英语本科毕业论文-通过文化导入培养跨文化交际能力和意识.doc

Cultivation of Intercultural-Communicative Awareness and Ability by Cultural Introduction 铜仁学院 本科生毕业论文题 目 通过文化导入培养跨文化交际能力和意识 Cultivation of Intercultural-Communicative Awareness and Ability by Cultural Introduction系 别 外 国 语 言 文 学 系 专 业 英 语 姓 名 指导教师 截稿日期 2011-5 铜仁学院外国语言文学系2011届英语专业学士学位论文12ContentsAcknowledgements.Abstract. Introduction.1. The Factors of Cultural Introduction in Middle School English Teaching.22.1 Cultural Introduction as the Necessity of Social Development.22.2 Cultural Introduction as the Necessity of New English Course Standard.32.3 Cultural Introduction as the Necessity of Cultivating Intercultural Communicative Awareness.32.4 Cultural Introduction as the Necessity of the System of Education in China4. Cultural Differences between Chinese and English Daily Expressions in Communication.4 3.1 Showing Thanks.5 3.2 Receiving and Giving a Gift.53.3 Greetings.63.4 Making Apology.6 3.5 Taboo and Modesty.6 3.6 Compliment and Modesty.7. Strategies for Cultural Introduction to Cultivate Intercultural Communicative Awareness.74.1 Ways of Cultural Introduction.84.2 Tips for Cultural Introduction.10.Conclusion.11References.12AcknowledgementsI must show my sincere thanks to those who offered me great help during the course of my research. First, I must show my thanks to my supervisor Mr. Tang whose encouragement, enthusiastic instruction, valuable advice have a huge influence on my research, which have greatly contributed to the completion of my thesis.Finally, I also give my thanks to my dear teachers and classmates whose encouragements greatly support me and lead me to success. Thanks a lot again.Cultivation of Intercultural-Communicative Awareness and Ability by Cultural Introduction Abstract: Cultural differences are the main factor that causes barriers during communication. Therefore cultural introduction in middle school English teaching is quite important. This article introduces the relationship between language and culture, the importance of cultural introduction in middle school English teaching, and talks about the ways of introduction, and what should be careful of during introduction. The purpose of this article is to cultivate students intercultural-communicative awareness and ability by cultural introduction.Key words: intercultural-communication; awareness; ability; cultural introduction 摘要:文化差异是产生交际障碍的最主要的原因。因此，在英语教学中教学中进行文化导入是至关重要的。本文介绍文化与语言的关系、文化导入的重要性、并对导入的方法、及文化导入过程中应注意的事项进行探讨。旨在通过文化导入培养中学生的跨文化交际意识。关键词: 跨文化交际; 意识; 能力; 文化导入Cultivation of Intercultural-Communicative Awareness and Ability by Cultural Introduction . Introduction English contains rich cultural intension like many other languages. In senior high school English teaching, culture indicate that the history, geography, traditional customs, life style, literature and art, behavior and value etc. of English spoken country. Intercultural communication refers to people, who speak a language as mother tongue or not, communicate with each other, also refers to people, differences exist on the aspects of them like language and cultural background, communicate with each other. Our purpose to learn English is to communicate by using it. Awareness secures completely using the language. As a consequence, when we learn a language we must learn its cultures. Hu Wenzhong once said: “Language is a part of culture and plays a very important role in it. The two interact, and that understanding of one requires understanding of the other. Learning a foreign language well means more than merely mastering the pronunciation, grammar, words and idioms. It means learning also to see the world as native speakers of that language see it, learning the ways in which their language reflects the ideas, customs, and behavior of society, learning to understand their language of the mind. Learning a language, in fact, is inseparable from learning its culture” (1999). Zhao Tao emphasized that “teachers of language must necessarily teach culture. If we teach language without teaching at the same time the culture in which it operates, we are teaching meaningless symbols or symbols to which the student attaches the wrong meaning: for unless he is warned, unless he receives cultural instruction, he will associate American concepts or objects with the foreign symbols(Brooks 1964).” Some also emphasized: “To be bilingual, one must be bicultural.” Lin Dajin（2006:92） thinks: “In foreign language instruction, we cant teach only about the language without teaching cultures, and interactive abilities arent just embodied by correctly using the grammar, but also by appropriately speaking terms.(2005:300) Sun Suzhen believes: “In foreign language instruction, we must touch upon the knowledge on Cultural background; otherwise, we cant comprehensively master a language” (2008). Its not sufficient enough to communicate with people with different cultures for just understanding their language. Meanwhile, for a long time, senior high school English teaching pay much attention to teach basic linguistic knowledge, and ignore instruction on culture of target language. Which cause a disastrous effect that you would be failure to communicate, even though you can fluently speak in English. The Factors of Cultural Introduction in Middle School English Teaching2.1 Cultural Introduction as the Necessity of Social DevelopmentWith the implementation of the reform and open policy, China shows her more and more spectacular special charm to the world. Since she took part into the WTO, China had succeeded in holding the Olympic Game in 2008 and the Worlds Fair in 2010. At that juncture, a number of talented people who are well versed in Sino-American cultures revealed. It is a very significant process to cultivate citizens English competence, and suitable for students developing affection, entering schools of a higher grade, obtaining employment after graduate or live a well life in the future. It also meets the needs of talented person on developing economy and technology. Whats more, people easier to receive some grotesque and gaudy western culture and the value it reflected from internet, Pop., Fashion magazines etc. Pubescent youths are not capable to distinguish them. So how to lead the youths to reject the dross and assimilate the essence is an important aspect that cant be overlooked.2.2 Cultural Introduction as the Necessity New English Course StandardNew English Course Standard indicates: Senior high school English course should be based on cultivating students ability to comprehensively using English. Emphatically point out enhancing their ability on acquiring and dealing with information, analyzing and solving problem. Pay special attention on improving their ability on thinking and expressing in English, so that coming to awareness of intercultural communication and fundamental intercultural communicative ability. In English instruction, cultural introduction afford more opportunities for students to come close to and understand cultures of English spoken countries. Its benefit for them to understand and use English, and recognize deeper on their own cultures. Its good for cultivating cosmopolitan awareness and intercultural communicative ability.2.3 Cultural Introduction as the Necessity of Cultivating Intercultural Communicative AwarenessCultural instruction in middle school English teaching is indispensable; meanwhile, it is necessity to learn a language well. Citizen with smart artistic appreciation is closely linked with the rise and fall of a nation. A nation is cemented by cultures which are the soul and spirit reposed in. It is supposed that there would be the generation who dont love their culture, and dont actively to assimilate the outstanding cultures of other nations, thus, it not only take bad effect on them to learn language, but also be not good for the nation to communicate with others. Cohesion of this nation would be seriously reduced. At a consequence, cultivating students wholesome intercultural communicative awareness is the goal and assignment in English instruction.2.4 Cultural Introduction as the Necessity of the System of Education in ChinaWe are not born with ability on speaking a language, as well as knowing cultures. Thus teachers explain and instruct cultures to us are an important channel for us to learn cultures. But many teachers in middle school are lack of cultural background knowledge themselves. So they unbalanced stress linguistic knowledge and ignore cultural instruction. In the process of cultivation senior high school students with intercultural communicative ability, teachers play very important role, and cant be instead of. Whats more, for a very long period, Chinese students are under the huge pressure of gaining high marks to enter schools of higher grade, or pass the exam of entering a more famous university. Teachers explain grammar and some knowledge about vocabulary very patiently. While students always not mind doing a lot of exercise and remembering new words. This phenomenon leads up to a result that students pose large vocabulary, but cant communicate with others in English. . Cultural Differences between Chinese and English Daily Expressions in Communication Since we have lived in an age when changes in technology, travel, economic have created a world in which we increasingly interact with people from different cultures. So, it is necessary for us to learn English well, and for most Chinese students, they learn English as a second language. But, English has its own culture which is different from Chinese. When people communicate with each other from different cultural background, they would be affected by their cultural elements, and produce many obstacles in the intercultural communication. In order to overcome these obstacles and use the language, we must be not only acquainted with its cultures, but also the similarities and differences on cultures of Chinese and English.3.1 Showing Thanks China always goes by the name of a state of ceremonies. It seems that Chinese are refined and courteous. There are many kinds of formalities like saluting with hands folded, bowing etc. But when Chinese communicate with each other, its rare for them to say Thank you! to relatives and good friends. Even when you thank them, they may think you look on them as strangers and want to keep them at a distance. While for Americans, they often say Thank you! for something that is insignificant and trifling for Chinese. They say Thank you! from morning till night during communication. No matter the Chinese or American would say Thank you! when someone helped you. In some occasion, Chinese rare to say Thank you!, but Americans do. For example, in a restaurant, the waiter serves a cup of coffee to you, you should say Thank you!; After you paid the bill, the payee says Thank you! ; Someone make a phone call for you, you should say Thank you for calling ! ; When students have answered a question, as a teacher , you must say Thank you !.(Lin Dajin, 2006:100)3.2 Receiving and Giving a GiftBriefly speaking, the differences on receiving and giving a gift are that Chinese show much interest on the content of the gift, while Americans pay attention to the form of the gift. Caring about the content, Chinese worry about that if they put petitioners to a lot of expense, so that they find it is embarrassing to receive the gift. In order not to appear a kind of greedy they never open and appreciate the gift at the givers presence. Americans pay attention to the form of the gift, never mind the price of it. The givers thought about how to make receivers happy and give them a pleasant surprise. While receivers must open the gift immediately to show youre highly praise on the gift. Whats more, we must make sure that we didnt left the price tag on it. Americans hold a quite different view on this point. No matter how expensive or cheap the gift is, it must be attractively packaged to show your good faith. The most important is that you must be in all sincerity. (ibid: 150)3.3 Greetings Some Chinese greetings are uneasily receptive for Americans. Such as Have you had your breakfast? would make them confusing. They wonder that if you would like to invite them for a dinner. The sentence Where are you going? they think you like to poke other peoples business. A waiter has said these words would be the most terrible thing. Because there were an American complained: They ask me where I will go everyday. I wonder if youre placing me under surveillance. If you expect to exchange a few words of greetings with Americans, you should tell them your wishes or compliment. E.G., Hello, have a nice dinner. or Youre doing a good job. Americans usually say Hello or Hi instead of asking some individual thing or privacy. (ibid: 92, 97)3.4 Making Apology Americans say Im sorry more frequently than Chinese. For Americans, they make apology when someone brushes past others, or someone coughs, hiccups, sneezes or farts. Even when he clears his throat or needs to leave for a moment. Saying sorry is not to say that someone know that he is in the wrong. If someone hinders the way you want to pass by, Im sorry means Get out of my way so I can come out. At this moment, it is easier for people to accept apology instead of an order. Americans are afraid of interrupt others, and remember infringement act all the time. Since they think coughs, hiccups, sneezes and farts would transmit bacteria, and pollute the environment, it is necessary to say Im sorry. (ibid: 102)3.5 Taboo and Modesty Americans dont like to talk about age, especially the female; age is regarded as a taboo. But Chinese never mind. Americans extremely mind being asked about marital status, as a result of popularly using of Ms, but Chinese dont. Chinese often ask others marital status in others presence. For American, income and outcome is the top secret. Colleagues never talk about their salary with each other. Since they were treated in differential wage. Even for couple, they only know the income, but the expenditure. Whats more, Americans dont want to be asked detailed address, as they are not inured to call on relatives and friends without permission. If they are willing to invite you being a guest, they will tell you or drive you there. While Chinese would offensively ask detailed address. (ibid: 121)3.6 Compliment and Modesty Compare with Chinese, Americans like listening and speaking more word of complement which would make people happy. In intercultural communication, the misunderstanding mainly caused by identification on complement, on what kind of occasion, what and who to be praise. For example, when you call on an American or English friend, he would ask you to look around his house. After that, please remember to praise on it. If not, the friend will be unpleasant. Chinese think that Americans show others the excessive number of insincere or embarrassing compliment. In fact, compliment is heartfelt words about people or things, but maybe it is just greeting. Americans praise on their families includes spouse, parents and child. But Chinese usually belittle their families. Facing praise, Chinese usually belittles them to show their modesty, which makes Americans feel puzzled and fall into embarrassing. Chinese always think highly of others, but belittle himself at the same time. On the contrary, Americans are confidence while show respect to others. When they composite for a job, they would try their best to introduce their competence. Even promise some important thing. Chinese are modesty, the application for a job or entering a university always leaves a deep impression of unconfident. Youre modesty, but Americans think you as you are not competent at a job. (ibid: 104,112). Strategies for Cultural Introduction to Cultivate Intercultural Communicative Awareness4.1 Ways of Introduction4.1.1 Introduction by Comparison If we compare Chinese culture with American culture in language teaching, well find that the difference and similarities between them. Differentiation is based on comparison. Teachers compare Chinese cultures to English cultures so that students could turn to be sensitivity in intercultural communication. Now Ill take the dog for example. The dog has very close relation with people in Chinese and English cultures. This is reflected in the proverb as Love me, love my dog. In English and 打狗也得看主人 in Chinese. In certain cases, the word dog is neutral in its connotation in English. It is all right to call certain person as big dog, top dog, lucky dog, sly dog, etc. in English. To help a lame dog over the stile means to make no trouble or not to disturb others. Another proverb Every dog has its day means Every person will some day be succeed or become fortunate. All these usage does not contain derogator