专业英语--i英语课后练习1.doc

Unit11. The four categories of computer hardware are input hardware, storage hardware ,processing hardware and output hardware. 计算机硬件的四种类型有输入硬件，存储硬件，处理硬件和输出硬件。2 .A well-designed CPU makes the computer have strong processing power ,and high processing speed and uses the amount of main memory effectively. 一个设计很好的CPU可以使计算机有很高的处理能力，很高的处理速度，而且可以有效地使用主存量。3. The brain of the computer is the central processing unit. 计算机的大脑是中央处理器。4. The main memory can also be called internal memory, primary storage, or just memory. 主存也被叫做内部存储器，主要存储器或者仅仅是存储器。5. The example for input device in this passage is the keyboard; the most common components of processing hardware are the central processing unit and main memory and the output device that this passage deals with is the information. 在这篇文章中输入设备的例子是键盘；最常见的处理硬件原件是中央处理器和主存，文章中涉及到的输出设备是显示器。1. Someone who does not necessarily have much technical knowledge about computers but who makes decisions based on information processed by the computer.User 对计算机并没有太多的专业知识，但却可以依据计算机处理的信息做决定的人.2. equipment made up of a combination of electronic and electromechanical components that uses software to process data. Computer一种由电子和使用软件处理数据的电子机械元件结合的设备3. raw, unorganized and not processed facts. Data 原始的，无组织的，没有处理的信息4. meaningful and useful facts that have been processed from data by a computer. Information计算机处理数据时有意义有用的信息5. most common type of input device used with computers Keyboard计算机所使用的最常见输入设备6. processing of data into information Data processing把数据处理成信息7. output device that can display text and graphics in a variety of colors. Monitor可以以不同的颜色呈现文本和图标的输出设备8. primary storage of the computer, which can be thought of as an electronic desktop. Memory计算机的主存，可以被认为是电子桌面1 .A display screen often called a monitor, serves as a window on main memory, allowing the user to view its contents. 一个显示屏通常被叫做显示器，是主存的窗口，允许使用者看到它的内容2. Color monitor displays characters, charts, pictures, and diagrams in color. 彩色显示器可以显示彩色的字体，图表，图画和示意图3. A computer is a machine whose function is to accept data and process it into information. 计算机是一种机器，其作用是接受数据并把它处理成信息4. The basic input device on most small and microcomputer systems is a keyboard. 大多数小型和微型计算机系统的基本输入设备是键盘5. A computer is a data processing machine. 计算机是一种数据处理机器6. Unless some human being needs the information, there is no point to processing the data. 除非一些人需要信息，否则没意义处理数据7. A computer is a machine whose function is to accept data and process it into information. 计算机是一种机器，其作用是接受数据并把它处理成信息8 .A computer cant execute a program stored on disk unless it is first copied into main memory. 计算机不能执行存储在磁盘上的程序除非它被首次复制到主存1. The computers input device reads the users information into the computer. 计算机的输入设备把用户的信息读入到计算机内2. With a touch screen or light pen, a user enters a point simply by touching a spot on the screen. 用触屏或触笔，用户仅仅通过接触屏幕上的一点就可以到达目的地3. The processor manipulates the data, storing the results back into memory.处理器操纵数据，存储的结果放回内存。4. If a computer is to function without direct human control, it must be given a set of instructions to guide it , step by step, through a process.如果一台计算机没有人类直接控制功能，它必须是一组指令引导它，一步一步，通过一个过程。5. In Windows 98, the Recycle Bin is a temporary storage place for deleted files. You can use it to retrieve filesdeleted in error.在Windows98,Recycle Bin是删除的文件临时存储场所。你可以使用它来恢复误删的文件6. Input is a process that involves the use of a device to encode or transform data into digital codesThat the computer can process. 输入是一种使用设备来编译或把数据转换成计算机可以处理的数字代码7. One way of obtaining hardcopy is to press the Ctrl and Print Screen keys simultaneously. 获得硬拷贝的一种方法是同时按下Ctrl和Print Screen键8. The cursor control keys found on many keyboards perform the same function. 许多键盘上的光标控制键有相同的作用Unit21. We can choose to buy an appropriate computer to meet our needs from a variety of sizes, shapes and processing capabilities. 从计算机的大小，形状和处理能力我们可以选择合适的计算机来满足需要。2. Comparing their capabilities, computers are generally grouped into four basic categories: supercomputers , mainframe computers, minicomputers and microcomputers. 相比能力，计算机通常被分组成四个基本类型：超级计算机，大型计算机，小型计算机和微型计算机。3. If you were an employee of an airline, a bank a large insurance company and etc., you would likely have contact , through your individual workstation, with a mainframe computer. 如果你是航空公司，银行，一家大的保险公司等等的雇员，你很有可能通过你的个人工作站接触到主计算机4. Minicomputers and mainframe computers can work much faster than microcomputer and have many more storage locations in main memory. 小型计算机和主计算机比微型计算机工作快而且在主存中有更多的存储位置5. Microcomputers vary in size from small portables, such as laptop computers that you can carry around like briefcase, to powerful .such as those desktop workstations used by engineers and scientists. 微计算机与便携式计算机的大小不同，比如你可以携带像箱子一样的便携式计算机到一个被工程师或科学家使用的重要的电子工作站。6. Silicon is referred to as a semiconductor because it sometimes conducts electricity and sometimes does not. 硅被认为是一种半导体因为它有时导电而有时不导7 .In general, a computers type is determined by the following seven factors: the type of CPU, the amount of main memory the CPU can use ,the capacity of the storage devices, the speed of the output devices, the processing speed in millions of instructions per second., the number of users that can access the computer at one time and the cost of the computer system. 一般而言，计算机的类型取决于以下七个因素：CPU的种类，CPU可使用的主存量，存储设备的能力，输出设备的速度，每秒处理成千上百条指令的速度，一次性访问计算机的用户的数量和计算机系统的代价。8. A microcomputer-generally used by only one person at a time-uses a microprocessor chip as its CPU.微型计算机通常一次只被一人使用-使用微处理芯片作为它的CPU。1Apowerful single-user computer, usually attached to a network. 附着于一个网络的，功能强大的单用户计算机。Workstation(【电脑】工作站)2. The generic term for any microcomputer that is designed to be carried around. 设计目的是为了随身携带的微型计算机的统称。 portable computer (便携式计算机)3. A kind of portable computer which can be put on the lap.可以放在膝盖上使用的便携式计算 laptop (笔记本电脑)4. Anon-metallic element with semiconductor characteristics. 一种具有半导特质的非金属元素。 silicon (硅元素)5. A material whose electrical conductivity increases with temperature and is intermediate between metals and insulators.导电性随温度升高而增强，并且介于金属与绝缘体之间的一种材料 semiconductor (半导体)6. Electrical force measured in volts.测量单位为伏特的电力。 voltage (电压)7. The amount of space in a storage device.存储设备的空间量. capacity (容量)8. A piece of hardware that is usually attached to a computer and is not a part of the main central processor-CPU. 通常是连接到电脑，但并不是CPU的部分的硬件device (硬件)1.The floppy disk drive is designed to work with disks that can hold a specific amount of information , so you should know which disk capacity works best with the disk drive .软盘驱动器的设计工作磁盘可容纳的信息的具体数额，所以，你应该知道哪个磁盘容量磁盘驱动器的最佳。 2.The keyboard is the computers main input device 键盘是计算机的主要输入设备。 3.A portable computer can be carried around like a briefcase .一台便携式电脑，可以像一个公文包一样拿着。 4.laptop computer include laptops, notebooks , palmtops etc .笔记本电脑，包括笔记本电脑，笔记本电脑，掌上电脑等。 5.silicon is a material made of sand .硅是沙材料制成的。 6.We call such material a semiconductor as it sometimes conducts electricity and sometimes does not .我们称这种材料是半导体，因为它有时导电有时不。 7. A workstation is a terminal used by an employee to enter data and receive information .工作站是由雇员用于输入数据和接收信息的终端。 8The computers LCD( liquid crystal display) screen is covered by a sheet of glass with a transparent conductive coating . Voltage is sent across the glass in horizontal and vertical lines forming a fine grid ; at any point on the grid , the voltage is slightly different .电脑的LCD（液晶显示器）屏幕上覆盖透明导电涂层的玻璃板材。电压发送隔着玻璃在水平和垂直线，形成了良好的电网，对电网的任何一点，电压稍有不同。 9. Random access memory (RAM) is a storage system that holds information while the computer is turned on .随机存取存储器的存储系统拥有开机时所需要的信息 10. read-only memory (ROM) is a part of primary storage that can be retrieved but not erased or changed by a program instructions .只读存储器是主存储的部分，可以检索，但不会被擦除或程序指令改变。 1.In order to save space , the keyboards on portable and notebook PCs have largely different layouts from that of standard keyboards.为了节省空间,个人笔记本在键盘的设计安排上与标准键盘有很大的不同。2. Before you can access any data on the diskette , you must insert the disk into the disk driver. 如果要使用磁盘上的数据,那么你先要把光盘插入磁盘驱动器中.3. A computer cant execute a program stored on disk unless part of it is first copied into main memory. 一台电脑不能执行存放在光盘上的程序除非先把它复制到内存中。4. A computer with a large memory is more capable of holding the thousands of instructions that are contained in the more sophisticated programs.一台具有大内存的电脑能够更好的控制运算包括成千上万条指令的复杂程序。5.The size and number of the registers can dramatically affect the processing capabilities of a computer system. 寄存器的型号和个数会很明显的影响到一台电脑处理数据的能力。6. In general , a ROM chip stores instruction necessary to tell a computer what to do when it is first turned on. 通常的，只读存储器中储存必要的指令去告诉电脑它在启动的时候要做什么。7. Gigantic amount of scientific computation can be handled by a supercomputer. 巨型计算机能够处理超大规模的科学计算. 8.When you meet difficulties in using Windows NT , youd better ask a computer professional for help.当你在使用Windows NT 碰到问题时,你最好找个专业人员帮帮你.Unit31. The CPU circuitry of a microcomputer-called a microprocessor -can now fit on a chip about the size of your thumbnail, or even smaller.中央处理器电路的一个微处理器microcomputer-called现在可以装在一个芯片拇指指甲大小的,甚至更小。2. The parts of the CPU are usually connected by an electronic component referred to as a bus, which acts as an electronic highway between them.CPU的部分通常被连接的电子元件称为总线,而作为一个电子公路在他们之间3. TO temporarily store data and instructions, the CPU has special-purpose storage devices called register.暂时存储数据和指令,中央处理器有专用存储设备叫做寄存器4. The control unit does not execute instructions itself ; it tells other parts of the computer system what to do.控制单元本身并不执行指令,它告诉计算机系统其他部分各该做什么。5.The language processor converts software instructions into a low-level form of instructions the computer can work with machine language, the only language that the CPU can understand.语言处理器的指令能转换软件低形式的指令使计算机能配合工作，机器语言, 是CPU唯一能理解的语言。6.In machine language, data and instructions are represented in binary form(0s and 1s).在机器语言,数据和指令都是用二进制形式表示(0和1)7.ALU performs all the arithmetic and logic (comparison) functions-that is, it adds, subtracts, multiplies, divides, and does comparisons. ALU执行算术和逻辑功能，它能够划分加、减、乘、并比较。8.Older and newer microcomputers speeds are measured in millisecondsand microseconds respectively and lager, powerful computers speeds are measured in nanoseconds.比较旧的和新的微型计算机的速度各自是以毫秒和微妙测量的，而比较大的高效的计算机的速度是以纳秒测量的9.The instruction cycle, or I-cycle, refers to the retrieval of an instruction form main memory and its subsequent decoding指令周期,或者I周期是指一个指令的检索其后续主存储器和解码的时间.10.The execution cycle, or E-cycle, refers to the execution of the instruction and the subsequent storing of the result in a register. 执行周期，或者是E周期，指的是指令的执行和随后在寄存器存储的结果11.The speed of internal clock is expressed in megahertz (MHz).内部时钟的速度被表达在兆赫12.The size of a register is referred to as wordsize.一个寄存器的大小是指字长.1 a piece of semiconductor material on which integrated circuit are etched翻译:上面有集成电路的半导体材料答案:F chip2 a part of the CPU that performs all arithmetic and logic operations翻译：CPU中执行所有算术和逻辑运算的部分答案：A ALU3 a numbering system based on the digits 0 and 1翻译：基于0和1的数字系统 答案：J binary system4 the part of the CPU that decodes and directs the flow of program instructions翻译：CPU中译码和指挥程序指令运行的部分 答案：C control unit5 a binary digit翻译：一个二进制数位 答案：D bit6 a series of instructions that guides a computer through some process翻译：通过过程指挥计算机的一系列指令 答案：E computer program7 a device that accepts data, holds it , and delivers it on demand翻译：一种可以接收数据、保存数据并按要求传送数据的设备 答案：H storage8 used for the temporary storage of application programs and data; can be written to and read from翻译：用来暂时存储应用程序和数据；可以读和写 答案：I register9 the basic language of the computer翻译：计算机的基本语言 答案：B machine language 10 a group of lines, leads, or wires over which data is transmitted翻译：可以传送数据的一组电线 答案：G bus1 accepts data,holds it , and delivers it on demand答案：H storage翻译：存储器可以接收数据、保存数据并按要求传送数据2 Pocket calculators usually use only one _ for all their functions答案：F chip翻译：袖珍计算器通常只用一个芯片来完成他所有的功能。3The processor contains four key components: a clock, an instruction control unit, an arithmetic and logic unit,and a set of _.答案：I registers翻译：处理器包括四个关键部件：时钟，指令控制单元，算术逻辑单元和一些寄存器。4 The _ part of the CPU performs all addtion and subtraction operation.答案：A ALU翻译：算术逻辑单元执行所有加减操作。 5The size of the input-output _ depends upon the size of the systems words.答案：G bus翻译：输入输出总线的宽度取决于系统中字的宽度。6 The task of the _ is to interpret program instructions and direct the rest of the unit to execute the instruction.答案：C control unit翻译：控制单元的任务是解释程序指令和其他单元执行指令。7 Programs written in _ require no further interpretation by the computer.答案：B machine language翻译：用机器语言编写的程序不需要计算机进一步翻译。8 In the _ the symbol 10 represents the decimal number 2.答案：J binary system翻译：在二进制系统中10 代表十进制数字2.9 How many _ per byte are used in your companys computer?答案：D bits翻译：你公司的电脑一个字节有多少位？10The set of instructions, called a _ is stored physically inside the machine,making it a stored program.答案：E computer program翻译：被称为计算机程序的指令物理的存储在机器中，组成了一个存储的程序。1.The configuration commands in CONFIG.SYS can use either uppercase or lowercase characters ,but you can not type them at the MS-DOS prompt可以使用大写或小写字符在config.sys中配置命令,但你不能在ms dos提示符下键入。2. What a computer program produces is a stream of coded symbols,which the output device usually decodes _into a form of information that is easy for people to use or understand计算机程序所产生的是一连串编码符号,通过输出设备解码成人们容易使用或理解的信息形式。3. Data may be transferred from storage to the internal memory or from the internal memory to the arithmetic unit by means of conductive channels known as data bus通过数据总线通道，数据可以从外存转移到内存或者从内部存储器转移到算术单元4. The letter T and the numbers 5 are known as characters字母T和数字5是众所周知的字符5.A filename can be from one to either characters in length,and can be typed in uppercase or lowercase . DOS automatically converts filenames to uppercase letters.6. The processor is required to generate address and control signals to synchronize_ the flow of data over the bus .该处理器需要生成地址和控制信号来使总线上的数据流同步7. The microprocessor,which can be contained on a single silicon chip ,is a product of the microminiaturization of electronic circuitry微处理器，可以集成在单一的硅芯片中，是超小型化的电子电路的产品8. The Internal clock in the circuitry generates precisely timed pulses of current that synchronize the processors other components.内部时钟电路产生精确定时脉冲电流，使处理器的其它组件同步。Unit41.The CPU usually can only utilize those software instructions and data that are stored in main memoryCPU通常仅仅利用存储在内存中的软件指令和数据。.2.The name of RAM derives from the fact that data can be stored in and retrieved at random.RAM的名字来源于数据可以任意存储和检索。3.Users often save their work frequently onto nonvolatile secondary storage devices such as diskettes or hard disks用户通常把他们的工作保留在稳定和次要的存储设备比如软磁盘或者是磁盘。4.In main memory it takes eight chips to store one character.在主存中，用八位来存储一个字节5.The first 8 bits build the characters ;the ninth chip holds the parity bit ,or check bit ,that is used for error detection.前八位构建字节；第九位是奇偶校验位或者是检查位，用来发现错误。6.Fro MS-DOS computers two types of memory are used to increase RAM beyond the 640KB limit-expanded memory and extended memory.对于MS-DOS计算机两种内存被用来增加高于640KB限制的RAM扩展内存和扩充内存7.To “upgrade the system” includes changing from a monochrome display screen to a color screen.更新系统包括把单色显色屏变为彩屏。8. Because it is faster, smaller and more expensive than RAM ,cache memory bolds only those instructions and data that the processor needs immediately.由于它比RAM快，小，贵，高速缓存器仅拥有处理器及时需要的指令和数据。9.The process of manufacturing Rom chips and recording data on them is more expensive than the process of producing RAM chips.生产ROM芯片和在他们上记录数据的过程要比生产RAM芯片昂贵。10.The prices recorded on EEPROM chips can be easily updated as needed.EEPROM芯片的价格可由于需要随意更新。1.Auxiliary storage辅助存储器Secondary storage2.A metal or plastic framework that holds a computers circuit boards,often,circuit boards slide into slots on the framework,and are electronically linked by bus line一个金属或塑料框架,它持有计算机的电路板,通常,电路板上陷入了槽的框架,并通过总线电子地连接 Motherboard3.A system of symbols for representing a language or numbers in a computer一个系统的标志代表着一种语言或编号在计算机中code4.The ability to obtain data from obtain a storage device从存储设备获取数据的能力.access5.A device that is on-line to the computer from a remote location 一种装置,从远端地点连接到计算机terminal6.Surface on which picture or data are shown表面上图片或数据显示screen7.Temporary memory or storage used to adjust for the speed difference between two devices临时记忆或存储用于调节不同的速度两个设备之间buffer8.A thin,flexible magnetic disk used on small computer system一种薄而灵活的磁盘经常用于小型电脑系统diskette9.On a motherboard,one of several openings into which a circuit board can be plugged在母板上,其中的一个开口的电路板能嵌入slot10.Eight bits.On many computer system,the smallest addressable unit of main memory 八位，在许多计算机系统可寻址的单元、最小的内存byte1、RAM and ROM arent secondary storage devices.RAM和ROM不是辅助存储设备。2、If youve ever waited for a lengthy paper to print, you are almost certainly aware that the printer is much slower than the computer. If waiting for the printer is a problem, you can add a buffer for your printer interface.如果你曾经等待打印一条很长的纸，你可能清地意识到打印机是如此的慢比电脑。如果等待打印机是一个问题，你能为你的打印机加一个缓存。3、The magnetic disk is a storage device with direct access capabilities. 磁盘是一个具有直接存储能力的存储设备。4、In word processing each character is represented by a unique code .在文字处理中，每个字符代表独立的代码。5、Main memory holds data that will be used shortly ; secondary storage-such as a diskette holds data that will be used later.主存储器获得将被短时间使用的数据，像磁盘一样的辅助存储设备将被以后使用。6、Memory is added by plugging a memory board into one of the open slot .添加内存是将一个内存板插入到一个开放槽。7、Our company has terminal in many different locations. 我们的公司在许多不同的地点有终端。 8、In a microcomputer , main memory , or RAM ， chips are usually found in banks of nine on the motherboard .在微机中，主存储器或RAM，芯片通常被发现有九个存储单元在主板上。9、The basic u