AUSTRALIA(讲稿)_高中英语PPT课件下载.ppt

,australia part 1 land and people part 2 australian history (i)australia to federation part 3 australian history (ii)australia since federation part 4 the economy part 5 government and politics part 6 society and culture,australia officially the commonwealth of australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the continental mainland (the worlds smallest), the island of tasmania, and numerous other islands in the indian and pacific oceans. neighboring countries include indonesia, east timor, and papua new guinea to the north, the solomon islands, vanuatu, and new caledonia to the north-east, and new zealand to the southeast.,for around 40,000 years before european settlement commenced in the late 18th century, the australian mainland and tasmania were inhabited by around 250 individual nations of indigenous australians. after sporadic visits by fishermen from the immediate north, and european discovery by dutch explorers in 1606, the eastern half of australia was claimed by the british in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of new south wales, founded on 26 january 1788. the population grew steadily in the following years; the continent was explored, and during the 19th century another five largely self-governing crown colonies were established.,on 1 january 1901, the six colonies became a federation, and the commonwealth of australia was formed. since federation, australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system and remains a commonwealth realm. the population is almost 21.9 million, with approximately 60% concentrated in and around the mainland state capitals of sydney, melbourne, brisbane, perth, and adelaide. the nations capital city is canberra, located in the australian capital territory (act).,australia is a developed country, with a prosperous multicultural society and has excellent results in many international comparisons of national performance such as health care, life expectancy, quality-of-life, human development, public education, economic freedom, and the protection of civil liberties and political rights. australian cities also routinely rank among the worlds highest in terms of livability, cultural offerings, and quality of life. it is a member of the united nations, g-20 major economies, commonwealth of nations, anzus, oecd, and the wto.,canberra,canberra (pronounced /knbr, knbr/3) is the capital city of australia. with a population of over 345,000, it is australias largest inland city and the eighth largest australian city overall. the city is located at the northern end of the australian capital territory, 280 km (170 mi) south-west of sydney, and 660 km (410 mi) north-east of melbourne. the site of canberra was selected for the location of the nations capital in 1908 as a compromise between rivals sydney and melbourne, australias two largest cities. it is unusual among australian cities, being an entirely purpose-built, planned city. following an international contest for the citys design, a design by the chicago architects walter burley griffin and marion mahony griffin was selected and construction commenced in 1913. the citys design was heavily influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation that have earned canberra the title “bush capital“. although the growth and development of canberra were hindered by the world wars and the great depression, it emerged as a thriving city after world war ii. as the seat of the government of australia, canberra is the site of parliament house, the high court of australia and numerous government departments and agencies. it is also the location of many social and cultural institutions of national significance, such as the australian war memorial, national gallery of australia, national museum of australia and the national library of australia. the federal government contributes the largest percentage of gross state product and is the largest single employer in canberra.,sydney,sydney (pronounced /sdni/3) is the largest city in australia, and the state capital of new south wales. sydney has a metropolitan area population of approximately 4.34 million4 and an area of approximately 12,000 square kilometres. its inhabitants are called sydneysiders, and sydney is often called “the harbour city“.,sydney is the site of the first british colony in australia. the city is home to the iconic sydney opera house, harbour bridge and its beaches. sydney is one of the most multicultural cities in the world, reflected in its role as a major destination for immigrants to australia.,sydney opera house,adelaide,adelaide (pronounced /dled/3) is the capital and most populous city of the australian state of south australia, and is the fifth-largest city in australia, with a population of more than 1.1 million.4 it is a coastal city situated on the eastern shores of gulf st. vincent, on the adelaide plains, north of the fleurieu peninsula, between the gulf st. vincent and the low-lying mount lofty ranges. it is roughly 20 km (12 mi) from the coast to the foothills but sprawls 90 km (56 mi) from gawler at its northern extent to sellicks beach in the south.,darwin, northern territory,darwin (pronounced /drwn/3, locally dawn4) is the capital city of the northern territory, australia. situated on the timor sea, darwin has a population of 120,652, making it by far the largest and most populated city in the sparsely populated northern territory, but the least populous of all australias capital cities. it is the smallest and most northerly of the australian capital cities, and acts as the top ends regional centre.,melbourne,melbourne (pronounced /mlbn/3 or locally mlbn4) is the capital and largest city of the state of victoria, and the second most populous city in australia. the melbourne city centre is the anchor of the larger geographic region and statistical division known as the greater melbourne metropolitan area5of which melbourne is the common name. in 2008, it had a population of approximately 3.9 million.,top: melbourne city centre, centre/left: flinders street station, centre/right: shrine of remembrance, centre: federation square, bottom/left: melbourne cricket ground, bottom/right: royal exhibition building.,brisbane (pronounced /brzbn/4) is the state capital of the australian state of queensland and is the largest city in that state. with an estimated population of approximately 2 million, it is also the third most populous city in australia. the city is situated on the brisbane river on a low-lying floodplain between moreton bay and the great dividing range in south-eastern queensland. the local indigenous people knew the area as mian-jin, meaning place shaped as a spike.5 brisbane is named after sir thomas brisbane, the governor of new south wales from 1821 to 1825. brisbanes demonym is a brisbanite.,brisbane,part 1 land and people,australias landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometers (2,941,300 sq mi) is on the indo-australian plate. surrounded by the indian and pacific oceans, australia is separated from asia by the arafura and timor seas. the worlds smallest continent and sixth largest country by total area, australia owing to its size and isolation is often dubbed the island continent and variably considered the worlds largest island. australia has 34,218 kilometers (21,262 mi) of coastline (excluding all offshore islands) and claims an extensive exclusive economic zone of 8,148,250 square kilometers (3,146,060 sq mi). this exclusive economic zone does not include the australian antarctic territory.,1the country also includes tasmania, an island just to the torres straits islands off the northern coast of the mainland and a small number of island in the pacific and the indian oceans. 澳大利亚还包括位于其大陆南方的一个岛，即塔斯马尼亚岛，和距其大陆北部海岸不远的托雷斯海峡群岛，以及太平洋和印度洋中的一些岛屿。 塔斯马尼亚岛(tasmania)与澳大利亚大陆隔巴斯海峡(bass strait)相望，是澳大利亚最大的岛和最小的省。 托雷斯海峡群岛位于澳大利亚北部约克角半岛(cape york peninsula)与巴布亚新几内亚之间的托雷斯海峡。,太平洋和印度洋中的ashmore islands (阿什莫尔和卡捷岛)、christma island(圣诞岛)、cocos(keeling)islands(科科斯(基灵)群岛)、coral sea islands(珊瑚海群岛)、norfolk island(诺福克岛)、australia antarctic territory(澳大利亚南极领地)和heard and madonald islands(赫德和麦克唐纳群岛)是澳大利亚的海外领地。,2the continent is thought to have formed from the disintegration of gondwana -the great southern supercontinent- in process of separation occurring from 250 to 90 million years ago. 普遍认为，澳大利亚大陆形成于两亿五千万到九千万年前发生的一系列板块分离运动中的冈瓦纳板块的解体。 地质学研究认为，两亿年前，地球由两大陆地板块组成，即gondwana和laurasia。gondwana解体后形成了南极洲、澳大利亚、非洲、南美洲和印度次大陆，而laurasia解体后形成了北美洲、欧洲、亚洲和格林兰岛。,3. kangaroo-a macropad, 2 metres high. it sits upright on its extremely powerful back legs and moves by jumping. it is also a marsupial which means that the young “joeys”, or baby kangaroos, live in the mothers pouch until they are ready to fend for themselves. 袋鼠站立时是坐在自己强有力的后腿(和尾巴)上，行走时进行跳跃式的运动。 同时它也是有袋动物，小袋鼠在能独立照顾自己之前，都一直生活在妈妈的袋子里；joey源自澳大利亚原住民的语言，指幼袋鼠。,4koala- marsupial like small woolly grey and white bear especially the eucalyptus whose leaves comprise the koalas main diet：考拉熊的主要是食物是桉树叶。,5in the north are tropical rainforests; snowfields occupy the plateau landscapes of the southeast whilst, in the centre and the western areas of the continent, two thirds of the land is desert or semi desert：北部有热带雨林；东南的高原区被雪地覆盖，而澳大利亚大陆的中部和西部的三分之二是沙漠或半沙漠地区。,6howeverit is in the mediterranean and temperate climates of the hill and fertile plains bordering the east,south and the south west of the continent that 80of australians live today：但是，今天80的澳大利亚人都住在澳大利亚大陆的东部、南部和西南部边缘地区的山丘和肥沃的平原上，处于地中海式气候或温带气候区内。,7the great dividing range：大分水岭。 澳大利亚大分水岭沿着大陆的东部边缘，从昆士兰省的北部开始，绵延不断，形成一系列几乎不间断的高地，一直穿过到新南威尔士省和维多利亚省，延伸到塔斯马尼亚南部海边。,8the great barrier reef：大堡礁 位于昆士兰省东北部海洋中，沿着昆士兰省的海岸绵延2000多公里，是世界上最长的珊瑚礁。大堡礁是一个重要的海洋生态系统，其中的岛屿和珊瑚礁中生存着许多稀有的海洋动植物。大堡礁已被列为世界自然遗产。,the great barrier reef, the worlds largest coral reef,50 lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for over 2,000 kilometres (1,240 mi).,mount augustus, claimed to be the worlds largest monolith,51 is located in western australia. at 2,228 metres (7,310 ft), mount kosciuszko on the great dividing range is the highest mountain on the australian mainland, although mawson peak on the remote australian territory of heard island is taller at 2,745 metres (9,006 ft).,the landscapes of the northern part of the country, with a tropical climate, consist of rainforest, woodland, grassland, mangrove swamps, and desert. the climate is significantly influenced by ocean currents, including the indian ocean dipole and the el nio southern oscillation, which is correlated with periodic drought, and the seasonal tropical low pressure system that produces cyclones in northern australia.52 the climate of australia varies widely, but by far the largest part of australia is desert or semi-arid 40% of the landmass is covered by sand dunes. only the south-east and south-west corners have a temperate climate and moderately fertile soil. the northern part of the country has a tropical climate: part is tropical rainforests, part grasslands, and part desert.,by far the largest part of australia is desert or semi-arid lands commonly known as the outback. australia is the flattest continent, with the oldest and least fertile soils, and is the driest inhabited continent. only the south-east and south-west corners of the continent have a temperate climate. the population density, 2.8 inhabitants per square kilometre, is among the lowest in the world, although a great proportion of the population lives along the temperate south-eastern coastline.,the name australia is derived from the latin australis, meaning “southern“. legends of an “unknown land of the south“ (terra australis incognita) date back to roman times and were commonplace in medieval geography but were not based on any documented knowledge of the continent.,history,human habitation of australia is estimated to have begun between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago.23 these first australians may have been ancestors of modern indigenous australians; they may have arrived via land bridges and short sea-crossings from what is now south-east asia. most of these people were hunter-gatherers, with a complex oral culture and spiritual values based on reverence for the land and a belief in the dreamtime. the torres strait islanders, ethnically melanesian, were originally horticulturalists and hunter-gatherers.,etymology,the first recorded european sighting of the australian mainland was made by the dutch navigator willem janszoon, who sighted the coast of cape york peninsula in 1606. during the 17th century, the dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines of what they called new holland, but they made no attempt at settlement. in 1770, james cook sailed along and mapped the east coast of australia, which he named new south wales and claimed for great britain.citation needed cooks discoveries prepared the way for establishment of a new penal colony. the british crown colony of new south wales began a settlement at port jackson by captain arthur phillip on 26 january 1788. this date was later to become australias national day, australia day. van diemens land, now known as tasmania, was settled in 1803 and became a separate colony in 1825. the united kingdom formally claimed the western part of australia in 1829.,a replica of lieutenant cooks ship hm bark endeavour in cooktown harbour,separate colonies were created from parts of new south wales: south australia in 1836, victoria in 1851, and queensland in 1859. the northern territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from south australia. south australia was founded as a “free province“that is, it was never a penal colony. victoria and western australia were also founded “free“ but later accepted transported convicts.24 the transportation of convicts to the colony of new south wales ceased in 1848 after a campaign by the settlers.25,the indigenous australian population, estimated at 350,000 at the time of european settlement,26 declined steeply for 150 years following settlement, mainly because of infectious disease.27 the “stolen generation“ (removal of aboriginal children from their families), which historians such as henry reynolds have argued could be considered genocide by some definitions,28 may have contributed to the decline in the indigenous population.29 such interpretations of aboriginal history are disputed by some conservative commentators, such as former prime minister howard, as being exaggerated or fabricated for political or ideological reasons. this debate is known within australia as the history wars. following the 1967 referendum, the federal government gained the power to implement policies and make laws with respect to aborigines. traditional ownership of landnative titlewas not recognised until 1992, when the high court case mabo v queensland (no 2) overturned the notion of australia as terra nullius (literally “no ones land“, effectively “empty land“) at the time of european occupation.citation needed,a gold rush began in australia in the early 1850s, and the eureka stockade rebellion against mining licence fees in 1854 was an early expression of civil disobedience. between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained responsible government, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the british empire. the colonial office in london retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs, defence, and international shipping. on 1 january 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, consultation, and voting. the commonwealth of australia was born and it became a dominion of the british empire in 1907.,the federal capital territory (later renamed the australian capital territory) was formed from a part of new south wales in 1911 to provide a location for the proposed new federal capital of canberra. (melbourne was the temporary seat of government from 1901 to 1927 while canberra was being constructed.) the northern territory was transferred from the control of the south australian government to the commonwealth in 1911.citation needed in 1914 australia joined britain in fighting world war i, with support from both the outgoing liberal party and the incoming labor party.30 the australians took part in many of the major battles fought on the western front.31 many australians regard the defeat of the australian and new zealand army corps (anzacs) at gallipoli as the birth of the nationits first major military action.32 the kokoda track campaign is regarded by many as an analogous nation-defining event during world war ii.33,britains statute of westminster 1931 formally ended most of the constitutional links between australia and the uk. australia adopted it in 1942, but backdated it to the beginning of world war ii to confirm the validity of legislation passed by the australian parliament during the war. the shock of the uks defeat in asia in 1942 and the threat of japanese invasion caused australia to turn to the united states as a new ally and protector. since 1951, australia has been a formal military ally of the us, under the anzus treaty. after world war ii, australia encouraged immigration from europe; since the 1970s and the abolition of the white australia policy, immigration from asia and elsewhere was also encouraged. as a result, australias demography, culture, and self-image have been transformed. the final constitutional ties between australia and the uk were severed with the passing of the australia act 1986, ending any british role in the government of the australian states, and ending judicial appeals to the uk privy council.34 at the 1999 referendum, 54% of australian voters rejected a proposal to become a republic with a president appointed by two-thirds vote of both houses of the australian parliament. since the el