomatoes.Gina has a nicewatch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesnt have a watch.2、现在进行时表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态，结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.Im playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? Im not playing baseball.Nancyis writing a letter. Is Nancywriting a letter? Nancy isnt writing aletter.Theyre listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music?They arent listening to the pop music.初一英语知识点：句子构成一、主语(subject):句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east. (名词)He likes dancing. (代词)Twenty years is a short time in history.(数词)Seeing is believing. (动名词)To see is to believe. (不定式)What he needs is a book. (主语从句)It is very clear that the elephant isround and tall like a tree.(It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语)二、谓语(predicate):说明主语的动作、状态和特征We study English.He is asleep.三、表语(predicative):系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher. (名词)Seventy-four! You dont look it. (代词)Five and five is ten. (数词)He is asleep. (形容词)His father is in. (副词)The picture is on the wall. (介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. (形容词化的分词)To wear a flower is to say “Im poor, Icant buy a ring. ” (不定式)The question is whether they will come. (表语从句)常见的系动词有: be, sound(听起来)， look(看起来)， feel(摸起来)，smell(闻起来)，taste(尝、吃起来)， remain(保持，仍是)， feel(感觉) .It sounds a good idea.The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet.Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious.The food tastes good.The door remains open.Now I feel tired.四、宾语：1)动作的承受者动宾I likeChina. (名词)He hates you. (代词)How many do you need? We need two. (数词)We should help the old and the poor.I enjoy working with you. (动名词)I hope to see you again. (不定式)Did you write down what he said? (宾语从句)2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词介宾Are you afraid of the snake?Under the snow, there are many rocks.3) 双宾语间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)He gave me a book yesterday.Give the poor man some money.五、宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. (名词)We all think it a pity that she didntcome here. (名)We will make them happy. (形容词)We found nobody in. (副词)Please make yourself at home. (介词短语)Dont let him do that. (省to不定式)His father advised him to teach the lazyboy a lesson. (带to不定式)Dont keep the lights burning. (现在分词)Ill have my bike repaired. (过去分词)六、主补：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor.She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy alesson. 七、定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.(名词)He is our friend. (代词)We belong to the third world. (数词)He was advised to teach the lazy boy alesson.(形容词)The man over there is my old friend.(副词)The woman with a baby in her arms is mysister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Cla2. (现在分词)The trees planted last year are growingwell now. (过去分词)I have an idea to do it well. (不定式)You should do everything that I do. (定语从句)八、状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。(以下例句按上述顺序排列) I will go there tomorrow.The meeting will be held in themeetingroom.The meat went bad because of the hotweather.He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed inthe exam.I like some of you very much.If you study hard, you will pathe exam.He goes to school by bike.Though he is young, he can do it well.初一英语知识点：词汇1. 形容词的用法：形容词用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征。在句中可以作定语、表语，用于限定被修饰语的特征，如长短、大小、重量、颜色、高矮、胖瘦、新旧等。“限定词”包括：冠词、物主代词、指示代词、或数词，它位于各类形容词前。它本身分为三位，即：前、中、后。前位限定词有all、half、both、分数和倍数;中位限定词有冠词、指示代词、物主代词等;后位限定词有基数词和序数词，但序数词位于基数词前。如:both my hands、all half his income等。“描绘”性形容词如：beautiful、bad、cold、great等。“大长高”表示大小、长短、高低等一些词。表示“形状”的词如：round square等。“国籍”指一个国家或地区的词。“材料”的词如：wooden, woolen, stone,silk等。“作用类别”的词如：medical, college，writing desk，police car等。The little girl is very pretty. 这个小女孩很好看。-I want that one. 我想要那个。-Which one? 哪一个?-The new blue one. 那个蓝色新的。Can I have a look at the big nice one? 我能看一看那个大的漂亮的吗?2、人称代词：是用来表示人的代词，有单数和负数之分，有主格和宾格之分。人称代词的主格在句中作主语;人称代词的宾格在句中作宾语，是作动词或介词的宾语。主格：I, we, you, he, she, it, they在句子中作主语宾格：me, us, you, him, her, it, them在句子中作宾语He and I are in the same class. 我和他在同一个班级。Can you see them in the street? 你能看见他们在街上吗?3、可数名词和不可数名词英语中名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。凡是可数计数的名词叫做可数名词;凡是不可以计数的名词叫做不可数名词。(1)可数名词分为单数和复数两种形式。可数名词前可以用不定冠词、数词或some many等修饰。如：a man a desk an apple an orange some books some children tow pens(2)不可数名词没有复数形式，前面不能用不定冠词、数词或many等词语修饰，但可以用some a little much等词语来修饰。有时可以与一些量词短语搭配，这些量词短语中的名词一般是可数的，有单数形式，也可以有复数形式。如：some water a little milk much food a piece of bread tow bottles of ink some glasses of water初一英语知识点：祈使句祈使句：祈使句用来表示请求、命令等，句中没有主语，肯定形式由谓语或者谓语+宾语(+宾语补足语)构成，否定形式则在句前加Dont.Stand up, please. 请起立。Dont worry. 别担心。can的用法：can是情态动词，表示“能，会，可以，被允许等”，其后接动词原形，否定形式为cannot，可缩写为cant.She can speak Japanese. 她会讲日语。I cant remember his name. 我不记得他的名字了。Can you spell your name? 你会拼写你的名字吗?现在进行时态：概念：表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作，也可以表示目前一段时间内或现阶段正在进行的活动。结构：由be动词(am, is, are) + 动词ing构成，其中be动词要与主语保持性数一致。Mary is flying a kite in the park. 玛丽正在公园里放风筝。-What are you doing now?你现在在干什么?-Im reading English. 我正在读英语。Are they drawing the pictures now?他们正在画画吗?动词现在分词是动词原形变化而来的，规则变化如下：动词ing形式叫动词现在分词，其构成如下：1) 直接在动词后加ingplayplaying, dodoing, talktalking, sing-singing2) 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去e，再加ingmakemaking, writewriting, havehaving, taketaking3) 以重读闭音节结尾的动词且词尾只有一个辅音字母，应双写这个辅音字母，再加ingrunrunning, stopstopping, putputting, swimswimming注意对现在进行时态的判断。判断一个英语句子用什么时态，主要看句子的时间状语，一般说来，每种时态都有与之相对应的时间状语。现在进行时表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。因此，这个时态最常用的时间状语是now;但有不少句子并没有now，只能通过提示语如look、listen等或者通过上下文来确定用现在进行时。She is cleaning her room now. 她正在打扫房间。Look! The girl is dancing over there. 看!那个女孩在那里跳舞。-Can you go and play games with me? 你能和我们一起做游戏吗?-Cant you see I am doing my homework? 你没看见我正在做作业吗?初一英语知识点：have的用法have/ has的用法：1) 谓语动词have表示“有”，有两种形式：have和has，前者用于第一人称(I, we)，第二人称(you)和第三人称复数(they)，后者用于第三人称单数(he, she, it)或单数名词。I have an apple and he has two bananas. 我有一个苹果，他有两个香蕉。You have a new English teacher. 你们有了一个新的英语老师。It has two big eyes. 它有一双大眼睛。Julie and Jack have a nice car. 朱莉和杰克有一辆好看的车。2) have/has句型与there be句型的比较：两者都表示“有”，但用法不同。前者表示所属关系，即表示“某人或某物有什么”，而后者表示存在，表示“某地有什么”。They have some new books. 他们有一些新书。There are some new books on their desks. 他们桌子上有一些新书。She has a lot of pretty skirts. 她有很多漂亮的裙子。There are a lot of pretty skirts in the shop. 商店里有很多漂亮的裙子。3) have/ has的否定句，一般要加助动词do/ does，再加not构成，即do not have (dont have)/ does not have (doesnt have). She does not have a sister. 她没有姐姐。We dont have any classes on Saturday. 我们星期六没有课。Ann and I dont have a big room. 我和安没有一个大房间。4) 一般疑问句由“助动词Do/ Does + 主语 + have + 宾语”构成，回答用Yes, do/ does.或者No, dont/ doesnt.-Do you have a big house? 他们的房子大吗?-No, they dont. 不，他们的房子不大。-Does he have an eraser? 他有橡皮吗?-Yes, he does. 他有的。5) 特殊疑问句由特殊疑问词 + 助动词do/ does + have (+状语)构成。What do they have? 他们有什么?What does he have? 他有什么?How many telephones do they have? 他们有几部电话?初一英语知识点：介词的用法介词用法：1) 具体时间前介词用at。. He gets up at half past seven every day. 他每天七点半起床。She goes to bed at eleven oclock. 她十一点睡觉。2) 表示“在早上，在下午，在晚上”的短语中用介词in，且定冠词the不能省略;表示“在中午，在夜里”的短语中介词用at，不加冠词。in the morning在早上，in the afternoon 在下午，in the evening 在晚上at noon在中午，at ni