高二上课件Unit 2 News mediaGrammar.ppt.ppt

Grammar - Past Participle,I.过去分词的形式和意义,1. 过去分词通常由动词原形加-ed构成。此外还有少数不规则形式，有的不规则动词的过去分词有两种形式。有些现代语法著作把过去分词称为-ed分词（-ed Participle),2. 过去分词与其它非限定词一样，都没有时的特征，所不同的是，它形式单一，没有体与语态的变化。,3. 及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成意义，不及物动词的过去分词表示主动和完成意义。,II. 过去分词的在句中的用法,1. 过去分词（短语）表语,1.1 过去分词（短语）作表语时，其作用相当于adj.,说明的是主语的状态,All the windows are broken. All hope is gone. This article is well written. He appeared more satisfied with my work.,（1）有许多过去分词已经完全形容化了，它可以被very等副词修饰，可以有比较级等级形式，这类过去分词常见的有：amazed, bored, disappointed, disturbed, embarrassed, excited, frightened, interested, limited, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, surprised, tired, worried 等。,（2）有的过去分词可以被副词well修饰，如：built, cooked, done, dressed, known, organized, prepared, written等。,（3）其它副词也可以修饰过去分词，如：deeply moved, greatly indebted, highly developed 等。,1.2 由过去分词构成的合成形容词也可以作表语,They are well-behaved and well-spoken.,1.3 过去分词作表语时，其后可以接介词短语、不定式短语及that 引导的宾语从句,He is very much opposed to your plan. The mother was pleased to hear from her son. Im satisfied that you didnt tell me a lie.,1.4 “be+过去分词” 有可能是一个系表结构，也有可能是一个被动结构，这两种结构的差别是：,（1）被动结构表动作，而系表结构表状态。 （2） 被动结构之后可以接by + 动作的执行者，系表结构则不行。 （3）系表结构中的过去词可以被well, very, much, quite 等副词修饰，而被动结构中过去分词则不能。 （4）系表结构中的过去分词往往具有固定的介词搭配。,Why is the glass broken? By whom is the glass broken?,(系表结构）,(被动结构),It is covered with thick ice and deep snow. Your table should be covered by a white cloth.,(系表结构）,(被动结构),III. 过去分词作定语,1. 单个过去分词作定语, 通常前置,a. 及物动词的过去分词，具有被动和完成的意义。,a broken cup a wounded soldier an unexpected guest the excited crowd,b. 不及物动词的过去分词，具有主动和完成意义。,a grown woman a retired officer,C. 合成的过去分词,a much-needed reform state-owned enterprises,2. 过去分词短语作定语：通常后置，其作用相当于定语从句。,a letter written in pencil the book recommended by Jack the machines produced last year This substance, discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized machine.,= a letter which was written in pencil,= the book which was recommended by Jack,= the machines which were produced last year,= This substance, which was discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized machine.,Exercises:,1. We lived in the house _ (我舅舅们修建的). 2. Any medicine _(服用) without the advice of a doctor can cause trouble. 3. We spent two hours discussing the plan _ _ (她制定的). 4. _ (开水) 5. _ (一个破碎的茶杯) 6. three _ (受伤的士兵),built by my uncles,taken,made by her,boiled water,a broken cup,wounded soldiers,Exercises:,1. Most of the people _ (被邀请参加宴会的) were famous scientists. 2. Lessons _ (易学的)are soon forgotten. * _ (易学的) lessons are soon forgotten. 3. The computer center _ (开办) last week is popular with the students .,invited to the party,learned easily,opened/started,Easily-learned,Exercises,Dont use words, expressions, or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge. A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known As we joined the big crowd, I got _ from my friends A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed Cleaning women in big cities usually get _ by the hour. A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C. , did not include women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing,D,A,C,C,5. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun 6. The television is a _ machine. A. newly-invented B. new-invented C. newly-invent D. newly-invention 7. _ English is different from _ English in many ways. A. Spoken, written B. Speaking, written C. Spoken, writing D. Speak, write,D,A,A,8. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the _. A. 20 dollars remained B. 20 dollars to remain C. remained 20 dollars D. remaining 20 dollars 9. Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than some store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying 10. Mr Smith, _ of the _ speech, started to read a novel. A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring,D,B,A,11. There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited 13. The computer center, _ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened,B,A,D,14. This news sounds _. A. encouraging B. encouraged C. encourage D. to encourage 15. - How did Bob do in the exams this time? - well, his father seems _ with his result. A. pleasing B. please C. pleased D. to please 16. - How did the audience receive the new play? - They got very _. A. excite B. excited C. excitedly D. exciting,A,C,B,17. The _ look on Miss Whites face told us that she was _ great trouble. A. worrying; in B. worried; in C. worrying; with D. worried; with 18. Though _ to stop, the _ speaker kept on talking at the meeting. A. being told; exciting B. to be told; exciting C. told; excited D. telling; excited 19. The autumn wind sent the _ leaves on the ground _ here and there. A. fallen; flying B. falling; to fly C. fallen; flown D. falling; flew,B,C,A,senddoing 使 成为,20. The audience, greatly _ by his speech, all voiced support for the suggestion. A. moved B. to be moved C. moving D. being moved 21. The yellow River, _ to be “the mother river”, runs across China like a huge dragon. A. saying B. to say C. said D. being said 22. - Who gave you this message? - A man _ himself Mr Zhang. A. called B. calling C. calls D. is called,A,C,B,23. The education system rather than the teachers _ to answer for the overburden on the students. - I agree. I hope the reform being carried out in our country at present will bring about the _ result. A. are; desired B. is; desired C. are; desiring D. is; desiring 24. - Shall we go swimming? - OK. Ill just go and get _. A. to change B. changed C. be changed D. changing,B,B,get changed 换衣服,25. The door of the shop remained _, though it was ten oclock am. A. opened B. opening C. locked D. locking 26. My mother was _ to see the work _ so early. A. astonishing; finished B. astonished; finishing C. astonished; finished D. astonishing;finishing 27. I advise _ early, but I dont advise you _ that, since you lack much sleep. A. getting up; to do B. to get up; doing C. to get up; to do D. getting up; doing,C,C,A,过去分词作宾语补足语,过去分词常表示动作的完成、状态或动作的全过程。 宾语与过去分词在逻辑上常存在着被动关系。 不及物动词的过去分词作宾补时没有被动意味，只表示动作的完成和状态。,When I returned there, I found the bag gone. We found the village greatly changed.,过去分词（短语）作宾语补足语,过去分词（短语）可以在有些动词所带的复合中作宾语补语语，宾语为过去分词（短语）的逻辑主语。过去分词（短语）作宾语补语有以下几种情况。,1. 在感观动词feel, hear 和see 之后，如：,I heard my name called. He felt himself cheated. I saw his eyes fixed on me in curiosity.,2. 在有些可跟带to 的不定式作宾语补语的动词之后，这类动词有：cant bear, hate, like, love, need, prefer, want, wish 等， 如：,I cant bear my steak overcooked, and want it underdone.,我受不了牛排做得太熟，我想要它做得嫩。,He needs his coat mended. Kate would like her room painted white. I prefer eggs boiled. We wish your work finished quickly.,3. 在有些可跟现在分词作宾语补语的动词后，这类词有：discover, find, keep, leave, show等，如：,I discovered / found the place deserted. The photograph showed the dog tied to a post. Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open. Did you leave the doors and windows firmly fastened?,4. 在使役动词get, have 和make 后， 如：,I shall make my views known to everybody.,have 和 get 带过去分词作宾语补足语含义与带现在分词作宾语补足语时相似：have 和get 有时表示有意识的行为，作“使”解，但动作的执行者不一定是句子的主语，如句（）；有时表示句子主语无意识的行为，作“经历”或“遭遇”解，如句（）；wont have表示句子的主语不允许某种情况发生，如句（）：,He had / got his car serviced. He had / got his car stolen. I wont have my son laughed at .,他（找人）检修了他的车。,他的汽车被人偷了。,我不允许我的儿子被嘲笑。,现在分词作宾语补足语,现在分词作宾补时，通常表示一个正在进行或持续的动作，宾语与宾语补足语在逻辑上存在着主谓关系，即宾补所表示的动作通常中宾语发出来的。 现在分词的被动式作宾补时，它仍表示一个正在进行或持续的动作，但宾语与宾补存在逻辑上的动宾关系。,I saw a boy crying there. I am sorry to have kept you waiting. I saw the child being beaten by his father. I often watched the ship being loaded.,Exercises:,If you want _ immediately, you have to give us some money in advance. A. that the work be done B. the work done C. to have done the job D. the job that is done 2. They are going to have the service man _ an electric fan in the office tomorrow. A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed 3. You will see this product _ wherever you go. A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising,B,A,B,install sth. in sth. 安装,4. I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the Atlantic Ocean in five years. A. sail B. sailing C. to sail D. to have sailed 5. If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air _ against your face. A. moved B. moving C. moves D. to move 6. Dont get your schedule _; stay with us in this class. A. to change B. changing C. changed D. change,B,B,C,过去分词作状语,过去分词（短语）作状语可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、和伴随情况。在过去分词（短语）前可带有从属连词when, until, if, unless, though, as, as if等。 在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时，过去分词（短语）通常可转换为应的状语从句；在表示伴随情况时，通常可转换为一个并列的谓语成分或并列句中的一个从句。,1. 作时间状语,Told of his mothers accident, Jack immediately phoned the hospital. Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. When asked to speak, he complained about the poor service.,2. 作原因状语,Covered with confusion, he refused to eat . Caught in the rain, he had a fever.,神志迷乱,3. 作条件状语,Considered from this point, the question will be of great importance. Cleared, this site would be very valuable. The house will look bigger if painted white. She will gladly come to your house if invited.,4. 作让步状语,Defeated, he remained a popular boxer. Though told to stop, he kept on walking. Even though given every opportunity, they would not cooperate with you.,5. 作方式状语,I am returning your letter as requested. He was walking with a limp as if injured. The lad started out of bed, as if awakened from some dream.,6. 作伴随状语,Mary came out of the room, followed by her dog. A crowd rushed in, armed with sticks. He was gazing into the distance, fascinated by the beautiful evening glow.,= and (she) was followed by her dog.,使迷惑,过去分词的独立主格结构,Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car.,在通常情况下，分词作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应用其他句型：,When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down.,解决状语的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题，也可在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式，故称分词的独立主格结构。,The job finished, we went home straight away. His car broken down, he had to go on horse back.,When the job was finished,Because his car was broken down,过去分词独立主格结构在句中常表示原因、时间、条件状语，该结构可转换为相应的从句。同时，过去分词独立主格结构也可表示伴随状况。,The old man waited outside, (with) his head almost hidden by a very large hat.,过去分词与现在分词的区别,过去分词只有一种形式，不像现在分词那样具有体和时态的变化形式。 现在分词的一般形式表示主动和进行意义，而及物云动词的过去分词表示被动和完成意义，不及物动词的过去分词表示主动和完成意义。,I found them watering flowers. I found the flowers watered.,= I found that they were watering flowers.,= I found that the flowers had been watered.,falling leaves fallen leaves,= leaves which were / are falling.,=leaves which have / had fallen.,(3) 两者所担任的句子成分基本相同，但过去分词不能像现在分词那样作结果状语。 (4) 现在分词的被动语态完成体形式与过去分词的意义相同：都表示被动和完成。其区别在于，前者强调动作，后者表示状态，后者常代替前者使用。,This having been done, he left. This done , he left.,=( When this had been done),= (When this was done),关于非谓语动词作状语时的逻辑主语,1.非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语往往 就是句子的主语. eg:. In order to pass the English examination, _. A. My father bought me a dictionary. B. I often get up early to read English. C. The important thing is to make full use of time. D. It is not enough to remember the new words. . _ from the top of the hill, the city looks so beautiful. A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. Seen . He sent me an E-mail, _ to get further information. A. hoped B. hoping C. hope D. to hope,2. 分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时, 可以带有自己的主语- 名词 / 代词 + 分词(独立主格结构),有时前面还可以加介词with构成复合结构.,Eg:Weather permitting, well go out for a picnic tomorrow. The homework finished, the boy went home. With so many people looking at her, she felt nervous.,3. 现在分词作状语其逻辑主语与句中主语不一致的常见情况:,.Generally / Strictly / Frankly speaking , Judging from, Considering, Allowing for(考虑到), Counting(算上), Supposing(假定), Talking / Thinking of(谈到) 用过去分词的情况: Given(鉴于),Taken as a whole(总之). Eg: _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. A. Give B. Giving C. Given D. To give,被动句中,分词常与被动结构动作的执行者形成逻辑关系. The idea can be expressed using a simple sentence.,当现在分词在句中作结果状语,其逻辑主语为前面整个句子时.如: European football is played in 80 countri