北师大版小学英语语法汇总_我总结.doc

小升初英语复习重点系统语法学习。小升初英语考试中单项选择比例占到15%-30%，同时，在其他各种题型中也都涉及到大量的语法知识。进行系统的语法的学习非常必要。重点词汇积累。词汇量：一般重点中学的小升初英语考试，都要求学生具有2000到3000的词汇量，而且要求学生能读、能听懂这些单词，甚至要求孩子会拼写。实际运用能力：知识学到手会用才是关键。具体知识点：第一部分;基础知识1.字母：26个字母的大小写ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz2.语音：元音的发音五个元音字母：A E I O U 音标认读：一、元音前元音： i: i e i: 发音组合: e ee ea ie ei 代表单词: me he we evenbee feel breeze（微风，简单的事） deep free Seat（座位） beat（打,击,敲;冲击） lead（引领，最前端） tea eat reason Grief（悲痛，伤痛） believe achieve Receive（收到，接收） conceive(构想，想象) i 发音组合: i 代表单词: sit bit kick pick wish e 发音组合: e ea a 代表单词：pen ten best beg egg netbread heaven（天堂，天国） marry any many 发音组合: a 代表单词: cap map bad mad（ 发疯的,发狂的） bank thank lamp（灯,油灯,灯火） 中元音：: : 发音组合：or ir er ur ear代表单词：work worker worm(蠕虫, 使缓慢前进 bird dirt(污物;) affirm(断言,申明) term Burn（烧毁） surf（碎浪,海浪;浪花） Pearl（珍珠） learn 发音组合：a er or 代表单词：appear arise again alike a man a pen teacher mother brother driver anger doctor actor tutor（家庭教师,私人教师） famous jealous（妒忌的，吃醋的）后元音: a: u: u : a: 发音组合：ar ear al代表单词：far dark hart farm garden bar star heart half 发音组合：u o代表单词：up cut but bus luck butter(奶油) Monk(和尚) onion(洋葱)u: 发音组合：oo o ou u代表单词：food fool(蠢人) boom( (雷,大炮等的)隆隆声) cool hoop(铁圈，戒指，耳环) pool（水塘,水池） shoot （发射，放射）tomb group blue clue（提示，线索） rule truth conclude（推断出，结束）u 发音组合：oo u ou 代表单词：foot good cook（煮，烧） hook（钩，挂钩） took Pull（拉,拖,牵,拽;搬走） full bull（公牛，壮汉，） should : 发音组合：a oo aw ou ore au or ar 代表单词：talk ball hall( 会堂;大厅) call door floor Law(法律) saw bought fought(fight的过去式和过去分词，打仗;搏斗;打架;奋斗)thought before ignore caught naughty( 顽皮的,淘气的;撒野的) nautical(海上的;船员的;船舶的;航海的) force born sort( 种类,品种,类型 ) warn 发音组合：o 代表单词： not cop（抓，捕） rot(腐烂,腐坏;腐朽,破损) hot lot dog nod shop 合口双元音为: ei ai au u ei发音组合：ei a ai ay代表单词：eight day may paid main cake fate naked snake lake make name ai发音组合：y i uy代表单词：cry dry my kite high bike tight fine time buy guy发音组合：oy oi 代表单词：toy boy loyal noise voice point soil coin oil au发音组合：ou ow代表单词：house sound out noun bow town now toweru 发音组合：o ow oa代表单词：host nose tone hole note coke cope bowl know low own boat coat 集中双元音为：i u i 发音组合：eer ear ere 代表单词：beer deer hear near fear here 发音组合：air ear are ere代表单词：hair fair air chair bear swear dare hare there u发音组合：oor ure our代表单词：poor lure sure tour 二、辅音爆破音: p b t d k g p 发音组合：p代表单词：pay pipe put pie peachsport speed spend b 发音组合：b 代表单词：bird bed bag big buy bake bill bear book t 发音组合：t 代表单词：tea teacher team tare tank taught tip it meet cat thought fate tent boat student stand stick d 发音组合：d代表单词：do did does deer date dig doom need bed climbed k 发音组合：c k ck代表单词：cake car can cat come kite sky keep pick back g 发音组合：g代表单词：geese go gap get big bag beg 爆破音小结:1) p t k 是清辅音，发音时声带不震动，送气要强。 2) b d g 是浊辅音，发音时声带必须震动。摩擦音: f v 3 s z h r f 发音组合：f ph 代表单词：five first life fine fat fail fair fall farm telephone phonetics photo v 发音组合：v 代表单词：vote vine vat vail very vase leave five 发音组合：th 代表单词：think teeth thick theme thank thought both tooth truth fifth mouth cloth faith breath发音组合：th 代表单词：this that these those then than though 发音组合：sh s ss ch代表单词：ship fish sheet sheep dishsure ensure assure machine3发音组合：s代表单词：pleasure usual leisure measure s 发音组合：s c 代表单词：seem set seek say see books dense mouse cups face ice race price z 发音组合：z s代表单词：zoo prize zeal raise knees eyes h 发音组合：h wh 【注意】wh 在元音字母o前才发此音。代表单词：hot home house horse hate high whole who whose whom r 发音组合：r wr代表单词：race red rice rain right road free fry pray wrong write摩擦音小结:英语中有十个摩擦音即: f v 3 s z h r 发摩擦音时必须注意：1) 口腔通道不完全阻塞,留有窄小空隙, 气流从中泄出时摩擦或震动成音。2) 摩擦音可以延长而发音器官位置不变。破擦音: t 发音组合：ch 代表单词：cheap child chest choke check catch watch d3 发音组合：j g dg代表单词：jeep joke jew juice judge tr 发音组合：tr代表单词：tree treat trip train tram dr 发音组合: dr代表单词: dream drag draw drink children ts 发音组合：ts 代表单词：sits seats mates peasants parents dz 发音组合：ds 代表单词：needs seeds spends 鼻辅音: m n m 发音组合：m代表单词：some come dime mother map moon n 发音组合：n代表单词：noon nose note not no nothing moon soon son gun thin run dine gain 发音组合：ng n 代表单词：sing song singer king thingink sink thank tank 舌边音: l 发音组合: l 代表单词：清晰音 l let lad late laid leap lap 代表单词：含糊音 l deal tell belt sale table半元音: w j w 3.词汇：词汇量，近反义词4.句子：大小写，标点符号第二部分：语法知识1. 名词：名词单复数，名词的格 名词分为可数名词和不可数名词可数名词有：apple desk pen pencil box 不可数名词有：paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea1. 名词：名词单复数，名词的格 名词分为可数名词和不可数名词可数名词有：apple desk pen pencil box 不可数名词有：paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea（一）名词单数变复数1一般情况，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds2以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches3以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries4以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives leaf -leaves wife-wives 5、以字母o 结尾的加es 的有：hero Negro tomato potato 其他以o 结尾的都加s 如zoo photo 6不规则名词复数：man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, 7、 单复同形： fish-fish, people-people, sheep-sheep 8、 中日不变 英法变，其他s加后面Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese Frenchman -Frenchmen Englishman-Englishmen German-Germans （二）名词的格(1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格：a) 单数后加 s 如: Lucys ruler my fathers shirtb) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 如: his friends bags Teachers Day c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加 s childrens shoesl 并列名词中，如果把 s加在最后一个名词后，表示共有, 如: Tom and Mikes car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车l 要表示所有物不是共有的，应分别在并列名词后加s Toms and Mikes cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车 (2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of 名词”来表示所有关系：如:a picture of the classroom a map of China二.冠词：不定冠词，定冠词种类：（1）不定冠词：a / an a unit / an uncle 元音音素开头的可数名词前用an : an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /（2）定冠词：the the egg the plane2. 用法:定冠词的用法：（1）特指某（些）人或某（些）物： The ruler is on the desk. （2）复述上文提到的人或物：He has a sweater. The sweater is new.（3）谈话双方都知道的人或物：The boys arent at school.（4）在序数词前： Johns birthday is February the second.（5）用于固定词组中： in the morning / afternoon / evening 不用冠词的情况：（1）专有名词前：China is a big country. （2）名词前有定语：this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等：This is my baseball.（3）复数名词表示一类人和事：Monkeys cant swim. They are teachers.（4）在节日，日期，月份，季节前：Today is Christmas Day. Its Sunday.（5）一日三餐前：We have breakfast at 6:30.（6）球类 棋类运动前：They often play football after class. He plays chess at home. * 但乐器前要用定冠词：I play the guitar very well.（7）学科名称前：My favorite subject is music.（8）在称呼或头衔的名词前：This is Mr Li.（9）固定词组中：at noon at night by bus三、代词：人称代词，物主代词人称代词形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词主格宾格第一人称单数I（我）memy（我的）mine复数we（我们）usour（我们的）ours 第二人称单数you（你）youyour（你的）yours复数you（你们）youyour（你们的）yours第三人称单数he（他）himhis（他的）hisshe（她）herher（她的）hersit（它）itits（它的）its复数they（他们/她们/它们）themtheir（他们的/她们的/它们的）theirs形容词性物主代词+名词=名词性物主代词 my book =mine 四、形容词，副词：比较级，最高级（一）、形容词的比较级1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用：两个事物或人的比较用比较级，比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格（口语中可用宾格）。2形容词加er的规则： 一般在词尾加er ； 以字母e 结尾，加r ； 以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加er ； 以“辅音字母+y”结尾，先把y变i，再加er 。3不规则形容词比较级：good-better, beautiful-more beautiful（二）副词的比较级1形容词与副词的区别 (有be用形，有形用be；有动用副，有副用动)在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后 副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后2副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同 (不规则变化：well-better, far-farther)3、 频率副词，always usually often sometimes never 例如：I always go shopping on Sunday .对频率进行提问用how often How often do you play tennis ? Once a week .Once 一次 twice 两次 three times 三次 four times 四次 依次类推五 、数词：基数词，序数词一、基数词基数词：（1）1-20one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten，eleven，twelve，thirteen，fourteen，fifteen， sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen，twenty（2）21-99 先说“几十”，再说“几”，中间加连字符。23twenty-three，34thirty-four，45fortyfive，56fifty-six，67sixty-seven，78seventy-eight，89eighty-nine，91ninety-one（3）101999先说“几百”，再加and，再加末两位数或末位数；586five hundred and eighty-six，803eight hundred and three（4）l，000以上，先从右往左数，每三位数加一个“，”，第一个“，”前为thousand.第二个“，”前为million，第三个“，”前为billion 1，001one thousand and one18，423eighteen thousand，four hundred and twenty-three6，260，309six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine750，000，000，000seven hundred and fifty billion序数词：（1）一般在基数词后加theg.fourfourth，thirteenthirteenth（2）不规则变化onefirst，twosecond，threethird，fivefifth，eighteighth，nineninth，twelvetwelfth（3）以y结尾的十位整数，变y为ie再加thtwentytwentieth， fortyfortieth， ninetyninetieth（4）从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。twenty-first，two hundred and forty-fifth基数词转为序数词的口诀：基变序，有规律，词尾加上-th.一，二，三，特殊记，词尾字母t,d,d.八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。ty将y变成i，th前面有个e.若是碰到几十几，前用基来后用序。六、介词：常用介词：in, on, at, behind等On 在-上面 under 在-下面 in front of 在-前面 next to 在-旁边in在-里面 behind在-后面 between在-之间 1.at表示时间概念的某一个点。（在某时刻、时间、阶段等）。 at 1：00（dawn，midnight，noon）在一点钟（黎明、午夜、中午） at Christmas 在圣诞节2on 1）星期前 on Sunday 表示具体的某一天前 on the April 10th 例如：关于在周末的几种表示法： On the weekend在周末-特指 during the weekend在周末期间 2）在-上面 on the table 3 in 在-里面、月份前、季节前例如： in the box 在盒子里 in May 在五月份 in Spring 在春天例如：Where is the book ? Its on under the sofa . Where is the ball ? Its in the box .七、情态动词：表示 Can 能、会 should 应该must必须 have to 不得不,may 可能， 情态动词无人称和数的变化；不能单独使用，必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语 。例如：I can swim . I have to go to shool. I don have to go to shool on Sunday .八、be 动词 Be 动词的用法：(1) Am-was Is -was Are-were 口诀：我用am, 你用are, is用在他她它，复数全用are。(2) 肯定和否定句 I am (not) from London. He is(not) a teacher. She is(not) in the dining room. My hair is(not) long. Her eyes are(not) small.(3) 一般疑问句 Am I a Chinese? Yes, you are. No, you arent. Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they arent. Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isnt.九、动词：动词的四种时态：须知：第一人称 I we 第二人称：you you 第三人称单数 He She it 或者表示单个的人或者物 比如 your mother cat the table my uncle 第三人称复数 they （1）一般现在时：表示经常性或者是习惯性的动作，表示客观真理。标志词：usually often always 一般现在时的构成1. be动词：主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如：I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。 行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。 如： We study English. 我们学习英语。2、当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时，要在动词后加-s或-es。如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。 动词+s的变化规则一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies例句：I usually get up at 7 oclock . She studies very hard .否定结构：be 动词 am is are 直接在后面加not ,行为动词：需用助动词dont doesnt (主语为单数第三人称,后面的动词还原）例如：I am a teacher I am not a teacher . She is a farmer .She isnt a farmer . I go to school every day . I dont go to school on Sunday .She goes to school every day . She doesnt go to school on Sunday .一般疑问句：be 动词I am a teacher . Are you a teacher ? Yes ,I am No,Im not .行为动词：需用助动词do does (主语为单数第三人称）I go to school every day .Do you go to school every day ? Yes,I do No,I dont She goes to school every day .Does she go to school every day ? Yes ,she does No,she doesnt .注意：当主语为单数第三人称时，借助助动词does ,但是要注意后面动词要还原。 一般疑问句的回答遵循“问啥答啥”的原则特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句What does your mother do ? She is a teacher .（2）一般过去时: 表示动作发生在过去结构：主语+动词的过去式标志词：yesterday last year 动词的过去式的构成规则有：、规则动词一般直接在动词的后面加ed：如worked , learned , cleaned , visited以e结尾的动词直接加d：如lived , danced , used以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed如study studied carry carried worry worried （注意play、stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类） 双写最后一个字母（此类动词较少）如stopped 、不规则动词（此类词并无规则，须熟记）小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式：sing sang , eat ate , see saw , have had , do did , go went , take took , buy bought , get got , read read ,fly flew , am/is was , are were , say said , leave left , swim swam , tell told , draw drew , come came , lose lost , find found , drink drank , hurt hurt , feel felt例句：I went to park yesterday .否定结构：借助助动词didnt (后面的动词还原）I visited my friend yesterday . I didnt visit my friend yesterday.一般疑问句：助动词did , 后面的动词要还原I visited my friend yesterday . Did you visit your friend yesterday ?Yes ,I did NO ,I didnt一般疑问句的回答遵循“问啥答啥”的原则特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句What did you do yesterday ? I visited my friend yesterday.(3 )一般将来时：表示未来以后将要发生的事情 基本结构： be going to + do； will+ do. be going to = will 标志词：tomorrow next year 例如：I am going to go swimming tomorrow（明天）. = I will go swimming tomorrow.否定结构：直接在be 动词后加not will后加not will not =wont I am not =I m not 例如：I am =I m not going to go swimming tomorrow. I will go swimming tomorrow. I wont go swimming tomorrow.一般疑问句：把be 动词提前 把 will 提前Are you going to go swimming tomorrow？Yes ,I wil Will you go swimming tomorrow ? Yes ,I will .特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句What are you going to do ?What will you go ?(4) 现在进行时: 表示现在正在进行的动作 结构：am,is,are+动词现在分词标志词：look listen 动词的ing形式的构成规则： 一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating 以e 结尾的动词，要先去e再加ing，如having , writing 双写最后一个字母的（此类动词极少）有：running , swimming , sitting , getting例如：Listen ,Lily is singing now .否定结构：直接在be 动词后加not She is not singing now .一般疑问句：把be 动词提前 Is she singing now ? Yes ,she is .特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 What are you doing now ? What is she doing ?特殊用法：现在进行时态表将来What are you doing tomorrow ? I am playing tennis tomorrow .They are coming for dinner next week .第三部分：句法1.陈述句（1）肯定句：是指用肯定的语气来陈述的句子，如：Im a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital. There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening. （2） 否定句：含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子， 如：Im not a student. She is not (isnt) a doctor. He does not (doesnt) work in a hospital. There are not (arent) four fans in our classroom. He will not (wont) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didnt) watch TV yesterday evening. 2. 疑问句一般疑问句：是指询问事实的句子，此类句子必须用“yes”，或“no”来回答。特殊疑问句：以特殊疑问词（what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等）开头引导的句子。此类句子应该问什么就答什么，不能用“yes 、no”来回答。3.There be句型There be 句型与have, has的区别、There be 句型表示：在某地有某物（或人）、在there be 句型中，be 动词的单复数由紧跟其后的名词的单复数来决定。也就是就近原则。例如：There is an apple on the table .There are some apples on the table . There is a bottle of milk on the table.there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一