不同的地理特征对汉英习语影响.doc

不同的地理特征对汉英习语影响(1)Abstract】 The geography environment is connected to the humans lives closely. From the ancient times, the human tried their best to conquer the nature, to rebuild it. At that time, the most important function was to improve the production. So in this period, the humans civilizations were influenced by the geography. China is located in the east of the Eurasia and on the west bank of the Pacific Ocean-which could not be crossed at that time. In the southwest of China, there is the Himalayas, and the southwest is a large desert, because of these, we can say that China was relatively isolated from the outside world. Meanwhile, China has a large of field for tillage and the climate suits to it. So the Chinese civilization is the geography civilization. But in England and the western countries, they lack of the inland but near the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean, these were suited to develop the sea civilization.The idioms are the flowers of the Chinese and English culture. So this paper will list the idioms about the geography in Chinese and English languages. Let everyone know more the geography Chinese and English idioms【Key Words】geography; idioms; Chinese; English 【摘 要】 地理环境与人类的生存密切相关，远古的人类就是在不断地征服自然，改造自然中，发展、壮大起来。可以说，古代人类最重要的活动就是征服自然，发展生产。当时的人类的文化受到地理环境的影响。中国位于欧亚大陆的东部，东边是难以逾越的太平洋，西南是有世界屋脊之称的喜马拉雅山，西北是一片大沙漠，可以说中国是相对地与外界隔离。并且中国有大片土地供耕耘，气候也适合农耕，因此中国的文化是农耕文化，其文化偏向土地。而英国，乃至整个西方，适合耕耘的土地少，而且面向地中海，大西洋，适合发展海洋文化。而西方文化的发源地古希腊，更可以被称为是典型的海洋文化，因此，英国的文化更偏向海洋。习语是中西文化中的精华，本篇将列出中西习语中受地理影响的部分。旨在弄清地理环境与文化之间的关系。【关键词】 地理；习语；汉语； 英语1、IntroductionThe environment influences the culture. Human and the nature are related closely. For one thing, human depends on the nature, and is bound by the nature. For anther, human always try to master the nature and rebuild it. 1 As we all know, the Chinese culture and the English culture have different nature environments. China has a large plain for tillage. But in the western countries, especially in the Greece, the mother of the western civilization, has small land for tillage, the land is for the stock breeding. While the Greek have less land to develop the agriculture, they live near the sea, the Mediterranean, so they can sail in the sea for commerce. Because of the differences, the Chinese culture and the English culture are different. The Chinese culture is the agriculture civilization 2 and the English culture is from the Greek civilization, so the English culture is the sea civilization.32、The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms about the geographyThe idioms are the fossils of the Chinese and English cultures. In the Chinese and English idioms, there are many idioms about the geography. Some of the Chinese and English idioms have the similar meanings, but others are in different meanings.In the group of idioms, which have similar meaning, many of them use the same images, while others use the different images to explain the same thing. 2.1The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms about the geography In many of the Chinese and English idioms, they have the same meanings. Coincidently, many of them use the same images. It shows that the Chinese people and English people experience the similar conceptions. Meanwhile, some of them have the same meanings, but they use the different images to explain. From that, we could know that although the Chinese and English people have the same experience, they have the different cultures. So the idioms always use the different images.2.1.1 The Chinese-English geography idioms that use the similar imagesIn the ancient China and England, the people may have the same experience, and coincidently use the same image to describe the same thing. It is very coincidental.(1) Fish in trouble waters4 and 浑水摸鱼5Meaning: to profit in a confused environmente.g. Dont fish in trouble waters; that does you no good.(2) Pour /throw cold water on 6and 泼冷水Meaning: to discouragee.g. The board of director poured cold water on his new investment proposals in that region.(3) Make waves7 and 兴风作浪8Meaning: to make trouble e.g. They lift it was not the time to make waves by staging a sit-in.(4) Go with the stream9 and 随波逐流10Meaning: do as others doe.g. He listened to the same music and dressed the same way as his friends. He went with the stream, for he lacked confidence in making his own decision.(5) Burn ones boat/ bridges11 and 破釜沉舟12Meaning: to do something that make it impossible to go backe.g. Starting your own business has a lot of risk , so think twice before you burn your boat. The idioms in this group reflect that the English idioms and Chinese idioms are nearly coincidental. People in different cultures experience the similar conceptions. The examples (1) to (4) are using the same images. The example (5),in Chinese we use “釜” and “舟” but, in English they just use “boat” or “bridge”. In both Chinese and English the boat, the cooking pot and the bridge are all very important to people lives. 2.1.2The Chinese-English geography idioms that use different imagesWhile the ancient Chinese people and English people coincidently use the same image to explain the same thing. Most of the time, the Chinese and English people use the different images to explain the same thing.(1) Be in /get in hot water 13 or In deep water14 and 泥菩萨过江Meaning: to be in or get into troublee.g. She has got into hot water again for her inquisitive nature recently.(2) A drop in the bucket/ocean15 and 九牛一毛Meaning: a negligible or tiny quantity; something that make little differencee.g. Ten cents means a lot of money to the beggar on the street, but is a drop in the ocean for most people.(3) Paddle ones own canoe16 and 自力更生Meaning: to depend on oneselfe.g. Dont worry too much about your son ; he is big enough to paddle his own canoe.(4) A big fish (in a little pond)17 and 顶天立地18Meaning: an important person (in a small community)e.g. I told you when George came to our department two years ago that hed soon job-hop. He is a big fish.The idioms in this group reflect that the English idioms and Chinese idioms have the same meaning, but use the different images. In the example (2) in English they use “ocean”, while in Chinese we use “牛”. The example (4), in English they use “fish”, but in Chinese we use “地”. The example (5), in English they use “fish”, but in Chinese we use “牛”. These show that the English culture belongs to the sea civilization, and the Chinese culture belongs to the agriculture civilization. Because fish is the normal thing in sea civilization, and the ox is a very important animal for the agriculture. 3 The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms about the geographyThe environment influenced the idioms very much. For example , in China ,there a large land for tillage ,so in Chinese idioms , there are many idioms about “tu” (土)、“di”（地）、 and “niu”（牛）-these are all connected closely to the agriculture.But the western culture is different. In the western countries, especially in the Greek the mother of the western civilizations, there are many mountains and small land for tillage. They had to develop the business at sea. So in the English idioms, there are many idioms about the sea, the boat and the fish.There is a typical example, which could explain this. In China ,we say “hui jin ru tu” （挥金如土）， but in English ,they say “spend money like water”. These two are all describing that someone spend money very much, but in Chinese we use “tu”, while in English they use “water”.3.1 The different images about the geographical words in Chinese and English idiomsNo matter whether the idioms have the same meaning, or have the different meanings, their images are all about the geographical words. In Chinese idioms, many of the images are connected to the land. In English, many of the images are connected to the sea.3.1.1 The Chinese geography idiomsThe land is very important to the peoples live. Also the agriculture is the most important activity in the peoples common live. There are so many idioms use the geographical words to explain something. There are some example could show it. (1) Juan tu chong lai (卷土重来)19Stage a comeback(2)Mian ru tu se (面如土色)20Look ashen; look palee.g. turn pale with fright(3) Yi bai tu di (一败涂地)21Fail completely; suffer a crushing defeat; be routed.e.g. We just cant possibly fail completely, after all the preparation weve made.(4) Hu tian qiang di (呼天抢地)22Lament to heaven and knock ones head on earthutter cries of anguish.From this group of idioms, we could see that the land is very important to the Chinese. So in the Chinese idioms, there are many idioms about the land. The Chinese culture belongs to the agriculture civilization. 3.1.2 The English geography idioms In England, the sea is connected to the peoples life closely. England is an island country. In England, the field is less, the land is for stock breeding. The English people always make their living on the sea. So there are many idioms about the sea and the ship.(1) At sea23 On a ship, etc on the sea e.g. spend three months at sea Not know what to do; confusede.g. Im all at sea ; I have no idea how to repair cars.(2) Miss the boat24Miss an opportunity; be too late to participate in somethinge.g. She put her application in for her interview one day late. Unfortunately for her the university authorities could do nothing and she had missed the boat(3) At bottom 25In reality; really basicallye.g. He seems aggressive but at bottom he is kind and good-natural(4) Another kettle of fish (a different kettle of fish ) 26A completely different person or thing from the one previously mentionede.g. He is good at playing tennis in private, but playing in public is a different kettle of fish.This group of idioms reflect that the sea、the boat、the fish are very important to the peoples lives. The English culture belongs to the sea civilization. People live in the different geography environments will create different cultures. All the cultures could not be separated from their environments. Because of its region, climate and environment, every culture has its own character.27The environment influences the culture deeply. The Chinese agriculture civilization makes the Chinese idioms use the geographical words as the images. And the English sea civilization makes the English idioms use the image about the sea.3.2The causes of the Chinese and English idioms using the different imagesThe idioms are accepted through common practice. They have come into being for a long time. Today most of the idioms were formed in the ancient times. Why does the Chinese culture belong to the agriculture civilization? Why does the English culture belong to the sea civilization. If we want to know these clearly, we had better look into the origins of the Chinese and English civilizations.3.2.1The difference of the origins of the Chinese and western civilizations(i) The origins of the Chinese civilizationPeople in different environments will create different cultures. In the origins of the Chinese civilization, the tillage is the most important thing in people live. So the Chinese culture is connected to the field closely.The Chinese civilization is very long. It can derive from 70005000 years ago.28 From the “Yang Shao Civilization” the Chinese civilization had begun. For it was so long ago, that many data about this civilization were lost.The Chinese civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in the human history. The origin could derive from the Old Stone Age. And in the New Stone Age, the Chinese civilization developed very fast. In 21st B.C. the Xia Dynasty was founded, which was the first most glorious civilization in the ancient China.As the others creation of the culture, in the earliest creation of the Chinese culture, the stone was the tools of the agriculture. The archaeologist identified this period: the Old Stone Age. With the using of the coarse stone tools, our ancestor also mastered the skill of getting fire by themselves. Before 10,000 to 4000 years ago, the Chinese ancestor entered the New Stone Age. In this period, the Chinese entered the door of the civilization, beginning the early stage of the Chinese civilization. Between 1963 and 1964, the archaeologist discovered the “Lan Tian Simian” in Shanxi. The “Lan Tian Simian” lived in about 800,000 years ago. In 1927, the archaeologist discovered the “Beijing Simian” in Beijing, who lived about 600,000 years ago. These are all proved that all the Chinese civilization was all the Chinese people created in our own land.29For example, the Chinese character “社”， the “示”demonstrates the “God”, and the “土” demonstrates the land. From this we can see the land is very important to the ancient people.The following idioms will reflect it.“土崩瓦解”(crumble; fall apart; collapse)30“人杰地灵”(The greatness of a man lends glory to a place)31“谈天说地”(Talk of everything under the sun)32“铺天盖地”(Blot out the sky and cover up the earth)33.From these idioms, we could see that the land is the most important thing to the ancient people. So in the idioms there are so many idioms about the geography.(ii)The origins of the English civilizationThe English culture is from the Greece civilization. The old Greece civilization influenced the creation and development of the westerns civilization. Its said that the old Greece civilization was the mother of the European culture. 34With the Roman Conquest, the Roman brought their culture and customs into Britain. The Roman costume, ornament, pottery and glasses vessels spread in Britain. Of course the social live became Roman. With these things brought into Britain, the Latin was spread in Britain. At that time, in Britain, the official language, the law and the commerce were all used the Latin. Latin became the second language of the upper Celts.35“Latin was originally the language of Latium, but came to be the dialect of Rome. The use of Latin spread with the growth of the Roman Empire, which included modern Italy, Spain and Portugal, most of Britain, France and Germany, South of the Rhine and the Danube. Beyond Europe it included North Africa and Palestine. Even where Latin did not survive as a spoken language, it remained as the international language of scholarship. This is a role it was to retain throughout Europe for well over a thousand years. As a result, all the major languages of the Europe have been profoundly influenced by Latin, not only in their vocabulary, but also in their grammar”.36In the literal record, the old Greece civilization had begun in 800 B.C., it was 2000 years later than the old Babylon civilization and the Egypt civilization. But at the time it appeared, it shown its lively character, its activity and sprite. It influenced the development of the western civilization deeply.The following idioms will reflect it.“Muddy the water”(To make a situation confused and not clear)38,“be in the same boat”(To be in the same difficult circumstance)39,“Across the board”(involving all staff)40. From these idioms, we can see that the sea is very important to the western peoples lives. There are so many geography idioms in the English idioms.From these, we could know clearly that, the Chinese civilization is very different from the western civilization. In the origins of the Chinese civilization, the lands were very important to the people, so our culture is depending on the land and agriculture. In English, the land is not very important to people, the people made their living from the sea, their culture depend on the sea.3.2.2 The differences of the geography of the China and England (i) The Chinese geographyIn the east of China, it is the Pacific Ocean, which isnt like the Mediterranean sea, the ancient people can not cross it. In the northwest, there is a large desert, and in the southwest, there is the Qingzang highland and the Hengduan Mountain. So in this environment, the Chinese people are relatively isolated from the outside would.Most of the Chinese areas locate in the middle latitude, so the weather is mild. China locates in the east of the biggest mainlandthe Eurasia, and in the west of the biggest oceanthe Pacific Ocean, the Southwest of the China is near the Indian Ocean, and is influenced by the monsoon. So in most of the Chinese areas are suitable for the developing of the agriculture. 41There are many geography idioms can reflect that the geography influenced the culture much.“沧海桑田”(From seas into mulberry field and from mulberry field into seastime brings great changes to the world)42 .“土生土长” （Locally born and bred; born and brought up in the locality ）43 .“别有天地”(A place of unique beauty scenery of exceptional charm; an altogether different world)44.“解甲归田” (Take off ones armor to the land;)45(ii)The English geographyThe England located in the east of the Atlantic Ocean. The England is an island country. It consists of three big islands. In the west of the England, there is the Atlantic Ocean, which is narrow and suits to sailing. In the east of the England, there is the England Channel, which is peace and could be passed safely.In the three islands, the land is small, and the land is for stock breeding. Also the farmer in England is few. Because of these reasons, the English people make their living in the sea.There are many idioms could reflect it.“Set sail”(Begin a voyage)46. “A cold fish”(A seeming unfriendly person)76. “Be like a fish out of water”(To feeling uncomfortable or awkward because one is in surroundings that are not familiar)48. “Have bigger/other fish to fry”(To have more important or more interesting things to do)49.3.2.3The differences of the C