中英寒暄语对比研究.doc

CommentL1:注意字体，不用斜体CommentL2:小二号、黑体。封面、开题报告书、评审登记表、答辩记录表等各处题目应一致。CommentL3:楷体，小三号CommentL4:线条对准。封面页用A4白色铜版纸打印。CommentL5:封面及本页单面打印。以下各页双面打印。学科分类号学科分类号050201本本科科毕毕业业论论文文(设设计计)题目中英寒暄语对比研究姓名学号院（系）外国语学院专业年级2011级指导教师职称教授二二一一年年月月DECLARATIONCommentL6:自己姓名CommentL7:手写签名CommentL8:答辩前提交论文的日期。IYangJingtheundersignedherebydeclarethatthisessaydoesnotcontainanymaterialwhichhasbeenacceptedfortheawardofanyotherhigherdegreeorgraduatediplomainanytertiaryinstitutionandthattothebestofmyknowledgeandbeliefthisessaydoesnotcontainanymaterialpreviouslypublishedorwrittenbyanotherpersonexceptwhenduereferenceismadeinthetextoftheessay.Signed:Dated:CommentL9:四号加粗、居中1.5倍行距，CommentL10:小四号，自动生成格式CommentL11:注意标题大小写。标题中不能出现句子或用动词开头！CONTENTSAbstractinEnglish.1AbstractinChinese.2.Introduction.31.1ResearchBackground.31.2ResearchPurpose.31.3ResearchSignificance.3.TheoreticalFrameworks.42.1TheDefinitionofPhaticCommunion.42.2TheOriginofPhaticCommunion.4.DifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishPhaticCommunion.53.1DifferentBackgroundsofDifferentPhaticCommunionbetweenChineseandWesternCultures.53.2ChineseandWesternThinkinginDifferentWaysontheDifferentCausesbytheTraditionalGreetings.73.3DifferentCommunicativeHabitsduetoDifferencesinGreetingsbetweenChinaandAmerica.8.Conclusion.10Bibliography.11Acknowledgements.12Appendix13CommentL12:页眉加横线，从这页开始Commentwing13:TIMESNEWROMAN，四号，加粗。1.5倍行距Commentwing14:四号，1.5倍行距。摘要中不宜使用图表、不标注引用文献标号。控制在200字以内。Commentwing15:“Keywords”四号，加粗。其余词语四号，关键词首字母除专有名词、书名等，其余不需大写。关键词在3-5个之间。贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）0AbstractWiththefastdevelopmentoftheeconomytheglobalinterculturalcommunicationhasbecomemoreandmorefrequent.Phaticcommunionasaministrantlanguagetoexpressnegotiationsandsocialengagementisawelllubeforthesocialrelationship.PhaticCommunionhasmanyfunctionssuchastoshortenthecommunicationdistancebetweenpeopletobreakthedeadlockandtoshowrespecttootherpeople.Alsoitisastrategytomaintaincomfortableinterpersonalrelationship.Phaticcommunionisimportantininterculturalcommunications.ThereforethepaperstudiesthedifferencesofphaticcommunionbetweenEnglishandChinesefromdifferentaspectssuchastheirmodeofthinkingtheirculturalbackgroundandtheirhabitsofcommunication.Keywords:phaticcommunionmodeofthinkingbackgroundofculturehabitofcommunicationcontrastivestudyCommentwing16:“摘要”用四号黑体Commentwing17:四号、仿宋体，1.5倍行距。Commentwing18:“关键词”用四号黑体。其余词语：四号仿宋体，并用分号隔开，最后一个关键词无标点符号。贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）1摘要在当今这个经济飞速发展的时代，全球化跨文化交际活动越来越频繁。寒暄语，作为一种表示寒暄、应酬的辅助性语言，是维持良好社会关系的有效润滑剂。寒暄语具有缩短交际者之间的距离、打破僵局、表示敬意以及乐于与之结交等功能。寒暄语的多功能性决定了它在跨文化交际活动中的重要性。本文从中西思维方式、文化背景、交际习惯等各个层面研究了英汉寒暄语的差异，以期对跨文化交际做出些微贡献。关键词：寒暄语思维方式文化背景交际习惯对比研究Commentwing19:一级标题一级标题，四号，四号，加粗。一级标题段前段后间距均为加粗。一级标题段前段后间距均为0.5行行，1.5倍行距。倍行距。Commentwing20:正文部分小四号，1.5倍行距，段前段后均为0行。左起空四个字母。Commentwing21:二级标题，小四号，加粗。各级标题要突出重点，简明扼要，不得使用句子、标点符号。不得使用句子、标点符号。注意大小写规范。注意大小写规范。贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）2.IntroductionWiththefastgrowingoftheinterculturalcommunicationactivitiesChineseandwesterncountriesaregettingtoknowmoreandmorefromeachotherabouttheirhistorycultureandcustoms.Peoplealwaysconjecturefrommanydifferentanglesfortheirdifferentexperiences.Phaticcommunionasonefunctionoflanguagehasbeenusedintosolecism.Afterthattherearemoreandmorestudiesaboutphaticcommunion.Differentcountriesandcustomshavedifferentexpressionstoperphaticcommunion.ThefunctionofphaticcommunionsissimilarinChineseandwesterncountriesthatistokeepcomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeople.1.1ResearchPurposeTocomparephaticcommunionbetweenEnglishandChineseistoimprovemutualunderstandingbetweenpeoplefromthetwodifferentcultures.Phaticcommunionsunderdifferentculturesofdifferentcountriesarequitedifferent.Atthesametimedifferentconditionssuchasdifferentbackgroundsdifferentthinkingwayanddifferenthabitsresultindifferentphaticcommunion.Allkindsoflivingwaysmakegreatinfluencesonpeoplesmind.Andpeopleindifferentcountriesalsohavedifferentideasofphaticcommunion.1.2ResearchSignificanceThispaperanalyzesthedifferencesofphaticcommunionbetweenEnglishandChineselanguage.Phaticcommunionsemotionalinationispassedasalanguageundertheconstraintsofthinkingmannersandcustomsandotherfactorsandthemeaningandpurposeofexpressionisdifferent.Afterknowingthesewecanmakeaccurateandrationaluseofgreetingsatdifferentoccasions.Inthe21stcenturyglobalinterculturalcommunicationbecomesmoreusualastheexchangeofChineseandWesterntradehasbecomemorefrequent.AndtheconstanttradefrictionsbetweenChinaandtheWesthavearegulatoryandeliminatingroleinpromotingcross-culturalcommunication.TheoreticalFrameworks2.1TheDefinitionofPhaticCommunionPhaticcommuniontomakegreetingswhenpeoplemeetingisalipservicefromtheWord-Ocean.FromCiHaiphaticcommunionwasusedtoasktheweatherwhetheritiswarmorcold.ButODonnelandToddhavetherelativelybroaddivision.TheybelievethattakingscanbeCommentwing22:引文出处格式：作者姓、出版年份、页码。CommentL23:引文出处格式：引文前出现作者姓名时，只需标出年份和页码。贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）3seemedasphaticcommunionexceptthesubject(Todd1980:124).SunXuemeisaidthatgreetingsareusedtoproduceacertainatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontact(2009:122).Phaticcommunionisincludingtwodifferentsides-Languagecommunicationandnon-languagecommunication(Zhu1989:16).Hesaidthatlanguageisnottheonlytomakethecontractsbetweenpeople.Sometimesonlyasmileanoddingashakingandahugcanachievethesameeffect.Andthereisanotherdefinitionofphaticcommunion.Phaticcommunionisaninaltypeofdiscoursethatdoesnotcoveranyfunctionaltopicsofconversationoranytransactionswhichneedtobeaddressed(Wang2012:238).Therearesomedefinitionsofthephaticcommunioninpeoplesdailylife.Differentnationsandcountrieshavedifferentwaystoperthephaticcommunion.Fromherewecanseethatphaticcommunionisnotonlyusedtoasktheweatherbutalsocanbegreetingwordsofcommunicationwitheachother.Phaticcommuniononacertainoccasionusedproperlyornotwilldirectlyaffectthefollowingcommunication.Sometimesevencandirectlyrelatestowhetherthestateandsocietyharmoniousdevelopment.Currentlydeeplyunderstandthedefinitionofthephaticcommunionandproperlyuseitiswhatthepeopleneedtodorightnow.2.2TheOriginofPhaticCommunionPhaticcommunionistheprologuewhenpeoplemeetandasteppingstoneforthecommunication.Itasaconversationalinteractionbetweenfriendsandacquaintancesoftencanonlyprovidealittleinationisdrivingtheconversationtoagreatextentofthebothsides.Norrickoncesaidthatfromthepragmaticfunctionofthespeechactsphaticcommunionactsasasufficientamountofsocialroles.Inordertoshowthegoodbehaviorfromthespeaker(Norrick1978:277).AspeoplementionaboutthephaticcommunionwecannaturallythinkofagreatBritishsocialanthropologist-Malinowski.Hewasthefirstmanintheworldwhoputforwardtheterm-phaticcommunionandstartusingit.PrimitivelythereisastudyaboutsocialchangesandculturalcustomofTrobriandIslandsinthewestofPacific.Heatewiththelocalresidentsabouttwoyearswhilehelivedthere.Althoughitseemstohavelittleusefulpurposetomaintainandestablishthegoodrelationshipsbetweenthemselvesandthesocietyhefoundthattherearemanysubtlewordsintheinterpersonalcommunicationbetweenpeople.PhaticcommunioninChinaisalsoknownassocializinglanguagewhichreferstosocializinggeneralsenseoflanguageratherthanestablishingandmaintainingsocialtiesassociatedwithbodylanguage.AccordingtoMalinowskisarticle“TheProblemofMeaninginPrimitiveLanguage”phaticcommunionisdividedintoverbalcommunicationandnon-verbalcommunicationaspects.ItdoesnotmeanthatallsocialsituationsneedtheCommentL24:正文中的例子用(1)，(2)，(3)为序号排列。贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）4helpoflanguagebutpeoplecanuseasmileanodahugshakinghandskissingonthecheektoachieveexpectedcommunicativeeffect.Clarksuggesteddeterminewhichwasgreetingsarethethreeconditions:(1)Theparticularsituationalcontext.(Forexampleasmalltalkatthebusstation.)(2)Languageandparalanguageaspectofcommunicativebehavior.(Theuseoftheregularexpressionsuchasdiscussingtheweather.)(3)Socialfunction.(Toavoidsilenceestablishandmaintainagoodatmosphereinsomesituations.)(Clark1990:165)Peoplecanusethephaticcommunionreasonableaftertheunderstandingofthegreetingsanddecisionconditions.Butjusttoknowthisisfartomeettodayscommunicationoftheinternationalcommunity.Peopleneedtounderstandfurtheronthebasisofdifferentpeopleindifferentplaceshowtousedifferentphaticcommunion.DifferentPhaticCommunionsbetweenChineseandWesternPeopleDifferentphaticcommuniontendstoconveydifferentcommunicativepurposes.Chineseandwesterncultureandcustomsalsoinfluencetheexpressionofthephaticcommunion.SopeopleneedtocompareChineseandwesterncountriesphaticcommunionfromdifferentaspects.Herearetheremajoraspectsofthedifferences.3.1DifferentPhaticCommunionduetoDifferentBackgroundsofChineseandWesternCulturesChinaisastateofceremoniesandalsopaysmoreattentiontoetiquettecivilizations.SothephaticcommunionisveryimportantintheChinesespeakingcountries.Whenpeoplegettogethertheywillusesomeusefulphaticcommunionwordstoshowtheirrespecttootherpeople.Take“Haveyoueatenyet”asanexampletherearesomefixedcommunications.(1)A:HaveyoueatenyetB:No.HowaboutyouA:Ihavealreadyhaddinnerwithmyfamily.Itismysistersbirthdaytoday.Sowehaddinnertogether.(2)A:WhereareyougoingB:Imgoingtopotterinthegarden.HaveyoueatenyetFromthetwospectaclesabovewecansee“Haveyoueatenyet”isaspecialgreetinginChineseculture.Especiallythispatternwasusedfrequentlyinruralarea.Thisspecialphaticcommunioncanberegardedasa贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）5greetingpatternofChinesenationalculturaltradition.TherearetwooriginalreasonsfirstlythelackoffoodandclothinginthepastChinawasalong-termunsolvedproblem.SecondlyChinacaresaboutfoodverymucha“BiteofChina”asitiscalled.Sothissentence-HaveyoueatenyetexpressestheconcernofotherpeoplealsoitreflectsChinesepeopleshospitality.InEnglish-speakingcountriesphaticcommunionsarelegion.“Hello”isoneofthemostwidelyusedone.Englishpeoplealwayssayhellowiththeirfriendsandacquaintances.TheyuseHelloatthebeginningofaconversation.Somepeoplealsouseotherphaticcommunioninsteadsuchas“Howdoyoudo”“Howareyouor“GoodmorningGoodafternoonGoodnight”andsoonandsoforth.3.2DifferentTraditionalGreetingsCausedbyDifferentThinkingWaysNowadaysphaticcommunionplaysanextremelyimportantroleincross-culturalcommunication.Thephaticcommunionlikesagoodlubricant.BeforeusingthegreetingsdirectlypeopleneedtoknowthedifferentwaysofthinkingbetweenChineseandwestern.Themosttypicalexampleistalkingaboutageandwages.Chinaisanancientnationhasalaudatorynameof“nationoftheetiquette”.PolitenessisChinesetraditionalmoralexcellence.Boththeacquaintancesandthestrangerstheeldersandtheyoungermenandwomenarenevershytotalkaboutageandwages.Sometimesthesetopicsareconsideredasakindofcareforothers.FortheeldersitisanaturaltopicbyaskingpeoplesagetoexpresstheirrespectforexampletowishtheoldthattheirhappinessisliketheEastSeaandlongevityoverthesouthernhill.AsitcanbeseenfromtheseeventsshowingrespectfortheoldmanandcareforchildrenisavirtueofChinesepeople.ForAmericanslikepeopleinanyotherculturesgrowingupisawonderfulprocess.Butgrowingupisanotherdifferentcase.Growingupoldisnotexactlytobecelebratedforpeopleinyouth-orientedAmericanculture.MostAmericansliketolookyoungactyoungandfeelyoung.Althoughsomepeopleinsomecountriesvaluetheagedasasourceofexperienceandwisdom.Americansseemtofavorthosewhoareyoungoratleast“youngatheart”.ManyolderAmericansfindthe“goldenyears”tobeanythingbutgolden.Economically“seniorcitizens”oftenstrugglejusttogetby.Olderpeoplemaysufferfrompoornutritionmedicalcareandhousing.Someevenexperienceagediscrimination.DespitethechallengestheyfaceAmericansintheir“twilightyears”generallyrefusetogiveuponlife.Theyfindavarietyofwaystokeepthemselvesactive.Theyreallydonotwanttofellembarrassedinpublic.Itisnotonlyabouttheirself-esteembutalsoabouttheirhumanright.Sopeoplefeelthattheirprivacyisveryimportant.Theyrarelytalkaboutageespeciallythewomensage.3.3DifferentCommunicativeHabitsduetoDifferencesonGreetingsbetweenChineseandWesternPeopleWiththerapiddevelopmentofinterculturalcommunicationactivitiesphaticcommunionplaysanirreplaceablerolebetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures.Chinahasanoldsaying“ToknowtheenemyandCommentwing25:四号加粗居中，下空一行贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）6knowyouandyoucanfightahundredbattleswithnodangerofdefeat.”Soifpeoplewanttohaveafurtherrelationshiptheywouldbettertoknowmoreaboutthedifferentcommunicativehabits.Duetothedifferentculturalbackgroundsanddifferentwaysofthinkingthecommunicationhabitshavemanydifferences.Americansarealwaystalkingaboutwhatstheweatherlikeasthebeginningofaconversation.Thentheywillhaveatransitiontoanothertopic.Theybelievethatthetopicofweatherismoreobjectivethanothers.Andtheywouldnotinvolvethepersonalprivacyissues.ConclusionLanguageplaysanimportantroleinpeoplesdailylifeandkeepsacloserelationwithculturewhichdeterminesthewaypeoplegreeteachother.Phaticcommunionasanimportantpartoflanguagehasacloseconnectionwithhumancommunicationanddevelopment.IntheabovepaperwecomparedthedifferentphaticcommunionscausedbydifferentChineseandwesternculturalbackgroundwayofthinkingandcommunicationhabits.Phaticcommunionsarenotonlyaffectedbythethreeaspectsmentionedherebutalsobymanyotherfactors.Ofcourseitisnotonlyusedincross-culturalcommunicationbutalsoindispensableindailylife.Therealityiscertainlymuchmorecomplicatedthantheabovestudy.Peopleneedtousephaticcommunionbetterindifferentsituationsorconditionswithdifferentspeakersindifferentcountriesafteramorecomprehensivestudies.Themorecomprehensivestudiesonitcanprovidepeoplewithmorewaysofcommunicationincross-culturalcommunication.PhaticcommunionplaystheroleoflubricantinthedevelopmentofChineseandwesterncross-culturalcommunication.Phaticcommunionbesidestheinfluenceofcultureandthoughtwouldbeaffectedbyotherfactors.Forexamplecommunicatorcanfeeltheneedofphaticcommunionornot.Thatmaybeavision.Thencommunicatorneedtokownthecommunicationoccasionwhetherallowedtobetalkornot.BIBLIOGRAPHYCommentwing26:左顶格，1.5倍行距。Commentwing27:小四号，英文和数字用TIMESNEWROMAN体。Commentwing28:参考文献至少8部。Commentwing29:小四号，中文用仿宋字体。Commentwing30:四号、加粗、居中。下空一行。贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）71Norrick.N.R.ExpressiveIllocutionaryActsJ.JournalofPragmatics1978(5):129-131.2ODonnelTodd.LanguageasSocialSemioticM.London:EdwardArnold1978:138153.3刘国钧，王连成图书馆史研究M北京：高等教育出版社，1979：15-18.8毕继万.汉英寒暄语的差异J.语文建设1997(4):3537.学位论文9张和生地质力学系统理论D太原：太原理工大学，1998报告10冯西桥核反应堆压力容器的LBB分析R北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院，1997报纸文章11毛峡情感工学破解舒服之迷N光明日报，2000-4-17(BI)电子文献序号主要责任者电子文献题名文献类型载体类型电子文献的出版或可获得地址，发表或更新日期引用日期(任选)例如：12王明亮中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的DBOLhttp：wwwcajcdcnpubwmltxt9808102html，1998-08-161998-10-04ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSCommentL