大气论文——How-to-Control-Air-Pollution-In-China.docx

The Air Pollution In China Status of Air Pollution in ChinaDue to the coal dominating energy structure, the urban atmospheric environment in China has been seriously polluted by high concentrations of SO2 and TSP since many years ago. With the rapid development of economy, urbanization and transportation in the past two decades, vehicle exhaust pollution also aggravated. Within the last two decades, all types of environmental problems, which were experienced for nearly a century in developed countries, exploded in the developed regions in China. Regional air pollution complex, combined with coal-combustion pollution and vehicle-exhaust pollution has emerged in key city clusters of China, which was characterized as a complex of local and regional pollution and multi-pollutants. Regional air quality has a trend of exacerbation with the frequent occurance of photo-chemical smog, regional haze and acid deposition, and the health risks from toxic and harzadous air pollutants.II Emissions of Major Air Pollutants in the CountryCoal accounts for 70 percent of Chinas energy consumption. This fact is hard to change in a short term. In terms of the coal use method, 80 percent of the coal was for direct combustion. Among others, coal-fired power plants burn 50 percent of the total coal in China. Coal burning is the major source of ambient SO2, NOx, and soot. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, Chinas coal consumption experienced an increase by more than 800 million tons, over 500 million tons of which went to thermal power industry. The year 2005 saw total emissions of SO2 at a high of 25.49 million tons and up by 27 percent compared with that of 2000. The findings of relevant studies have shown that about 20,000 yuan of economic losses occurred with every ton of SO2 emission, and air pollution, especially acid rain has significantly constrained the efforts in achieving the goal of building a Xiaokang Society in an all-round way. How can we control air pollution in the environment?Air pollution has become a serious problem in recent years. There are a lot of causes. First of all, is the chemical noxious gases emission. We all know that there are a lot of of factories around the world, they are actually emitting such gases everyday. The second one is the sharp decrease of the forests. Forest is very important to our Eco-system, it can adjust the heat and balance the air. The third one is the urbanization. People tend to stay in the city where is actually an abnormal Eco-system. Many cities do not have a complete system of controlling the air pollution. In order to solve such problems , there are some simple ways to control air pollution in our daily life.1、Drive less.2、Replace all the lightbulbs in and around your home with energy-efficient fluorescents that use fewer watts for the same amount of light.3、Choose energy-efficient appliances when its time to buy new ones.4、Decrease your air travel.5、Wash clothes in cold water and line-dry whenever possible.6、Use a low-flow showerhead, which will lessen the hot water used but not drop your water pressure in the shower7、Cut down on your garbage buy fewer packaged materials8、Unplug electronics when they are not in use, because they still take up energy.9、Insulate your home better10、Buy recycled paper products and recycle as much of your waste as possible.11、Plant a tree.12、Use nontoxic cleaning products.How does China air pollution differ from pollution in other parts of the world? When news of pollution happens, the spotlight usually shines on the United States. The good ol USA has this distinct title: The largest per capita consumer nation on the planet, and until recently, the largest producer of greenhouse gas emissions in the world.However, that spotlight shines on the States because its an easy target, with ready freedom of the press protected by law, and extensive environmental regulations, and the rule of law combating corporate cronyism to a fairly significant degree. Indeed, many American and European citizens take pride in living green, even if those policies arent exactly endorsed by their governments.No Place to HideHowever, like you could see when examining crime statistics, its not the polluters you can see that are the problem. Its the ones that have drawn a veil, and worked in places where governments will let them have a free hand, who cause the most damage.One of those places is China. China has, in the last thirty years, doubled in the total amount of land area that qualifies as a desert.She has also lost a substantial amount of the forest cover on her land. This environmental change is causing people from the rural northwest part of China to seek new lives along the river network in the heart of the country, along the China air pollution central region, the new Industrial Corridor.Unfortunately, the Industrial Corridor, most of which has factories built, or purchased from overseas and transported inland, is one of the major garbage pollution belts in China. Wastewater outlets arecausing fish to die off and raising the incidences of liver, stomach and jaw cancers in people living in the villages near the factories to skyrocket.Chinas extensive effort to make rapid modernizations and create industrialization has resulted in the need and means for the Three Gorges Dam, which provides hydroelectric power for much of Northern China. Its also displaced tens of millions of people who used to live, fish and farm along the Yangtze River, and caused more of the China air pollution and urban problems to expand.While China is the manufactuary of the world, its also the largest consumer of illegally harvested timber. Chinas rapid pace of industrialization in the early 21st century meant that a new coal fired plant opened up roughly ever two weeks during this period in China. Furthermore, Chinas coal mining operations are causing underground fires that spit out tonnes of CO2, carbon dioxide, every day.China Environmental RegulationsChina does not regulate environmental issues the way the Western world does; in a very real sense, China is trying to catch up with the West industrially, without paying the surcharge that environmental sustainability will impose. This attitude created the Ten Year Boom, which culminated in increasing Beijing pollution and the 2008 Olympics, but also created an acid rain problem that impacts Korea and Japan while the soot and dust clouds of China air pollution sometimes reach the western United States and Canada.There is cause for hope. The same economic collapse thats driving down American and Western European consumption has caused a disproportionate ripple effect in the Chinese economy, which is driven largely by exports. Because the costs of Chinese environmental degradation was offset by the growth in GDP from the Ten Year Boom, it was easy to overlook the issue. Now that there isnt a booming economy like before, the costs of China air pollution are coming home and becoming all too real.The government of China has put out a 600 billion dollar program to boost sustainability and environmental regulations, including strong incentives to build more nuclear power plants, which are far less polluting. The incentives also improve waste water treatment, and rubbish disposal. Hopefully they will also boost the cleanliness of the transportation sector, by increasing the use of electric or compressed air cars. Everything China does on an environmental scale will be a large scale experiment. The outcome is still surrounded by some doubt. But there is hope.In the whole month of January, only five days were not covered by heavy smog in Beijing. The city is now seeing an increasing amount of face masks on the streets and sales for air purifiers have also shot up as a result of recent ongoing pollution. The smog has made residents more conscious about potential health risks. Many have taken steps to reduce the impact of the citys toxic air as much as they can. Li Dong has the details.PM2.5 is one of the major pollutants of the air pollution in Beijing and it poses the greatest risk to human health. Its concentration reached a record high of 993 on January 12, almost 50 times the World Health Organizations recommended level. PM2.5 levels across most of Beijing have been above 400 micrograms per cubic meter for much of the last two weeks. When the air is this hazardous, the government recommends people avoid outdoor activities. But many must still go outside causing a sharp increase in the use of face masks. Lulu is a Beijing resident.I felt the smog was really thick yesterday, it hurts my throat and hurts to breathe. So I started to wear a mask today. The air pollution is really serious. Face mask sales are going through the roof both online and in-store. The most popular face mask retailer on Taobao, Chinas leading online shopping website, has sold more than 112,000 masks in the past month. Tong Ren Tang, a large pharmacy, has also seen a dramatic increase in mask sales in recent weeks. A sales clerk says:The pollution has been very severe the past weeks. There has been a sharp increase in face mask sales in recent weeks compared with the same period last year.The ongoing air pollution is raising health concerns among Beijing residents. Many are choosing to travel out of the city to avoid the thick smog, while others are purchasing air purifiers to filter indoor air. Officials have closed some factories and ordered some government cars off the road to reduce emissions. They have also proposed rules to scrap old vehicles and to ban new cement and steel factories. TOTO Beijing is the only big ceramics factory in the capital city. One of its production procedures creates dust pollution. With air pollution escalating in the last several days, the city government told the factory to cut production. Han Yong, deputy general manager of TOTO Beijing says halting production means big losses for the factory.Stopping our two plants in Beijing means we lose 1 million yuan or about 160,000 US dollars per day at the eastern factory and 0.8 million yuan at the western factory.TOTO Beijing is only one of a 103 high-polluting factories that have completely stopped production since Tuesday. Authorities say they were cutting the use of government vehicles by all departments by 30 percent. However, once the smog gets lighter and the alert is lifted, factories will be back in production again. They may need to intensify production to make up for their losses, so the problem has not really been solved. Many believe that the government will have to do more to cut the pollution sources, because temporary responses are not enough. As everyone whos ever visited or lived in China knows, in recent years the air pollution problem has become enormous. When you fly in to China its often in to an insipid pall of pollution, especially if you are flying in to Beijing, Shanghai or Guangzhou. The yellowish cloud of toxicity that overlies many Chinese cities is legendary.The air pollution is a combination of things, industrial burning and cooling etc as well as vehicles and other sources, with industry being the major polluter. The problem is not just limited to the air, groundwater and soil pollution is now so bad in China that the PRC central government refused to release its last survey results. This maybe due to the fact that they dont want to panic the population or scare of investment.What can be done about it? Well a lot can be done, firstly China should enforce and reinforce its own pollution laws and then ensure the standards are up to the same as in the first world. Massive fines for serial polluters helps, Id suggest fines of 10-20% of gross revenue for a year if a business fails to meet the emissions standards. To combat corruption automatic metering systems should be fitted to all smoke stacks and incenerators and results checked by at least 5 offices around China with the offices receiving the data at random. No factory identification other than a number should be given to the office. This would eliminate bribery of pollution monitoring officers. Companies whose meters are non operable should be fined 10% of gross annual turnover for each day the meters are inoperable. A massive carrot and stick is required to ensure adherence to the law. The same basic concept can be used to help combat water pollution.Recycling probably needs to be better organised. Financial bonuses in the form of tax breaks for companies that use green packaging and or recycle waste would help.China could also look at implenting best global practices from around the world. The use of LED lighting for example as well as energy management schemes and anti-pollution techniques developed in the west are only going to help China in the long term.Traffic Jam in Beijing(2006-11-28 17:36:01)转载 In some sense, traffic jam is one of the most severe problems disturbing traffic in Beijing for a long time and retards the development of economy. So congested a city as it is, Beijing has gotten a quality report on city life with ten ranking decreasing this year. The traffic topes among the entire factors. This is indeed the case. The problem has been brought to the close notice of local authorities, especially more and more traffic research institutes. Though they have a commitment to traffic jam study, the consequences are anything but satisfactory. At the mention of traffic, Wang-qishan, mayor of