地理信息科学专业英语.docx

专业术语英译汉affine 仿射band 波段cartography 制图学clip 剪切digitizer 数字化仪DLG 数字线划图dpi 每英寸点数edgematching 边缘匹配equator 赤道equiarea 等积geoid 大地水准面geospatial 地理空间GPS 全球定位系统Habitat 栖息地Interface 接口Item 项目Latitude 纬度legend 图例longitude 经度median 中值meridian 子午线metadata 元数据neatline 图廓线Object-Based 基于对象的parcel 宗地photogrammetry 摄影测量precipitation 降水量range 范围raster 栅格resample 重采样resolution 分辨率RMS 均方根scanner 扫描仪siting 选址TIGER 拓扑统一地理编码topology 拓扑tuple 数组 UTM 通用横轴墨卡托投影vector 矢量专业术语汉译英保护区 protectedarea比例尺 Scalebar标准差 Standarddeviation标准图幅 Standardpictureframe单精度 Singleprecision地理空间数据 Geospatialdata点缓冲区 Pointbuffer动态分段 Dynamicsegmentation度量标准 Metrics多项式变换 Polynomialtransformation高程基准 Elevationbase跟踪算法 Trackingalgorithm规则格网 Rulesgrid过渡带 Transitionzone基于位置服务 Basedonlocationservice畸形线 Malformationline几何变换 Geometrictransformation检验图 Inspectionchart解析几何 Analyticgeometry空间要素 Spaceelement平面坐标系统 Planarcoordinatesystem曲流河 Meanderingriver人口普查地段 CensusLot上四分位数 Theupperquartile矢量数据模型 Vectordatamodel数据可视化 datavisualization数据探查 Dataexploration双精度 Doubleprecision水文要素 Hydrologicalelements泰森多边型 TysonPolygons统一建模语言 UnifiedModelingLanguage投影坐标系统 Projectioncoordinatesystem线缓冲区 Linebuffer遥感数据 Remotesensingdata用材林 Timberforest晕渲法 Halorenderingmethod指北针 Compass属性表 Propertysheet最短路径分析 Shortestpathanalysis最小二乘法 Leastsquaresmethod翻译例子如下。1.A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced data.1.地理信息系统（GIS）是用于捕捉，存储，查询，分析和显示地理参考数据的计算机系统。2.A newly digitized map has the same measurement unit as the source map used in digitizing or scanning. If manually digitized, the map is measured in inches, same as the digitizing table.2.新数字化地图与数字化或扫描中使用的源地图具有相同的测量单位。如果手动数字化，地图以英寸为单位进行测量，与数字化表格相同。3.Although ideal for discrete features with well defined location and ,shapes, the vector data model does not work well with spatial phenomena that vary continuously over the space such as precipitation, elevation, and soil erosion.3.对于具有明确位置和形状的离散特征，尽管理想，矢量数据模型不能很好地处理在空间连续变化的空间现象，如降水，海拔和土壤侵蚀。4.But the migration from the georelational to the object-based data model should be relatively easy because it is intuitive to think of spatial features as objects.4.从基础数据到基于对象的数据模型的迁移应该相对容易，因为将空间要素视为对象是直观的。5.New GIS data can be created from a variety of data sources. They include satellite images, field data, street addresses, text files with x and y coordinates, and paper maps.5.可以从各种数据源创建新的GIS数据。它们包括卫星图像，现场数据，街道地址，带有x和y坐标的文本文件以及纸质地图。6.Projection converts data sets from geographic coordinates to projected coordinates, and reprojection converts from one type of projected coordinates to another type.6.投影将数据集从地理坐标转换为投影坐标，再投影从一种类型的投影坐标转换为另一种类型。7.Spatial data editing refers to the process of adding, deleting, and modifying features in digital layers. A major part of spatial data editing is to remove digitizing errors.7.空间数据编辑是指在数字图层中添加，删除和修改特征的过程。空间数据编辑的主要部分是删除数字化错误。8.The georelational data model stores spatial and attribute data separately in a split system: spatial data in graphic files and attribute data in a relational database.8.地理数据模型将空间数据和属性数据分别存储在分割系统中：图形文件中的空间数据和关系数据库中的属性数据。用英文回答下列问题，练习每章后面的问答题。例子如下：1Describe the two common types of data for terrain mapping and analysis.1.Twoimportanttypesoffielddatathatcanbeusedin aGISprojectaresurveydataandglobalpositioningsystme(GPS)data.2Describe three variations in buffering.2.Thebufferdistancecanvarybythevaluesofagiven field.Bufferingcanbeoneithertheleftsideortherightsideofthelinefeature,insteadofbothsides.Bufferzonesmayremainintactsothateachbufferzoneisseparatefromothers,ordissolvedsothattherearenooverlappedareasbetweenbufferzones.3Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the raster data model vs. the vector data model.3.Themainadvantageoftherasterdatamodelishavingfixedcelllocations,whichmakeiteasierfordatamanipulation,aggregation,andanalysis.Themaindisadvantageisitsweaknessinrepresentingthepreciselocationofspatialfeatures.4Explain the difference between location errors and topological errors.4.Locationerrorssuchasmissingpolygonsordistortedlinesrelatetothegeometricinaccuraciesofspatialfeatures,whereastopologicalerrorssuchasdanglinglins andunclosedpolygonsrelatetothelogicalinconsistencis betweenspatialfeatures.5Explain the difference between the georelational data model and the object-based data model.5.Theobject-baseddatamodeldiffersfromthegeorelationaldatamodelintwoaspects.First,theobject-baseddatamodelstoresboththespatialandattributedataofspatialfeaturesinasinglesystemratherthanasplitsystem.Second,theobject-baseddatamodelallowsaspatialfeature(object)tobeassociatedwithasetofpropertiesandmethods.6Explain the importance of map projection.6.Amapprojectionoffersacoupleofadvantages.First,amapprojectionallowsustousetwo-dimensionalmaps,eitherpaperordigital,insteadofaglobe.Second,amapprojectionallowsustoworkwithplaneorprojectedcoordinatesratherthanlongitudeandlatitudevalues.Computationswithgeographiccoordinatesaremorecomplexandyieldlessaccuratedistancemeasurements.7How can an analysis mask save time and effort for raster data operations?7.Becauseananalysismasklimitsdataanalysistocellsthatdonotcarrythecellvalueofnodata.itcansavetimeandeffortforrasterdataoperations.8Name five tools or techniques for vector data analysis.8.Buffering,overlay,distancemeasurement,spatialstatisticsandmapmanipulation.9Name the three types of simple features used in GIS and their geometric properties.9.Apointhas0dimensionandhasonlythepropertyoflocation.Alineisone-dimensionalandhasthepropertyoflength.Andanareaistwo-dimensionalandhasthepropertiesofarea(size)andperimeter.10Name two examples each for integer rasters and floating-point rasters.10.Examplesofintegerrastersarelanduseandsoiltypes.Examplesoffloating-pointrastersareprecipitationandelevation.11The georelational data model uses a split system to store vector data. What does a split system mean?11.Asplitsystemstoresspatialdataingraphicfilesandattributedatainarelationaldatabase.Typically,a georelationaldatamodelusesthefeaturelabelorIDtolinkthetwocomponents.12The output from a viewshed analysis is a binary map. What does a binary map mean in this case?12.Theoutputfromaviewshedan