外国政府与政治西安财经学院政治学与行政学考试题.doc

一、 Noun explanation1 Der bundesrat（联邦参议院）联邦参议院是16个联邦州的代表机构，参与联邦的立法及行政。一半以上的法律，涉及各州根本利益的，需要联邦参议院的同意。联邦参议院议长由各州州长轮流担任，每年轮换一次。联邦参议院议长在国内外礼仪上享有第三高地位，仅次于联邦总统和联邦议院议长。在联邦总统因病或出国访问期间，联邦参议院议长代行联邦总统职务。The senate is 16 states of representative organizations, participate in federal legislative and administrative. More than half of the law, involving the interests of the state, need senate approval. The chairman of the senate by the states to rotate as governor, a rotation every year. The federal senate speaker at home and abroad enjoy high status on the third etiquette, second only to the President and house speaker federal. In the federal President due to illness or go abroad during the visit, the chairman of the senate designated federal President position.2 New liberalism（新自由主义）新自由主义（Neoliberalism）是英国现代资产阶级政治思想的主要派别。主张在新的历史时期维护资产阶级个人自由，调解社会矛盾，维护资本主义制度。 因而成为一种经济自由主义的复苏形式，自从1970年代以来在国际的经济政策上扮演着越来越重要的角色。新自由主义的特点和主要内容是：市场是完全自由的竞争、倡导个人主义、提倡自由放任的市场经济、崇拜“看不见的手”的力量、反对国家干预经济、主张私有化。The new liberalism (Neoliberalism) is the modern bourgeois political thought that the main factions in the new historical period maintenance bourgeois individual freedom, mediation of social contradictions, and safeguarding the capitalist system so it becomes a kind of economic liberalism of recovery form, since 1970 s in the international economic policy plays a more and more important roleThe characteristics of the new liberalism and main content is: the market is completely free competition, advocating individualism, advocating laissez-faire market economy, worship invisible hand against the power of state intervention, economic, claims privatisation.3 Duma（杜马（俄帝时代的国会）俄罗斯的国家杜马是1993年建立的。1993年10月叶利钦总统宣布废除苏维埃制度，建立新的联邦议会，其上院称“联邦委员会”，其下院即“国家杜马”。杜马由450名议员组成，参加议员的资格为最少21岁以上的公民，任期五年。国家杜马的主要职责是负责起草和制定国家法律、审议总统对政府总理的任命以及决定对总统的信任等。Russias parliamentary was established in 1993. In October 1993, President Boris yeltsin announced the abolition Soviet system, establish the new federal parliament, the senate says the federal commission, the lower house, the state duma. By 450 members of parliament, to senator qualifications for at least 21 years old or more citizens, term of five years. The main responsibility of the state duma is responsible for drafting and formulate a national law, review the President to the government of prime minister appointment and decided to the Presidents trust, etc.4 Winner-take-all（胜者为王）这是美国目前除了缅因州和内布拉斯加州，其余四十八州均采取胜者全拿（winner-take-all）的选举制度。如果某一政党候选人在该州获得的票数高于对手，即可获得该州所有的选举人票。This is the United States in addition to Maine and Nebraska, the rest of the 48 states were to adopt a winner take all (winner-take-all) of the electoral system. If a party candidates get votes in the state than rivals, can obtain the state all the electoral votes.二、Short Answer Questions1、美国民主政治的不利因素（一）国会“议政”的缺陷在美国，总统的权利要受制于国会，而国会两院的组成人员几乎又都来自两大政党。因而说，美国国会的权利又要受制于两大政党。一般情况下，总统或政府正常行使宪法授予的行政权力的环境是良好和健康的，国会及国会组成机构是非常配合或支持的。而在一些关键时候或者关键问题上，既使是总统提出的决断议案是及时的科学的正确的，但到国会以后往往也会因两党的私利而无休止的辩论来辩论去，最终再弄出一个折中的方案来。（二）“金钱政治”的弊端美国两大政党的竞选，在一定程度上讲就是一次财力大比拼或金钱大较量。一方面，金钱是获得选举资格的前提。虽然美国宣称每一个人都有机会作为候选人参加竞选，但实质上却充斥着鲜明的金钱色彩，无论是总统还是议员的选举都要耗费巨额资金；而另一方面，金钱是获得选举胜利的保障。（三）对总统权力制约的缺失美国总统制规定，在政党竞选中不论共和党或民主党只要赢得总统选举，新总统所在政党就为执政党。这也就是说，新总统既是国家统帅又是执政党领袖，便集国家和政党大权于一身，在国内的地位至高无上，完全代表着全体国民。表象上看，这位新总统一定是他所在政党选民推选出来的最受信任最受崇拜的代表人。但一定不是另一政党选民和民众最受信任最受崇拜的代表人。所以说，新总统的思想和行动也就未必会完全的代表全国广大人民的利益，他的执政方略或执政政策虽然必须要从国家利益和广大人民的利益出发，但往往自觉不自觉地还会倾向于自己的政党或选民以及拥戴他的民众。（四）两党之争影响总统治理效益美国两党制经过长期的较量和磨合，特别是在经历国内南北战争以后，伴随着垄断资本主义的迅速发展，美国共和党和民主党已逐步摒弃泾渭分明的“势不两立”，开始寻求“既有对立又有协商”、“既有分歧又有让步”的合作执政之路，在“求同存异”中不断发展或进步。（五）美国社会存在的深刻矛盾贫困人口增加。贫富差距拉大。工资性收入占财富分配比例下降。美国金融体制的积弊依然不满，反映出美国金融监管法案仍有改革的空间。（六）美国式民主移植国外的失败这种政治体制在当今世界也仍是不尽完美的，而且在美国的具体实践中也凸显出了不少的问题和缺陷。因此说，这种政治体制对美国也还是需要不断完善和创新的，同时对世界各国，在学习和借鉴的过程中也更是需要思考和审慎的。2、俄罗斯权威主义民主政治面临的挑战A. 宪法赋予总统权力过大，超级总统制为权威政治提供制度上的保障,但又为权威政治的弱化埋下了隐患。(1)总统对于人员任免的权力过大，容易造成专政； (2) 在权力高度集中于总统的情况下, 总统本人的能力和健康显得极为重要。总统对职位稍有失控就会造成权力真空,这种对总统个人的过度依赖使制度变得十分脆弱。(3)总统可能没法平衡个个利益集团，在无法满足利益集团的情况下，政治利益集团会做出超越政治权力的事情。在超级总统制中, 政治集团的当政与在野, 会使其既得利益反差太大, 从而有可能引发凭借暴力进行超越宪法的行为。权力分配过度悬殊, 使整体权力构架很不牢固。行政部门掌管权力, 控制着国家的政治资源, 又几乎不受立法机构的监督, 从而为官员腐败提供了机会。大量事实表明, 通过高度集权的统治、强化权力主体的方式来树立政治权威能够迅速见效, 但超级总统制所暴露的弊端又给权威政治的贯彻带来了重重障碍。B. 规范联邦体制，表现在：当代俄联邦与苏联期间的特殊性：(1)苏联是以民族为主的联邦政府，苏联众多民族之下，文化意识各方面多元化，不统一，民族团结力不够，民族主义过高；俄罗斯联邦政府构成复杂，且不均衡；在政治制度上，现代政府以共和问题为主，以车臣为例。(2)中央与地方关系不顺：主要体现在预算和收入的问题上，税收的大部分归中央所有，而地方税收比例小。C. 精英阶层推进民主政治面临的困难，表现在; 权威主义政治的建立和运行在很大程度上需要精英阶层的支撑。然而大部分源于原苏联旧的权贵阶层的精英阶层忽视公众利益, 缺乏现代意识、奉献精神和团结动员公众的能力, 同时一直处于分裂状态, 并没有显示出维护公众利益的重要作用。(1)普京时期：大力打击“寡头经济”，削弱上层贵族权利、经济，加强对地方的政治经济的控制，但是由于贵族的坚固，此举又带来了负面影响，使得俄罗斯社会程度低，履约率不高，法律法规不健全、不稳定，市场秩序不规范，制约政治经济发展；(2)官僚体制改变不易，致使包括海关、警察、基层官员长期贪腐，成为俄罗斯公民的公害。 三、elaboration topics1、分析现代日本政治制度A、政治经济上受美国影响大：实行欧美式的三权分立原则和议会内阁制是战后日本政治制度的核心内容和主要特色。A political economic influence by the United States: the American of the separation of the roc principles and parliament the postwar Japan political system and the main characteristics of the core content.自由民主党是日本第一大大党，年至今多年来，自民党控制着日本参议院和众议院的多数席位，曾连续单独执政长达年之久。自民党是传统保守政党，主张立足民主政治理念，维护自由经济体制，修改宪法，坚持日美安保体制，增强自主防卫力量。对外政策方面强调以日美关系为基轴，积极参与构筑冷战后的国际新秩序。The liberal Democrats party is Japans first greatly, so far in 1955 for over 50 years, the Japanese liberal Democratic Party control of the senate and house majority, who is the ruling for 38 years alone for long. The LDP is traditional conservative party, claims based on idea of political democracy, maintenance free economic system, change the constitution, adhere to the beauty, security system, strengthening independent defense force. Foreign policy to emphasize the relations between, covering, actively participate in building new international order after the cold war.B、走的是保守路线 Go is conservative line日本从50年代开始迅速实现经济复兴，并在60年代末成长为世界第二大经济强国。除以美国作为具有决定性的外因的作用，还要充分考虑到以吉田茂为首的保守政治家的自主性和能动性；年至今多年来，自民党控制着日本参议院和众议院的多数席位，曾连续单独执政长达年之久。自民党是传统保守政党，制定了深得民心的发展战略；对日本社会发展阶段的把握是符合当时日本国情的，总体上是走的保守路线。Japan from the s beginning to realize economic revival, and in the 60 s growth for the worlds second largest economy. Divided by the United States as a decisive external cause role, to fully consider yoshida led by MAO conservative politicians independence and initiative, So far in 1955 for over 50 years, the Japanese liberal Democratic Party control of the senate and house majority, who is the ruling for 38 years alone for long. The LDP is traditional conservative party, made popular development strategy; Of Japanese society development stages of the master is accord with the situation of Japan was, in general, is go conservative line.C、政治奇怪现象缺陷：日本首相更换频繁，金钱政治等Political strange phenomenon defects: Japanese prime minister change frequently, money politics, etc首先，日本虽然是民主制度，但首相的权力非常小。其次，日本的政党制度问题，只要政党内部首领变了，首相也会跟着变，所以首相任职的时间非常短。再次，日本的民主制度过于极端，日本国民的权力相对来说比较大，没有任何制约。由于政党和首相执政时间都很短，所以首相、政党，将主要的精力用来考虑选举，甚至揭对方丑闻。First, although Japan is the democratic system, but the prime ministers power is very small. Next, Japans political party system problems, as long as the internal party leaders have changed, and the prime minister is going to change, so the prime minister in time is very short. Again, Japans democratic system is too extreme, the Japanese national power is a relatively big, without any restriction. Due to the party and prime minister are very short time ruling, so the prime minister, political party, will be the main energy used to consider the election, even lift each other scandals.D、坚持走和平发展道路 Adhere to the road of peaceful development日本走和平发展路线，不仅仅是本国政治安全、经济发展的需要，也是国际大环境的趋势。现今，世界政治的大趋势就是世界和平和谐共同发展。Japan the peaceful development route, not just their political security, the need of economic development, also is the trend of the international environment. Today, the trend of world politics is world peace harmonious development together.2、第四种权利在德国的政治职能监督权被当作除了行政、立法、司法三大权力之外的“第四种权力”。联邦政府在国内受到的制约监督主要来自法律议会司法机关和公众等，这些监督有利于约束政府的行为，确保其政治方向的正确性。Supervision as in addition to executive, legislative, and judicial power of the big three outside the fourth power. The federal government in China has been subject to restriction supervision mainly comes from the law, parliamentary, judicial authorities and the public, which is beneficial to the behavior of the government supervision and restraint, to ensure the correctness of the political direction.1）国家重要法律对联邦政府的制约监督 National important laws on the federal governments restriction supervision基本法和其他的行政法规一起组成一套严密的制约监督体系，以法律的形式来约束政府的行为，继而达到遏制腐败，提高效率的目标。The basic law and other administrative rules and regulations of a set of strict with restricted supervision system, in the form of law to restrict the governments behavior, and then to curb corruption, improving the efficiency of the target.2）联邦机构对联邦政府的制约监督Federal agencies of the federal governments restriction supervision联邦机构对联邦政府的制约监督主要来自以议会为首的立法机关和以联邦宪法法院为首的司法机关。政府由议会产生，对议会负责，议会有倒阁权。司法权由司法机关独立行使，不受其他行政机关社会团体或个人的干预。Federal agencies of the federal governments restriction supervision mainly come from the parliament at the head of the legislature and the judicial authority of the constitution court first. The government produced by the parliament, the council is responsible for, the parliament has right to Japan. By judicial organs exercise judicial power independently, not affected by other administrative organ, social organization or individual intervention.3）联邦各州对联邦政府的制约监督The federal state to the federal governments restriction supervision在联邦政府和各州之间的混合管理的行政领域，入财政管理，在这些领域有关组织结构，人员配备，工作方式等，必须由联邦政府和各州政府共同决定，这种协调的过程也是制约的一种特殊形式。In the federal government and the states of the mixed management between the administrative field, and into the financial management, in these areas on the structure of t