高中英语阅读理解猜测词义题型的解题方法（课件）.ppt

猜测词义 读懂文章,-高三英语阅读指导,If you come across new words when reading,What will you do ?,Ignore them and continue reading,Look them up in the dictionary,Guess the meaning,2010年高考大纲中关于阅读理解的要求,要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能： 、理解主旨要义； 、理解文中具体信息； 、根据上下文推断生词的词义； 、作出简单判断和理解； 、理解文章的基本结构； 、理解作者的意图和态度。,抓主旨 明细节 猜词义 做推断,猜测词义： 单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，历年高考都把这一项作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题，考查对文中关键词语（实词、短语、指代关系等）的理解。而且，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上。但事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落有着互相制约的关系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。,猜测词义题目类型,对考纲外生词的猜测,Many United Nations employees are polyglots: Mr. Jim, for example, speaks five languages fluently. “polyglot” most probably means “_.”,对考纲内熟词新义的猜测,I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. (04全国卷) “cloud” means “_.”,通晓数种语言的人,使模糊，混淆，搅浑,The biggest finding in brain research in the last ten years is that the brain at any age is highly plastic. If you ask your brain to learn, it will learn.(07四川卷) By saying “the brain at any age is highly plastic”, the writer means the brain can be _. A.used B. mastered C. developed D. researched,对句义的猜测,词义猜测题常用的提问方式有： 1. The word “” refers to / probably means / could best be replaced by _. 2.The word “” is most likely to mean _. 3. What do you think the expression “” stands for? 4. The underlined word “” means _. 5. The word “” is closest in meaning to ,语境法 Context clues,构词法 Word formation,猜测词意,2011高考阅读理解专题,1. 定义描述,3. 因果关系,2. 同义反义,4. 举例归纳,5. 生活常识,6. 上下文推测,语境猜测词义,His uncle is a zoologist, an expert who does research on animals. The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.,动物学家,牧羊人,语义学,1、定义描述,定义或释义关系常由定语从句或be called，be known as, be defined as等词汇或破折号来表示 ； 或由is, that is (to say), in other words，to put it another way引出 一些具体的解释性的短语放在生词后做它的同位语，用逗号隔开，构成同位关系。,小 结,2.同义词 Mother was tall, fat and middle-aged. My aunt was an old woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter. In some countries where there is very little rain, the farmers have to irrigate, or water, their fields. All the other members are of the same opinion. They are unanimous.,圆胖的,灌溉,一致同意的,反义词 Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. Some human actions are learned, but quite a few other actions are innate. In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything seems to be in a state of turmoil .,污秽的,天生的,混乱,由and或or， like ,as as, the same as等连接的两个词构成同义关系； 表转折关系的词常有如but, while, however, instead of , rather than , unlike, yet, otherwise, though ，in contrast, on the contrary等。,小 结,3、因果关系 One who is destitute has a great need for food and clothing. The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow. Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. Hes such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade.,贫穷的,混浊的,独断专行的,精明的,常用关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，so, so that, such that therefore等)表示前因后果。,小 结,4、举例归纳法 Cars must have certain safety devices such as seat belt, headlights, and good brakes. On the farm they mainly raise poultry, such as chickens, ducks and geese, for their eggs and meat.,家禽,装置,民俗, Although the hazards of the trip were many - for example, the unbearable heat, the lack of water, the possibility of getting lost, the presence of wild animals and poisonous snakes - Collins nevertheless decided that she must go. A) pleasures B) conveniences C) dangers D) equipment,常用such as, like， for example, for instance等引出例子，可根据例子隶属的类别归纳出总称词即词义 。,小 结,When you throw a stone into still water of a lake, you will watch a ripple spread in rings on the surface of water. In the strong wind, the beggar shivered with the terrible cold. One of symptoms caused by the peculiar illness is a high fever.,波纹,涟漪,颤抖,症状,5、生活经验, 生活常识, 逻辑推理,小 结,根据自身的直接或间接的经验，或运用自己已有的常识将生词推测出来。 因此平时多了解英美国家的风俗习惯，宗教信仰，社会生活等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，遇到生词，猜测词义的能力自然就提高了。,6. 根据生词所在的上下文猜测词义,例题： Tom cant find his sneakers. C. shoes,Tom cant find his white sneakers,Tom cant play tennis now because he cant find his white sneakers.,A. money,B. bowls,What does “in the public eye” mean? A. 公众熟悉的,出名的 Tips: in public在公众场合 the public大众 eye眼睛,Guess,B. 在群众的眼里 C. 公开的 D. 令人眼热的,Mr Zhang often appears in public. But he is not famoushe is not in the public eye.,(2006年安徽卷)精品解析英语 Lions are opportunists. They prefer to eat without having to do too much work. If another animal has made a kill, they will drive it off and take the kill for themselves. By describing lions as “opportunist” in the paragraph, the author means to say that lions_. A. are cruel animals B. are clever animals C. like to take advantage of other animals D. like to take every chance to eat,C,小 结,所谓“词不离句，句不离章“讲的就是对于词语或句子的正确理解依赖于一定的情景。所以在猜测生词词义或句意时， 一定要认真读懂与生词密切相关的前后句子， 对词或句子进行合情合理的推测，排除肤浅的表义，选择蕴含在其中的深意。,Word Formation 构词法： 英语单词大多是由词根、词头（前缀）和词尾（后缀）所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头和词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易猜测出由其构成的新词的含义了。,中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有： super- (超) mini- (极小的, 微小的) micro-（极微小的） re- （再，反复） mis-（误，恶） im-（不） un-（不，非） in-（不，非） non-（不，非） -able（能的 ） -less（不，无） -wards (向),superman microwave (超人) nonnatural mispronounce (非自然的) homeless nonsmoker (无家可归的) rebuild eastwards (重建),Can you guess the right meanings?,(微波),(非烟民),(发错音),(向东),1. (10福建卷 ) In 2005 , after the fall of the Taliban（塔利班）,which had outlawed TV, 1 in 5 Afghans had one. 2. When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life? 3. When he reached the place with his army, he found an impassable river in front of him.,Word-formation,（合成词）,（词性变化）,（合成法，转化法，派生法）,（词的派生）,1. (10福建卷 ) In 2005 , after the fall of the Taliban（塔利班）,which had outlawed TV, 1 in 5 Afghans had one. A. allowed B. banned C. offered D. refused 2. When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life? 3. When he reached the place with his army, he found an impassable river in front of him.,Word-formation,to imagine or to describe,adj. 无法通行的, 无法通过的,pass,passable,impassable,Homework,1. Go over what we learned in this period. 2. Finish the given exercises on guessing meanings.,How to guess the meaning of words?,Inquiry-based Activities (I) 探究活动 (1),1. He is a resolute man. Once he made up his mind to do something, he wont give it up halfway. A. weak B. firm C. kind D. clever 2. Mrs. Smith is loquacious while her husband is the silent type. A. 活泼的 B. 好动的 C. 多嘴多舌的 D. 可爱的 3. In many countries there are two financial extremes, from penury to great wealth. A. 便士 B. 温饱 C. 非常贫困 D. 虚弱,小试身手,4. The old woman has a strange habit to keep over 100 cats in her house. Her neighbor all call her an eccentric lady. A. 爱猫的 B. 古怪的 C. 闲不住 D. 动物保护主义者,5. Although he often had the chance, Mr. Brown was never able to steal money from a customer. This would endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future. The word “jeopardize” means _ in this text. A. protect B. endanger C. continue D. stop,6. Children are always boasting. They say things like “My Dads car is bigger than your Dads,” “My Mom is smarter than yours.” and “My family has more money than yours.” The word “boasting” means _. A. 骄傲 B. 吹牛 C. 顽皮 D. 幼稚,Inquiry-based Activities (II) 探究活动 (2),Passage 1 2010高考真题精品解析英语（福建卷） Two thirds of customers say that environmental considerations inform their purchases to the same degree as they did a year ago, while more than a quarter say that they are now even better aware of the environmental effect on what they buy. The underlined word “inform” probably means“ ”. Aaffect Bchange Cdisturb Dreject,A,Passage 2 2010年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（江苏卷） Some family names were made by adding something to the fathers name. English-speaking people added s or son. The Johnsons are descendants of John; the Roberts familys ancestor was Robert. Irish and Scottish people added Mac or Mc or O. Perhaps all of the MacDonnells and the McDonnells and the ODonnells are descendants of the same Donnell. What does the underlined word “descendants” probably mean? A. later generations B. friends and relatives C. colleagues and partners D. later sponsors,A,Passage 3 2010年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（天津卷）Welcome to Windsor Castle, the oldest and largest occupied castle in the world. Windsor is one of the official residences（住所）of the Queen, who sometimes stays here. As Windsor Castle is a working royal palace, visitors and their belongings should get through airport-style security checks. For safety and security reasons a one-way system operates along the visitor route. The underlined part “a working royal palace” refers to one _. A. still being constructed B. still used by the royal family C. where the Queen usually works D. where works of art are on show,B,Passage 4 2010年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（重庆卷） One morning more than thirty years ago, I entered the Track Kitchen, a restaurant where everyone from the humblest(卑微的) to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man, who looked somewhat disheveled. He was wearing a worn-out hat and was alone. I asked if I might join him. He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast. What does the underlined word “disheveled” mean? A. Unfriendly. B. Untidy. C. Gentle. D. Kind.,B,Passage 5 2010年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 I had always traveled to Malaysia by plane or car, so this was the first time I was on a train. I did not particularly relish the long train journey and