中石化职称英语.doc

- 59 -例1: In spite of the strong opposition to new and stricter environmental laws, however it is still possible to attack the problem of chemical pollution; but we must attack it from three directions. First, we need more independent research into the effects of chemicals by scientists who are not paid by the government or by large industrial companies. Second，scientists need to educate the general public and inform them about the dangers of chemicals in the environmentif the public knows that a certain chemical threatens the health of their children，then it will put pressure on politicians in local and national governments。If the politicians want to remain in office，they will take action to correct the situation. Third, economists need to educate governments about the long-term economic costs of chemicals. It will be extremely expensive to clean areas of land which are contaminated by chemicals; it will be even more costly to give medical treatment to people who are suffering from serious illnesses after exposure to dangerous chemicals. If governments realize this, the short-term economic benefits of chemicals will seem much less attractive to them.尽管(有人) 强烈反对新颁布的更严格的环境保护法，然而仍有可能解决化学污染问题。我们必须从三个方面加以解决。首先，我们需要不是由国家或大型工业公司支付工资的科学家们对化学制品的影响进行更多的独立性研究。第二，科学家必须教育公众并且告诉他们自身环境中化学制品的危害。如果公众知道某种化学制品威胁他们孩子健康，那么公众就会向当地政府和国家政府官员施加压力。如果这些官员想保留官职,他们就会采取行动来改变这种形势。第三，经济学家们有必要告诉政府有关化学制品的长期的经济耗费。清洁被化学制品污染了的区域的费用是非常昂贵的；治疗因接触有害的化学制品而患上严重疾病的人需要花更多的钱。如果政府认识到这一点，化学制品的短期经济效益对他们的吸引力似乎就会变小了. If we can put pressure on governments in these three ways，perhaps they will begin to behave more responsibly. They will perhaps pass new laws against pollution and enforce them strictly. Perhaps, then，the chemical producers will begin to behave more responsibly.如果我们从这三个方面向政府施压，也许他们会开始表现的更有责任感。他们可能会通过新的反污染法并严格执行这些法律。那么，也许化学制品生产商也会表现的更有责任心了。 Question：What is the main idea of this passage？ Answer ：Possible solutions to chemical pollution。例2 There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling。No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill。There are however，vastly different ideas about how to teach it，or how much priority it must be given over general language development and writing abilityThe problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling？ 家长们有一个普遍看法,那就是学校不再注重拼写方法了。我所执教过的学校从来没有忽视拼写或作为一种基本技能而认为拼写不重要。然而，在如何教拼写或拼写应在全面的语言发展和写作能力之间占多大的优先权还存在极大的分歧。问题是怎样鼓励孩子通过写作自由并自信地表达自己而不会因复杂的拼写阻止他前进？ If spelling becomes the only focal point of his teachers interest，clearly a bright child will be likely to“play safe”He will tend to write only words within his spelling range，choosing to avoid adventurous language。Thats why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability。如果拼写是老师兴趣的唯一焦点，显而易见聪明的孩子将有可能“避开危险”。他会着重使用他拼写范围内的词，并避开冒险的语言。这就是老师们时常鼓励早用字典，注重内容而不是技能的原因。 I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing about a personal experience：“This work is terrible！There are far too many spelling errors and your writing is illegible. It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupils technical abilities in writing，but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay，which contained some beautiful expressions of the childs deep feelings。 The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors，but if his priorities had centered on the childs ideas， an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement。我曾吃惊地看到一篇有关个人经历的文章,下面有这样一条批语:“这篇文章太糟糕了！有太多的拼写错误，字迹难以辨认。”这可能是对这位学生写作能力的尖锐批评，但也遗憾地反应出那位老师没有认真阅读文章，它优美地表达了学生深厚的感情,老师注意拼写错误并没有错，但是如果他优先考虑学生的思想，然后在流露出失望之情的话，就会给那位学生寻求提高的更多的动力。Question：The major point discussed in the passage is_Answer：The relationship between spelling and the content of a composition.例3 If you are interested in buying a pair of contact lenses，be prepared to pay200 or more。Generally there are three main reasons why people want contact lenses；You may need them because the cornea of your eye is misshaped and ordinary glasses are not satisfactory。If so，youll be in the group that comprises l to 2 percent of contact lens wearers。You may want them for a sport or a vocation。Perhaps youre a baseball player，a boxer，a swimmer，an aviator，an actor，If you get your contact lenses for one of these reasons，you are in the same group with about 20 percent of the users。But if for some reason you feel that glasses are handicapping your appearance and youd rather have invisible glasses，youll have lots of company。About 79 percent of lens users hope to improve their looks。如果你对买隐形眼镜感兴趣的话，请准备付200美元或者更多。总的来说人们想要隐形眼镜的原因主要有三点:可能是因为你的眼角膜变形而普通眼镜不能令你满意,你才需要配戴隐形眼镜。如果是这样，你属于隐形眼镜佩戴者中1-2%的群体。你可能是为运动或职业而戴隐形眼镜；也许你是一名棒球运动员、拳击手、游泳员、飞行员或者演员。如果是由于上述任一个原因你配戴眼镜，你就属于20%那一类群体。但如果是由于某种原因你觉得玻璃眼镜妨碍了你的容貌，你宁愿要一付看不见的眼镜，你会有许多同伴。大约79%的配戴隐形眼镜者希望改善相貌。Question：The majority of contact lens wearers seem to feel thatAnswer：contact lenses are more attractive than glasses contact lenses can improve their looks例 4 When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufactures claim for it , the first step is to present the warranty , or any other records which might help , at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction. 当消费者发现他或她购买的物品有缺陷或者在某些方面与厂商的承诺不符。第一步是向购物该商品的商店呈送保单或其它可以帮助你的记录。多数情况下，这种做法会得到结果。然而如果无效的话，还有许多手段，消费者可用来获得满意的答复。A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the higher up the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumers favor, assuming he or she has a just claim. 许多消费者采用的简单而常见的方法是直接向商店经理投诉。通常，消费者所投诉的经理级别越高，所希望解决的事情解决速度就越快。在这种情况下，假如他的要求是合理的话，事情的解决对顾客是有利的。Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter. 一旦有可能，消费者应以个人名义投诉，但如果他们不能达到购物地点，也可以打电话或写信投诉。Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear is better than This stereo does not work. 坚定的有礼貌投诉通常是最有效的。尤其是当消费者能够证明物品存在的具体问题时，如果不能进行这种投诉，消费者可通过具体毛病的信息，而不是做笼统的陈述。例如，“左扬声器完全没有声音，右边发出的声音也不清楚”要比“这个录音机坏了”要好些。The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a step further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers rights.商店经理可能建议消费者向制造商写信。如果这样，消费者应该这么做，尽可能彬彬有礼又态度坚决的投诉。但是如果礼貌的投诉并没有获得预期的结果，消费者可以采取进一步的行动。他或她可威胁卖主把他带到法庭或向保护消费者权益的机关或官方机构告发卖主。Question: What is the most effective way to make complaint?Answer: The most effective way to make complaint is to explain exactly what is wrong with the items.例5 When，in 1641，King Kristina of Denmark and Norway built the town of Christiansen in his own honor，he had to bribe people to move there by giving them tax exemptions。He picked a choice spot for his new city，a piece of land within a mountain-sheltered bay on Norways southern coastHe built streets that were wide for their time, laid out blocks of row houses in a grid pattern，and provided every home with a garden, safe from public view and the noise of the streetlndeed， some of his ideas一starting with the one of putting a town，where there was not any before一are being applied in Europe today。 1641年，当丹麦和挪威的克瑞斯廷国王以个人名义建立克瑞斯桑达城时，他不得不通过免税手段劝说人们搬迁到那儿。他慎重选择新城址，就是位于挪威南部海湾的四面环山的一块陆地上。他设计的街道是当时最宽阔的。成排的房屋都设计在方块街区内，并为设计区的每一家都建了一个花园，这样能避开行人的视线和街道的躁杂声。实际上，他的某些思想以把一个城镇建在以前从未有过任何城镇的地方为首今天仍在欧洲延用。question:Some of King Kristinas ideas are being applied in Europe today. What does this imply？Answer: King Kristina was far-sighted and had an inventive mind.King Kristina was very imaginative and intelligent。例6 The invention of light bulb by Thomas A。 Edison in l879 created a demand for a cheap，readily available fuel with which to generate large amounts of electric power。Coal seemed to fit the bill, and it fueled the earliest power stations. Since the First World War, coal-fired power plants have accounted for about half of the electricity produced in the United States each year.ln 1986 such plants had a combined generating capacity of 289,000 megawatts and consumed 83 percent of the nearly 9000 million tons of coal mined in the country that year. Given the uncertainty in the future growth of nuclear power and in the supply of oil and natural gas, coal-fired power plants could well provide up to 70 percent of the electric power in the United States by the end of the century。 1879年托马斯-艾迪生对灯泡的发明产生了一种价廉的而且使用方便的燃料的需求。用这种燃料可以释放大量的电力，煤似乎能解决这一问题。她为最早的发电站提供了燃料。第一次世界大战以来，以煤为燃料的发电厂占美国每年发电总量的一半。1986年这些的发电厂的发电亮总和是289000兆瓦并消耗掉当年美国采煤总量90亿吨的83%。由于将来核电增长以及石油天然气供应的不稳定，到本世纪末，以煤为燃料的发电厂能够提供美国所需电力总量的70%之间。Question: According to the passage, why did coal become the principal source of electricity in the United States?Answer: Because it was comparatively plentiful and inexpensive.例7 Receiving an“A on her history exam in the morning, getting her drives license in the afternoon, and coming home to a surprise birthday party made Sue ecstatic .Question : What does the word ecstatic mean？Answer: The word ecstatic means very happy.苏上午历史考试得了A，下午得了驾照，回家后别人为她准备了令她惊喜的生日晚会，这一切使得苏欣喜若狂。例8 Figures released by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare tell one of the most dramatic stories in the history of medicine. In the past ten years the reported cases of polio in the United States has been cut by 93 percent. One of the most dreaded diseases has been brought under control by a single vaccination.卫生部、教育部和福利部公布的数据报道了一个医疗史上最激动人心的故事，在过去十年内，美国的小儿麻痹发病率已降低了93%。这种最令人恐惧的疾病已被简单的疫苗注射控制住了。Question: What does the author refer to by vaccination?Answer: The word vaccination refers to the protection against a disease by vaccine injections.例9 There was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day。We are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem。People tend to be over trusting of computers and are reluctant to challenge their authority。Indeed，they behave as if they were hardly aware that wrong buttons may be pushed，or that a computer may simply malfunction。People should rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.人们普遍关注的是：有一天计算机将会从人类手中接管这个世界，我们面对的是一个既不乐观也不可预知的问题。人们渐渐的过分依赖计算机，不愿意向他们的权威挑战。深知，他们表现得好象他们几乎不知道可能会按错健或者计算机本身也会出故障。人们应当依靠自己的“内部计算机”，一旦觉得电脑出现故障是检查机器。Questioning and routine double-checks must continue to be as much a part of good business as they were in pre-computer days。Maybe each computer should come with the warning：for all the help this computer may provide，it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills。疑问与常规型的双重检查和先前计算机时代一样，仍然是景气商业的一部分。或许每一台计算机都应携带着警告：纵然为了得到电脑可能提供的所有帮助，它也不能被视为基本思维和推理技能的替代物。Question ：It can be inferred from the passage that the author would disapprove of.Answer：complete dependence on computers for decision-making/a mentally lazy attitude towards computers。例10 1t remains to be seen whether the reserves of raw materials would be sufficient to supply a world economy which would have grown by 500 per cent1f the underdeveloped countries started using up petrol at the same rate as the industrialized areas， then world reserves would already be exhausted by l985。原材料储备是否能满足供给将要增长500%的世界经济仍有待观察，如果那些欠发达国家开始以和工业发达地区同样的速率使用石油的话，那么到1985年世界储备原料将会耗光。All this only goes to show just how important it is to set up a plan to conserve and divide up fairly natural resources on a world-wide scale。所有这些只能表明：制定一个世界规模性的保存并合理使用自然资源的计划是多么重要。This is a matter of life and death because world population is exploding at an incredible rate，In the southern poor parts of the globe，the figures are enough to make your hair stand on end。这是一个生死攸关的问题，因为世界人口正以难以置信的速度增加。在世界南部的贫瘠地区，人口增长的数字足令你毛骨悚然，By the year 2000，the southern parts of the world would then have a population greater than the total world population today. SO we should start acting right now to bring births under control within fifteen years so that population levels off.到2000年，世界南部地区的人口要比今天世界总人口数还要大。因此，我们应当马上采取措施，在十五年控制人口出生率，以使使人口增长速度稳定下来。Question：What is the pllrpose of the author in writing this passage？Answer：To Urge people to start taking action right awayTo urge people to divide up fairly natural resources and bring births under control。P14-25 P109-112阅读下列短文并用英语回答问题 Passage 1Sleep is something we generally associate with living persons or animals. Of course, it is true that a lot of animals sleep, but zoologists are not certain that primitive forms of animal life, like worms ever really sleep. On the other hand, animals such as bears sleep for 4 or 5 months every year .我们一般认为睡眠与活着的人和动物联系在一起。当然，许多动物都睡觉是事实，但是动物学家还不能确定原始种类的动物，例如蠕虫是否真正地睡眠。而另一方面，像熊这样的动物每年睡4-5个月。The amount of sleep human beings need varies with people of different ages, habits and possibly races. For example, doctors think that pre-school children need between 10 and 12 hours a night ; school children between 9 and 1l hours; and adults between 7 and 9 hours. There are rare cases of old people who only sleep between 2 and 3 hours a day and continue to be active and healthy. The sleep requirements of different races also appear to be different. Japanese people ,for example, sleep fewer hours than Europeans.人类需要的睡眠量随年龄、习惯，也许还有人种的不同而不同。例如，医生认为学前儿童一夜需要10-12小时的睡眠，学龄儿童要9-11小时，成人需要7-9小时，很少有老人一天只睡2-3小时，并且一直充满活力而又健康的这种事例。不同人种要求的睡眠量也似乎不同，例如日本人比欧洲人睡得少。It is not known for certain if the activity of a mans mind (besides dreaming) occurs when he is asleep. However, it is certainly true that some people can wake up at a pre-determined time . There are also stories about some maths professors who solve difficult problems during sleep, because their subconscious minds continue working on the problem.我们还不能确切地知道，当人类睡眠时（除了做梦之外），大脑是否会发生思维活动。然而，某些人能在一个预定的时间醒来是确凿的事实。 也有一些关于某些数学教授在睡眠中解决难题的故事，因为他们潜意识的思维还在继续研究这个问题。Questions :l . What is the passage mainly a bout ?2 . According to zoologists, primitive forms of animal life .3 . What does the writer try to show in the second paragraph?4 . What is true about Europeans when talking about sleep?5 . When a man is asleep, what is subconscious mind probably doing?(1) Sleep and the activity of a mans mind during his sleep.(2) might not sleep,(3) The amount of sleep human beings need varies with different people.(4) They sleep more than the Japanese (5)It may still be workingPassage 2 .The energy crisis has been with us for a long time and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so breakable a base. The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time , and in any case , the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.能源危机已经困扰我们很长时间了，并且将来还会困扰我们更长的时间。不管阿拉伯石油蕴藏丰富还是不丰富。每个人都明白不能允许世界工业依赖如此脆弱的基础。油的供应随时都会突然的中断，无论如何，以现在的耗油速率来看，油井将会在未来三十年左右枯竭。New sources of energy must be found, but it is not likely to result in any situation which will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past.必须找到新能源，再也不可能出现能恢复我们过去的那种感觉的情形了：那就是我们所拥有的那种能源量大、价廉的感觉。To make the situation worse there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the worlds population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion as the twenty-first century opens .情况更糟糕的是，至今还没有看到任何世界人口增长缓慢的迹象。尽管，包括美国在内的一些国家的人口出生率已经下降了，但是，当二十一世纪到来之时，世界人口似乎肯定要超过六十亿了。Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001 ?考虑到所有这些情况时，我们可以合理地估计一下2001年的超级市场会时个什么样子。？To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years even here in the United States. By 2001 , the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. This will be particularly true since energy shortage will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.首先，在未来三十年内世界食品供应也会日趋紧张，甚至在美国也不例外。到2001年，美国人口至少是2亿5千万人，国家会发现很难扩大食品生产量来填饱新增人口的肚子。尤其这一点将成为事实，因为能源短缺将会使得美国高能生产模式的农业维持下去很困难，而这种模式能够使少量的农民获得高产。It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that , if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.几乎可以肯定到2001年为止，美国将不再是食品出口大国。如果必须输出，在国内，价格上就要实行紧缩政策In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety , people will have to accept more “unnatural food ” .事实上，由于食品的质量将日趋下降和花样种类将日趋减少。人们将不得不接受更多的“非天然”食品。Questions :1 . What is the passage mainly concerned with?2 . What is the present situation of the worlds population?3 . Why does the writer mention “supermarkets” i